Oil Palm Seeds Research Articles

Growth Response of Oil Palm Seedlings (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) to Administration of Planmate Organic Fertilizer in Main Nurseries

The objective of the experiment was to determine the growth response of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) seedlings to the application of planmate organic fertilizer in the main nursery. The experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatment levels consisting of; P0 = without applying planmate fertilizer, P1 = 300 g per polybag, P2 = 350 g per polybag, P3 = 400 g per polybag, P4 = 450 g per polybag. Each treatment level was repeated 3 (three) times, so that there were experimental units, each plot consisting of 3 (three) polybags of oil palm seeds, so that a total of 45 polybags, all plants were sampled. Parameters observed were soil pH, plant height, seedling stem diameter, plant dry weight, and root dry weight. The results of the study showed that the application of planmate fertilizer had a significant effect on soil pH, plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. The best dose of planmate fertilizer is 450 g per polybag (P4) to give yields on shoot height, stem diameter, dry weight of plants and dry weight of roots of oil palm seedlings.

Cluster Biji Sawit Unggul Dengan Algoritma K-Medoids

Superior oil palm seed is a plant derived from fruit that is 1.57 cm long and 0.92 cm wide, with a roundness of 80% and a weight of 1.11 grams. There have been a large number of 1.4 million oil palm seeds distributed by the end of 2021. There are several problem factors that influence choosing superior seeds for oil palm, namely the problem of circulating wild seeds and being traded on the illegal market, frequent pests and diseases in oil palm growth, coconut production capacity sufficient oil palm is still relatively lacking compared to demand, and many of the plantations are forcing the yield of oil palm fruit. the consequences of the problems above are the lack of knowledge and knowledge that can be obtained by anyone who has an oil palm plantation. So from the results of this study alternatives A1, A6, A9, A10, A13, A18 are in one cluster, and alternatives A2, A5, A8, A11, A14, A15, A16, A17, A19 are in one cluster, while alternative A3 ,A4,A7,A12,A20 are also in one cluster.

Growth Response of Oil Palm Plant Seeds after Application of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) Fungus

Objectives: This study aims to determine the growth response of oil palm seedlings to VAM and to determine the appropriate VAM dose for oil palm seedling growth. Methods: This study took place in the screen house and plant protection laboratory and VAM isolate starters were gathered from the work area. The test used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with 2. The first treatment was VAM dose with 4 factors and the second was NPK fertilizer with two factors. The VAM was applied for one month after germination and plant maintenance for 16 weeks with seven parameters. Findings: The results show that the VAM dose treatment and the application of NPK fertilizer did not have a significant effect on the growth of oil palm seedlings in the pre-nursery (16 weeks) so it took a long time to see the role of VAM in oil palm seedlings. The application of VAM 150 g/polybag on oil palm seedlings in pre-nursery tended to give the best response to the growth of seedling height, a number of leaves, fresh weight of the crown, dry weight of the crown, fresh weight of roots, dry weight of roots and root volume. The VAM inoculum supplied made symbiosis with oil palm seedling roots with a high infection rate. The number of VAM spores in the media and the percentage of colonization on the roots were influenced by the dose of VAM inoculum given. Novelty: Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) Fungus in oil palm seeds are important to increase the growth of the number of leaves, fresh weight of the crown, and dry weight of the crown. Efforts to increase the quality and quantity of oil palm production are appropriately necessary so that the desired target can be achieved. Keywords: Growth Response; Oil Palm Seeds; VAM Fungus; Number of Leaves; Fresh Weight of the crown

Fine Bubbles Utilization to Increase Germination Rate of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis L. Jacq) Seeds

The current method to break oil palm seed dormancy is the dry heat method which requires approximately 90 days for seeds to germinate with an average germination percentage. Therefore, hastening the process with a higher ratio of germinated seeds becomes necessary. This experiment aims to hasten and increase germination percentage by applying fine bubble water during the dormancy-breaking process. A seed lot derived from one bunch as replication is divided into two sets where fiber plugs from one of the sets are removed while the other set remains intact. Each set was re-divided into six experimental units soaked with tap water or fine bubble water for 1 to 3 days. The result showed that applying fine bubble water provided a better germination rate than tap water treatments. However, the total germination percentage between all treatments does not differ significantly. The germination peak of oil palm seed in the fine bubble water treatments occurred on the 26 th day, 8 days faster than in the tap water treatments. The occurrence showed the potential use of fine bubble water application during dormancy breaking using the dry heat method.

