Oil Pan Research Articles

Experimental study on the characteristics of temperature distribution of two pool fires with different transverse locations in a naturally ventilated tunnel

The interaction between multiple fires is complex, in which the theory of single fire is not applicable. This study focuses on the combustion characteristics and temperature distribution of two pool fires with different transverse locations in a model tunnel under natural ventilation. In this study, 84 groups of combustion experiments of two ethanol pool fires were designed by varying the spacing between two pool fires (denoted by S), transverse distance between the geometric center of pool fires and tunnel sidewall (L), and side length of oil pan (D). The experimental results show that when L = 50 cm and L = D/2, mass loss rate decreases along with a bigger S/D, and reaches the minimum for L = 50 cm and the maximum for L = D/2. However, mass loss rate first increases and then decreases with S/D for L = 30 cm and L = 20 cm, which is controlled by the competition between air entrainment and radiant heat feedback. In order to describe the influences of fire source spacing and transverse distance, a prediction model of maximum temperature rise under the tunnel ceiling is developed, which matches the experimental results well. Under the case of no flame merging, longitudinal temperature distribution is insensitive to the transverse location rather than the spacing between the fire sources. Moreover, it is found that the vertical temperature distribution far from the fire sources matches the Gaussian distribution well. The results of this work can provide a significant reference for the risk assessment of tunnel fires with two fire sources.

The Impact of Biodiesel Blend Variation Contamination to Engine Friction, Wear, Performance and Emission

Biodiesel can be utilised in diesel engines without major alteration to the engine; however, its use can lead to engine oil dilution through biodiesel leaking and scraping to the engine oil pan. The objective of this research is to investigate the contamination of biodiesel in engine lubricant oil, and determine the relationship between engine performance and emission for three different blends of palm methyl ester (B10, B20, and B30). To simulate the contamination, the engine oils were blended with biodiesel fuels at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by volume and these mixtures were tested on four-ball test equipment. An air-cooled diesel engine was used to analyse the influence of the three biodiesel blends on the output and emission of the diesel engine. The results show that both coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter increased with the increase of biodiesel percentage. The results of engine performance during both sweep test and step test showed that the variation of torque and power among the blends at a particular speed was within a very narrow range.

Study on Flame Retardancy and Mechanism of Talc Composite Foams

Under high temperature, aqueous film forming foam extinguishing agent has poor flame retardancy and low fire efficiency. In order to solve this problem, talc was introduced into foam to form composite foam. The fire resistance and fire extinguishing properties of the composite foam were studied. The results showed that talc composite foam had good flame retardant resistance. when the concentration of talc reached 40 g/100 ml, the 50% liquid separation time of the composite foam was 21.1 min. The fuel burning in the anti burning tank did not ignite the gasoline in the oil pan, and burned out at 51.5 min. It was related to the structure of composite foam and the properties of talc. Due to the introduction of talc, the viscosity of the composite foam increased. The network structure of composite foam was important to the improved stability of foam. Talc powder formed a dense layer covering the oil surface, which effectively isolated the oil from the air.

Вплив відцентрових сил на змащування підшипників колінчастого вала в аварійних режимах роботи двигуна автомобіля

The analysis of the crankshaft bearing condition of the automotive internal combustion engines in the case of insufficiency and breakage of oil supply to them is carried out. It is noted that this fault is one of the most common causes of damage to rubbing pairs in operation. At the same time, the different groups of bearings are often damaged, which cannot be explained within the framework of existing models of plain bearing lubrication. The objective of the work is to develop a mathematical model of oil supply to connecting rod bearings in emergency mode, taking into account the characteristic features of the bearing design. The model also, depending on the nature of the damage, should help to determine and explain the causes of bearing failures if they occur in different modes when operating conditions are broken. A computational model has been developed that makes it possible to assess the effect of design differences in the features of oil supply and the action of the centrifugal forces during crankshaft rotation on the oil column in the lubrication hole where oil is supplied to the conrod bearing. Calculations of the change in time of the oil supply pressure to the connecting rod bearings for the various designs of the crankshaft lubrication holes have been performed. It is shown that, depending on the operating mode of the engine and its design, the oil pressure in front of the connecting rod bearings does not disappear immediately after oil supply failure to crankshaft. Moreover, the lower the crankshaft speed is, the longer the lubrication of the conrod bearings will continue. The calculation results are confirmed by the data of the expert studies of the engine technical condition, in which the crankshaft was wedged in the damaged main bearings was found in the absence of serious damage to the connecting rod ones. It has been found that such features of the damage correspond to an rapid breakage of the oil supply to the crankshaft in the case of such operational damage as the oil pump and pressure reducing valve failure, the oil filter seal and oil pan destruction, etc. The developed model explains the difference in lubrication conditions and in the damage feature to the main and connecting rod bearings in the emergency cases of the oil supply breakage, which are observed during operation, and helps to clarify the failure causes. This makes it possible to use the model and the obtained data when providing auto technical expert studies of the failure causes of automobile internal combustion engines This makes it possible to use the model and the obtained data when providing auto technical expert studies of the failure causes of automobile internal combustion engines when the operating conditions are broken.