UJI FORMULASI BIOFUNGISIDA GRANULAR BERBAHAN AKTIF Trichoderma virens ENDOFIT DALAM MENGENDALIKAN Ganoderma Boninense Pat. PADA BIBIT KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

The aim of this work is to find out the effect of granular bio fungicide formulations with the active ingredient of T. virens endophytes and to obtain the best biofungicide preparations to control G. boninense and improve the quality of oil palm seeds. The research was conducted at the experimental farm and plant disease laboratories, Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Riau from February 2017 to September 2018. The research was carried out experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment tested was the Trichoderma virens formulation F0 = Control without treatment, F0- = Control negative (Ganoderma inoculant), F0 + = Positive control (15 ml Trichoderma virens inoculant + Ganoderma inoculant), F1 = 15 ml Trichoderma virens inoculant +100 g sago starch + 25 peat peat +25 g tapioca starch, F2 = 15 ml Trichoderma virens inoculant +100 g palm frond flour + 25 sago dregs + 25 g tapioca flour, F3 = 15 ml Trichoderma virens inoculant + 100 g solid +25 g talc + 25 g flour tapioca, F4 = 15 ml Trichoderma virens inoculant + 100 g cocoa shell flour + 25 g zeolite + 25 g tapioca flour. The parameters observed were the intensity of the attack of the disease, seed height, weevil diameter, number of fronds, root volume, seed dry weight, and sprout ratio. uk root. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using variant fingerprints. The average results of the analysis were continued with the BNJ test at the 5% level. F4 treatment showed the best granular formulation for the growth and development of T. virens endophytes, inhibiting the infection of Ganoderma sp. Attack. on seedlings and better seed growth on observations of seed height, root volume, number of midribs, root crown ratio, and dry weight of oil palm seedlings.

Cross-Sectional Study on Land and Seed of Oil Palm Smallholders in The Western Part of Aceh: Challenge for Sustainability Agenda

Palm oil sectors in Indonesia have to faced critiques due to its compliance towards sustainability agenda. As the main palm oil producing country, Indonesia may lose its competitiveness since the global consumers demand more environmentally products . The two issues in terms of traceability are land legal clarity and the source of seeds. This study aims to examine the current stage of land legal clarity and the adoption of certified seeds of oil palm smallholders. A cross sectional study has been done across four palm oil producing regions in the western part of Aceh Province-Indonesia. The results show a significant consideration for future improvement as most of the smallholders’ land and oil palm seeds were lack of traceability. These findings imply that the government’s intervention is very urgent to accelerate the transformation of smallholders’ oil palm practices towards a global sustainability agenda.

Dampak Sosial Pemanfaatan Tanah Ulayat untuk Perkebunan Inti Rakyat bagi Masyarakat Kenagarian

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact that occurs in the utilization of customary land for people's nucleus plantations. This research method is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The results of the first study show that the use of communal land in the development of PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VI causes changes related to location, customs, facilities, family, socio-economic conditions, socio-cultural conditions, and religion. Second, in the deliberations, the ninik mamak and the nagari government reached a consensus on the consequences of the use of ulayat land by PT. Nusantara Plantation VI. Nagari Gunung Malintang Community. Ninik mamak received cash assistance of Rp. 2,500/ha and assistance of 6,500 main oil palm seeds for 46 ha of plantation land. The conclusions of this study indicate that the impact of development has a significant effect on the order of indigenous peoples, including facilities, socio-economic conditions, and socio-culture.
 