Study on Acoustic Radiation Calculation and Far Field Criterion of Oil pan

Diesel engine with low vibration and noise characteristics will be a major trend for the future development. As the shell part on the engine, the vibration and noise control of the oil pan is an urgent problem to be solved. It is of practical significance to predict the oil pan vibration and radiation noise during the design phase. An oil pan of diesel engine was taken as the research object, the finite element model of the oil pan was established and the finite element method (FEM) was used to calculate the oil pan vibration response. Three different numerical calculation methods (Finite element-boundary element hybrid method, finite element-infinite element hybrid method, finite element-automatic matching layer technology) were used to calculate radiated sound power level of the oil pan respectively. The calculation accuracy and efficiency of three different calculation methods were compared and analyzed. The results show that the finite element-boundary element method is more suitable for the calculation of the acoustic radiation of the oil pan. Finally, a method based on the directivity of acoustic radiation to determine the far-field acoustic radiation is proposed and verified.

Analysis of quality control efficiency in the automotive industry

The paper deals with the issue relating to the improvement of the production process through the use of checkpoints. Quality control points used in an industrial enterprise manufacturing oil pans for heavy vehicles are discussed. The study aimed to present a proposal for a method for analyzing the effectiveness of individual control methods used as part of quality control in the manufacturing process of a product and to analyze the relationship between the type of quality control methods and their contribution to the detection of nonconformities of the product - an oil pan. By locating the control point with the highest share of product nonconformity detection, it is possible to take improvement actions - reducing control points by less effective ones. This action will contribute to cost reduction and shortening of the production process time. Due to the increasing demands on the efficiency and effectiveness of control points of automotive powertrain components, this issue is important and topical.

基于动态特性分析的油底壳结构优化

基于动态特性分析的油底壳结构优化

The effect of the four fire walls to the center pool

According to the characteristics of burning rate of multiple oil pool fire, designing a four fire walls burning model. Influence of the central oil pan height, the fuel volume (oil film thickness) and the distance h between adjacent fire walls on fuel burning rate of central oil pool was studied. The results indicated that: Compared with single oil pool fire, the burning rate of central oil pan is enhanced by the four fire walls and the fire whirls also appears; define three regimes of flame reaction according to the flame shape, including initial state, incline state and merging state; when the gap width between 13cm-16cm, the center pool fire needs the lowest burning time and up to the highest average burning rate.

An Investigation of the Effects of a Sheet Material Type and Thickness Selection on Formability in the Production of the Engine Oil Pan with the Deep Drawing Method