 Keywords: Impact, Social and Indigenous Land

Growth Response of Oil Palm Seedlings (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) in Pre Nursery Nurseries to Intersity of Solar Radiation in the Moonsun Region

Oil palm is a vegetable oil-producing plant and one of the nine basic needs of the Indonesian people. The high demand for cooking oil in the country must be balanced by maximizing production sources in the agronomic stage, namely through nurseries. Oil palm seeds at the pre-nursery level only require about 40% sunlight intensity. Therefore, radiation intensity is a factor that must be considered in the growth of seedlings at the pre-nursery level. The aim of the study was to analyze the response of oil palm seedling growth to the effect of radiation intensity in the pre nursery and to analyze the best radiation intensity on the growth of oil palm seedlings in the pre nursery. This study used a single factor Completely Randomized Environmental Design (CRD), i.e. radiation intensity consisting of 5 levels, namely p0 = (0%, 50%, 100%), p1 = (25%, 25%, 100%), p2 = (25%, 50%, 75%) radiation intensity, p3 = (25%, 75%, 100%), p4 = (50%, 75%, 100%). Repeat each treatment 4 times so that there are 20 experimental units. Each experimental unit contained 9 polybags so that there were a total of 180 plants. Based on the results of growth analysis of stem diameter (mm), number of leaves (leaves), length of leaf blade (cm) response to solar radiation intensity p3 = (25%, 75%, 100%).

Breaking Seed Dormancy: Effect of Heat and Vimpel® on Oil Palm Seed Germination (EIaeis guineensis Jacq)

Oil palm (E. guineensis) is native to Africa and among highest oilseeds crop in the world, having a dormant seeds which require pre-treatments to quicken the germination process. The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the effects of Vimpel growth regulator on germination of Oil palm seedlings. The viable seeds of oil palm were treated with vimpel solution at different stages of the germination process tagged as A (+ Vimpel before heat), B (+Vimpel after heat), C (+Vimpel without heat) D (0 vimpel) E (+ Vimpel prior and after heat) and F (Water prior and after heating/Control) and then subjected to six different temperature regime i.e. 2,4,6,8, 10 and 12 weeks in the germination chamber. The result indicates that group A had the highest germination percentage at 10 weeks of heat treatment followed by B at 8 weeks of temperature while group F (control) had the lowest percentage. Conclusively, the vimpel growth regulator has significant effects in facilitating the germination process by 40 days against 80 days of heat treatment currently use in the oil palm seed germination.

Optimalisasi dalam Seleksi Bibit Kelapa Sawit Unggul Menggunakan Metode TOPSIS

The quality of palm oil that will be produced from oil palm has a great influence on the type of oil palm seeds planted. The process from the maintenance of oil palm, to the process of processing palm oil into palm oil. The purpose of this research is to build a decision support system that can assist in the selection of superior oil palm seeds based on the website. The method used is Technique for Others Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) which is a multi-criteria decision-making method. The principle of this method is that the chosen alternative must have the closest distance to the positive ideal solution and the farthest distance to the negative ideal solution. In this method, you can choose or make decisions by determining the weighting value for each attribute and then proceed with a ranking process that will provide the best alternative from one with the alternative with the highest priority value. This method provides an ideal solution for farmers in making decisions about which superior oil palm seeds to plant. The processed data is divided into 3 varieties, namely Dura, Pisifera, and Tenera. Each variety has different characteristics. The results of the research can be ranked correctly as a reference in determining decision making in the selection of the best seeds. This research can be used as a recommendation in the calculation for the selection of superior oil palm seeds.

Provision of Urea Fertilizer and Organic Fertilizer of Rice Husk Charcoal on the Growth of Oil Palm Seeds