In internal combustion engines, in a way integrated under the engine block, the oil pan is used to store the engine oil, to separate foreign substances in the oil coming from the engine block, to lubricate the moving parts, to help the engine cooling system. In this study, by using different materials such as DC06 (IF), AISI 304, Al6082, and DC01 and selecting different thicknesses such as 1.5 mm and 2 mm, the deep drawing method was applied to them, and their formability behaviors with deep drawing were investigated. The effects of the sheet material type and thickness parameters on the tensile force and wall thickness variation on a sample engine oil pan formed by deep drawing were determined. Different parameters were determined for the sample engine oil pan. According to the analysis results, it was detected that the wall thicknesses of the sensitive points were determined to decrease by 0.86 mm, 0.62 mm, and 0.37 mm, respectively, for deep drawn samples with a 1.5 mm thickness (AISI 304, DC06, DC01), but tearing occurred in the Al6082 material. On the other hand, when the sheet material thickness was increased to 2 mm, it was observed that the thickness change rates decreased by 13% in DC06, 0.7% in AISI 304, 33% in Al 6082, and 4% in the DC01 material type in comparison with the initial sheet thickness of 1.5 mm. The results of the analysis obtained in this study demonstrated that these four materials had superiorities over each other, that the thickness of the material was an essential criterion in deep drawing, and that the use of a 2 mm thick AISI 304 material among the selected materials in the production of the engine oil pan was more suitable.

Influence of pool width on pioneering flame height of flame spread over jet fuel inside a bench-scale air flow tunnel

The development of liquid fire depends mainly on fuel evaporation and heat feedback of flame configuration which are both influenced by the ambient winds. In current work, the height of pioneering flame in the process of flame spread above the surface of jet fuel is measured inside a bench-scale air flow tunnel. The longitudinal air flow velocities are 0.45, 0.88, 1.3, 1.73, 2.15 and 2.57 m/s for both concurrent and opposed flame spreads. Five oil pans with the same length of 100 cm but different widths of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 cm are utilized. The experimental results of flame heights considerably deviate from the calculations of classic Thomas model and Oka et al. model. Then, the new-proposed non-dimensional parameter, characteristic size ratio of pool λ=d/D is introduced into Thomas’ model and Oka et al.’s model respectively. The measured flame heights follow well with the improved models H/d=aṁ*η(u∗)bλc and H/d=αFr2/3Q̇∗βλγ, regardless of direction of air flow. The values of empirical coefficients and exponents of the correlations a, b, c, η in improved Thomas model and α, β and γ in improved Oka et al. model are derived from the experimental results.

The Dripping Behaviors of PE Metal Sandwich Panel Insulation material at Different Powers

An experimental study on the characteristics of molten drop and flame spread of metal polyethylene (PE) cladding panel is presented. The parameters investigated include mass loss rate, the mass of the melting part and the average flame height. The effects of fire source power on the flame spread and melt drop are studied. The results show that the sandwich panel combustion can be divided into the surface of the sandwich panel and the dripping combustion. With the increase of power,the time interval between melting drops becomes smaller and the flame pulsation frequency increases. which causes the temperature change range getting larger, the mass loss rate and mass of the melting part and the average flame height increase under all conditions. The mass loss rate and the area of combustion of the metal sandwich panel depend on the degree of surface burning. There is a certain relationship between oil pool fire average flame height, and the distance between sample and the oil pan(D). It is found that when D ≤ 1.4m, with the rise of D. oil pool fire average flame height decreases. However, when D ≥ 1.4m, the fire flame intensity of the oil pool is determined by the number of extinguished droplets before the drops hit the oil pan, and the flame parameters of the oil pool are basically stable. The influence mechanism and law of oil pool fire burning of PE metal sandwich panel insulation materials are revealed.

Experimental Investigation to Analyze the Effects of Oil Dilution on Unintended Acceleration in a Diesel Engine

Due to the gradual reinforcement of emission regulations, exhaust gas after-treatment systems have become more complicated, and various engine control algorithms have been applied to diesel engines. However, the misuse of advanced exhaust gas after-treatment systems could cause additional problems. For instance, diesel vehicles that use of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) generally require periodic active regeneration. While operating active regeneration by in-cylinder post-injection, the fuel impinging on the cylinder wall would become the cause of oil dilution. Furthermore, if, in the event of excessive oil dilution, engine oil overflows in the engine oil pan, engine stalling or unintended acceleration (engine over-run) can occur, as lube oil flows into the combustion chamber through the intake manifold. The present study tested engine overrun by overflowing engine oil diluted with fuel on various engine operating conditions and clarify the engine control factors effect on engine stalling or unintended acceleration using regression analysis. Vehicle tests based on engine test analysis were also conducted to evaluate and reproduce the influence of unintended acceleration by automotive lube oil backflow in real driving. Vehicle test results indicate that unintentional acceleration could occur due to oil dilution, which put the driver at risk.

Accounting for the microstructure in the prediction of the fatigue life of injection moulded composites for automotive applications

Fatigue characterization of injection moulded carbon fibre is conducted on specimens from ten locations on a flat plaque and two locations from an automotive oil pan. Fatigue testing was carried out using tension–tension and fully reversed loading at room temperature and 120 °C using the specimens from the flat plaques. The stiffness and microstructure of the ten locations are used to calibrate a micromechanics model to evaluate the maximum interface stress for the stresses applied during the fatigue tests. Using the peak interface stress as a failure criteria is proposed and verified by the reduction in variability in the fatigue results. The model is validated on the data set for the two automotive component locations under fully reversed loading at 120 °C.

Are Household Potato Frying Habits Suitable for Preventing Acrylamide Exposure?

A survey was conducted of 730 Spanish households to identify culinary practices which might influence acrylamide formation during the domestic preparation of french fries and their compliance with the acrylamide mitigation strategies described in the 2017/2158 Regulation. Spanish household practices conformed with the majority of recommendations for the selection, storing and handling of potatoes, with the exception of soaking potato strips. Olive oil was the preferred frying oil (78.7%) and frying pans were the most common kitchen utensils used for frying (79.0%), leading to a higher oil replacement rate than with a deep-fryer. Although frying temperature was usually controlled (81.0%), participants were unaware of the maximum temperature recommended for preventing acrylamide formation. For french fries, color was the main criteria when deciding the end-point of frying (85.3%). Although a golden color was preferred by respondents (87.3%), color guidelines are recommended in order to unify the definition of “golden.” The results conclude that habits of the Spanish population are in line with recommendations to mitigate acrylamide during french fry preparation. Furthermore, these habits do not include practices that risk increasing acrylamide formation. Nevertheless, educational initiatives tailored towards consumers would reduce the formation of this contaminant and, consequently, exposure to it in a domestic setting.

Design optimization of oil pan thermoelectric generator to recover waste heat from internal combustion engines

Nearly 75% of fuel energy is rejected to the environment and ultimately becomes waste heat in motor vehicles. To recover some of this waste heat and enhance fuel efficiency, thermoelectric energy generators (TEGs) possess high potential. We investigated the feasibility of utilizing TEGs in terms of oil pans to recover waste heat generated in internal combustion engines. Hot oil at the top surface of TEG and air cooling at the bottom create a high thermal gradient for the thermoelectric conversion. An extensive multi-physics simulation framework was introduced to accurately simulate conversion of heat into electricity taking into account thermoelectricity, joule heating, heat conduction and turbulent air cooling. To maximize the thermoelectric power, dimensions and the total number of thermoelectric modules were optimized under different oil pan geometries and driving conditions. Our simulations show that the maximum power density of 5.77 kW m−2 is achieved with multi-step oil pan geometry under a 76 °C temperature difference between the hot and cold sides. This power density surpassed those reported for the previous, conventional (exhaust and radiator) thermoelectric applications and indicated that harvesting thermal energy from combustion engines using oil pans is a feasible energy recovery methodology to enhance fuel efficiency in automotive vehicles.

Viscosity of Mineral Oil Diluted by Biodiesel Methyl Esters: Methods for Mixture Predictions and Small Samples after Tribometer Testing

The use of biodiesels in internal combustion engines leads to tribology concerns because significant oil dilution occurs when biodiesels leak into the oil pan. Dilution by biodiesels may substantially alter oil lubricity and lead to reduced viscosity, which produce tribological changes on engine materials. It is also possible that such oil-biodiesel mixtures undergo further viscosity decreases when subjected to the high temperatures and high contact pressures typical of internal combustion engine boundary lubrication. This research presents new methods to test viscosity reductions because of biodiesel addition in mineral oil and to assess prediction of mixture viscosity considering the chemical breakdown of biodiesel. The results of dynamic viscosity versus dilution rates are presented for small after-tribometer-testing samples of SAE 15W40 mineral oil diluted by four biodiesels (from canola, peanut, and soybean and chicken fat oil). The small sample remaining after tribometer-testing required an ad-hoc method, the suitability of which is discussed; large viscosity decreases in a range of about 70 to 95 % were observed for after tribometer testing of the mixtures. Preliminary data of viscosity versus temperature also are presented for the mineral oil diluted by increasing fractions of different biodiesels and by six pure fatty-acid methyl esters (methyl-oleate, -palmitate, -linoleate, -laurate, -myristate, and -stearate, which are typical components of biodiesels), and they are discussed to explain tribological properties of such mixtures. The results suggest that the viscosity of commercial biodiesels blended in oils could not be fully explained by assuming the former as mixtures of pure methyl esters, which is consistent with the previous experimental data on their tribological effects.