Good seed growth is a factor in the success of oil palm cultivation due to genetic pre-nursery factors in the field, so that the provision of nutrients in the initial seed growth plays an important role in determining the overall appearance of the seedlings during its growing period. This study aims to determine the effect of oil palm seed growth by applying Uera fertilizer and rice husk charcoal organic fertilizer during the pre-nursery in the field. The experiment was carried out from October 2020 to May 2021 in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Science and Technology, Labuhanbatu University, Rantauprapat at an altitude of 13 meters above sea level. The experimental design in this study was a randomized block design with a factorial pattern that was repeated three times. The first factor is the dose of Uera fertilizer which consists of four levels, namely U0 = 0 kg / ha, U1 = 100 kg / ha, U2 = 200 kg / ha, U3 = 300 kg / ha and the second factor includes the dose of Rice Husk Charcoal Organic Fertilizer (ton / ha) consists of three levels, namely A0 = 0 ton / ha, A1 = 100 ton / ha, and A2 = 200 ton / ha. The results of the experiment showed that there was an interaction effect of uera fertilizer and rice husk charcoal organic fertilizer on plant height (cm),leaf area of ​​oil palm seedlings (cm2), in the number of leaves (leaf) and accretion hump diameter (mm). Treatment of urea fertilizer of 300 kg / ha and organic fertilizer of rice husk charcoal as much as 20 tons / ha produced plant height and leaf area during the pre-nursery

KAJIAN KARAKTERISTIK ABNORMALITAS TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT (Oil Palms)

Oil palm is the largest vegetable oil-producing plantation crop in the world. The need for oil palm seeds increases along with the increasing demand for oil palm products. The need for these seeds needs to be balanced with the presence of ordinary oil palm seeds. The abnormalities in oil palm plantations were found due to the selection of seeds that were less selective. Chimera in plants is the formation of characteristics that are governed by several genotypic constitutions and grow side by side with each other in tissues. In oil palm, chimeras can begin to appear in the seedling phase. The characteristics of abnormalities can be seen in terms of morphology and plant physiology. Based on morphological characteristics, chimera plants have a phenotype that is determined by the presence of white or bright yellow leaves parallel to the stem, stunted plants, rosettes, undeveloped leaves, mantle sissy flowers, followed by squirrel tail flowers (androgynous), thick coat fruits, and thin skin. . Based on physiological characteristics, chimeras occur due to changes in chloroplast development which result in changes in the chlorophyll content of oil palm plants. Oil palm plants that are considered abnormal from time to time can turn into normal plants depending on the level of abnormality of each plant. This study aims to examine the characteristics of abnormalities in oil palm plants. Therefore, it can be seen that oil palm seeds are classified as abnormal to be selected before planting in the field. This is done to obtain high potential oil palm plantations. Keywords : chimera, morphology, physiology, phenotype, genotype

Analyze breaking palm oil dormancy through chemical processes using multivariate analysis of variance

Palm oil is a dormant plant. The main cause of oil palm seed dormancy is the hard and thick seed coat or shell, inhibiting the effective absorption of water and gases. The presence of a seed coat barrier causes the germination process of oil palm seeds to be hampered. This study aims to determine the effect of chemical treatment on breaking palm oil dormancy by immersion in a solution of strong acids, namely H2SO4, KNO3, and HCl. This study used a completely random design (CRD) with three treatments, four observations, and five replications. The results of the following study were analyzed using MANOVA with the parameters observed were germination rate, germination rate, seedling height, and most extended root length. Based on the analysis results, it was found that immersion with a solution of a strong acid, namely H2SO4, KNO3, and HCl, had different effects on breaking palm oil dormancy. The highest average germination rate was through immersion with HCl, which produced an average of 65.24. The highest average germination was through immersion in H2SO4 with an average of 8.52. In contrast, the average seedling height and most extended root length were soaked in HCl with an average of 35.28, and 15, respectively. Based on the results obtained, the best chemical treatment for breaking palm oil dormancy is through soaking with HCl.