Measurements and simulations of sliding wear, leakage and acoustic isolation of engine rubber gaskets

Design and verification of gasket elements between engine mounted components requires computation and physical tests with respect to wear. Wear is a common problem in engines today and mainly comes from engine vibrations and thermal loading. The vibrations are due to inertial loads as well as reaction forces to gas pressure in the cylinders. Here, a new method to correctly simulate the measured wear rate of an oil pan rubber gasket is described. The engine motion is derived directly from measurements and the resulting simulation process has a high efficacy. Much work exists on investigations of gasket sealings between cylinder head and block, where the thermal loading becomes very important. The method described herein, focuses instead on other types of gaskets on the engine, where the main failure mode is due to sliding wear caused by the engine block and component vibrations.

Preliminary results on nano-diamond and nano-graphite testing as additive for an engine lubrication oil

An important amount of the fuel energy burned in an internal combustion engine is used to overcome the friction losses inside the engine. Developing advanced lubricants is one of the ways to improve the fuel efficiency and reducing the pollution caused by internal combustion engines. This paper presents tests done with 1% v/v nano-diamond and nano-graphite additives in engine oils, with bench tests on an air-cooled spark ignition engine (Honda GX 160) with a displacement of 118 cubic centimeters. Using the raw lubrication oil laboratory, tests were done to determine the viscosity, density and viscosity index using an Anton Paar SVM 3000 viscometer in comparison to the oil with nano-diamond and nano-graphite additives. The tests also revealed an average reduction in fuel consumption of 21% for the single cylinder engine in case of the oil with additives, for the entire speed range of the engine, showing a decrease of the fuel efficiency as the speed increases. The temperature of the exhaust manifold, outer side of the cylinder and the temperature of the oil pan were measured. By adding nano-diamond and nano-graphite additives to the lubricant oil, tests have revealed a reduction of the temperature of the exhaust manifold (with 11%), temperature on the outer side of the cylinder was reduced with 21% showing a clear friction reduction within the cylinder and piston-rings assembly. The temperature of the oil pan was reduced with 20%, showing a general reduction of the lubricating oil temperature which means a substantial reduction of the friction losses.

Numerical Study on Dynamic Noise and Radiated Noise of Oil Sump

This paper studies EQ4H engine oil pan. Finite element method and boundary element method are utilized to calculate and predict the vibration and noise radiation of the oil pan. Based on the analysis results, the oil pan is optimized and redesigned. By comparing the vibration and noise performance of the oil pan before and after optimization, the effectiveness of the optimized design is verified.

Compressive Creep Behavior of High-Pressure Die-Cast Aluminum-Containing Magnesium Alloys Developed for Elevated Temperature Applications

In addition to AZ- and AM-series magnesium alloys, which are mainly used at ambient temperature, there are also die-cast magnesium alloys developed for use at elevated temperatures. This paper examines the compressive creep resistance of several aluminium-containing magnesium high-pressure die-cast alloys, including the commercially available AE42, AE44-2, AE44-4, MRI230D alloys and newly developed DieMag series, i.e. DieMag211, DieMag422 and DieMag633. Compressive creep is the common load case for automotive powertrain components such as transmission housings, engine blocks or oil pans, which are typically mounted with steel or aluminium bolts that have lower thermal expansion than magnesium alloys. When the components heat up, there is a compressive load in the area around the bolt. The compressive creep experiments are accompanied by microstructure investigations. It is shown that MRI230D and the two high-concentrated DieMag alloys have the best creep resistance at 200°C. Similar results are also observed in the tensile tests at room temperature and 150°C, with DieMag633 showing outstanding strength.