The Effect of Difference Soaking Duration and GA3 Concentration on Germination of oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq)

One of the main oil palm seed dormancy factors is the shell thickness. This could influence the germination homogeneity and required more time for oil palm seeds to germinate evenly. There will be such alternatives to improve oil palm seed germination as shell-less oil palm seeds or kernels which were soaked at different duration time and GA3 concentration. The objectives of this research was to evaluate germination rate of kernels under different soaking time and GA3 concentration. This study was conducted on Laboratory Plants Seed and Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of Lampung from June 2019 to September 2019. Treatment was arranged by factorial (6x3) in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The first factors were the six different concentrations of GA3 hormones as 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm. The second factors were the three different soaking duration as 3, 7, and 10 days. The variables observed were the percentage of germination, the maximum growth potential, early time of germination, germination rate, dormancy intensity, radicle and plumule lengths. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and then different mean values of treatments were analyzed by 5% of LSD using the SAS software application (version 9.4). The results showed that the concentration of 200 ppm GA3 resulting in low dormancy intensity (12.22%), increasing potency maximum growth (87.78%), and kernels germination rate (8.44%/etmal) compared with a concentration of 0 ppm GA3. Soaking duration of GA3 10 days resulted in low dormancy intensity (17.22%), the percentage of germination increased (23.33%), the maximum growth potential increased (78.89%), the kernel germination rate (8.94%/etmal), radicle length (2.00cm), plumule length (1.92cm), and early time of germination (4.61days) compared to the length of soaking duration of 3 days.

PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN APLIKASI ASAP CAIR LIMBAH PELEPAH KELAPA SAWIT

ABSTRACT The growth of good and quality seeds requires a lot of fertilization, considering that oil palm seeds grow quickly. Generally, the fertilizers used are compound fertilizers and inorganic single fertilizers. Continuous use of inorganic fertilizers without being balanced by organic fertilizers can reduce soil quality. Therefore, alternative fertilizers are needed to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers. Liquid smoke from palm oil midrib-leaf waste can be developed into organic fertilizer, so a lot of studies are needed. This study aims to determine the growth of oil palm seedlings by giving liquid smoke from palm oil midrib-leaf waste. The treatments given were P0 (0% /control), P1 (2% liquid smoke), P2 (3% liquid smoke), P3 (4% liquid smoke), P4 (5% liquid smoke), P5 (10% liquid smoke ), P6 (15% liquid smoke) and P7 (20% liquid smoke). The results obtained are analyzed. A further BNJ test will be carried out at the 5% level if they give significantly different results. Parameters observed were plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands), leaf area (cm2), and diameter of stem circumference (mm). The application of liquid smoke from the palm fronds had a significant effect on plant height and leaf area of oil palm seedlings, while the parameters of the quantity leaves and stem diameter had no significant effect. The best treatment based on plant height and leaf area parameters was 2% liquid smoke from palm oil midrib-leaf. Keywords: liquid smoke, palm oil midrib-leaf, palm oil

Automatic Watering System for Oil Palm Seeds

Nursery of oil palm is a period of preparing oil palm for approximately 3 months. However, in watering still using the manual method, this method still has a weakness, namely by pulling the water hose so that farmers of oil palm have to work hard and drain energy and also take a long time. From these problems, a solution was made by making an automatic palm seed watering system using the rtc module as the scheduling of the watering system and NodeMCU as the brain of the system's main process and using the blynk application as a notification output in the form of messages. As a result, the automatic watering system can work optimally if the time of the watering process has been determined and the system is able to send notifications to the blynk and display messages on the results of the watering process, with this automatic watering system it can help the work of oil palm nursery farmers.

Penerapan Metode Weighted Product Dalam Pemantauan Kontaminasi Pada Ruang Kultur Jaringan Kelapa Sawit

Palm oil is a product that we usually use every day, even almost every day, companies in producing palm oil increase, so the demand for oil palm seeds increases, resulting in a lot of growing culture space to store oil palm tissue culture, as well as contaminants in the palm oil. The culture room is increasing so that the culture room must be cleaned using special treatment, so from monitoring the contamination in the culture room it must be increased so that the oil palm tissue culture is maintained in its growth, to avoid the decline in seedlings due to contamination, due to the culture room being not sterile, the problem faced by the company, namely the difficulty in determining the most highly contaminated culture room to be cleaned with special treatment. This is because the process of monitoring the culture room has not been computerized. Based on this, we need a method that can monitor to determine the highest contaminated culture room, namely the Weighted Product method. By applying the Weighted Product method, we are able to map something input into to produce output without ignoring the existing factors. The purpose of applying the Weighted Product method is to be able to monitor the oil palm tissue culture room and get the highest contaminated culture space value to make it easier to make decisions. The method used in this study is the Weighted Product method, while the prototyping method is used for system development. The research variables consist of factors that affect the dirtiness of the culture room such as bacteria, fungi, mites, humidity. Based on the results of the feasibility test that has been carried out, it can be obtained that the percentage of system expert eligibility is 93.7% and is interpreted as very feasible, while for the user eligibility percentage of 100%, the application made can be categorized into a proper interpretation.

Shortening Dormancy Period of Oil Palm Seeds (Elaeis guineensis) using Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) Solutions

Soaking oil palm seeds in a solution of sulfuric acid and gibberellic acid is one way to shorten the dormancy period of oil palm seeds. This study aimed to find out the optimum soaking time of oil palm seeds in sulfuric acid solution to accelerate germination, the optimum concentration of gibberellic acid for oil palm seed germination, the interaction between using sulfuric acid and gibberellic acid in accelerating the germination of oil palm seeds and the best treatment combination in all the tried treatments. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD), with a complete factorial combination with a total of 16 treatments. Each treatment was repeated 4 times, so there were 64 experimental units and each unit was planted with 5 seeds. The results of statistical analysis showed that soaking oil palm seeds in a solution of sulfuric acid and gibberellic acid had an effect on the germination of these seeds. The duration of soaking oil palm seeds for 48 hours in sulfuric acid solution constituted the optimum time for increasing the speed of germination and giving gibberellic acid at a concentration of 300 ppm still accelerated the germination of oil palm seeds and there was no interaction between the length of soaking the seeds in sulfuric acid solution and the concentration of gibberellic acid. Soaking the seeds in a solution of sulfuric acid for 48 hours and gibberellate 300 ppm was the best combination treatment to accelerate the germination of oil palm seeds.

PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis quineensis Jacq) PADA MEDIUM ULTISOL YANG DIAPLIKASI KOMPOS Mucuna bracteata

The first problem faced in cultivating oil palm is the procurement of seeds. Ultisol soil when used for breeding media has several problems such as having a wet saturation of less than 35% at a depth of 125 cm below the upper limit of the argillic horizon. Ultisol has an acidity level of less than 5.5, low to moderate organic matter and low nutrition. The addition of organic material such as the LCC Mucuna bracteata compost is highly recommended because it will improve the physical, biological, and chemical properties of the soil, so that it increases the availability of nutrients in the soil to be optimal. This study aims to determine the effect of LCC mucuna bracteata compost on ultisol soil medium and determine the dosage/dose of LCC Mucuna Bracteata compost which provides the best growth of oil palm seedlings (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). This research was carried out experimentally with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications. The results of this study indicate that distributing doses of 400 g/8 kg of soil improved the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the vegetative growth of oil palm seeds.

Conceptual framework of smart fertilization management for oil palm tree based on IOT and deep learning

Oil palm trees contribute economic income to the national and community by generating various types of productions. This will cause an expansion of the area for the plantation of oil palm seeds, then contributes to the stability in distributing good quality oil to accommodate the growing population. Furthermore, degradation occurs when the planting of oil palm trees increases rapidly, especially the occurrence of uncontrolled oil palm cultivation. The degradation can cause loss of soil nutrients due to soil erosion. The lack of macronutrients, Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) and Magnesium (Mg) on oil palm tree may impact on its growth which includes the quality of crops. Traditional approach to detect macronutrients, can also lead to some improper control in turn leads results in reduction in yield. The existing system has given limited information of dataset and slower classification performance due to limited functions. With the adaptability of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, oil palm tree growth data and fertilization management can be utilizing effortlessly and effectively. The context of conceptual framework comprises the IoT technologies, image processing, machine learning and deep learning which focuses on environmental factors that affecting the young oil palm tree growth that involve temperature, humidity, soil moisture content, light and nutrient. Thus, a study of IoT, machine learning and deep learning for smart fertilization management of oil palm trees is suggested helping and raise the efficiency of oil palm trees management in Malaysia.