Turpentine Research Articles

Evaluation of 68Ga-DOTA-Ubiquicidin (29-41) for imaging Staphylococcus aureus (Staph A) infection and turpentine-induced inflammation in a preclinical setting.

Synthetic antimicrobial peptide fragment, 99mTc-Ubiquicidin 29–41, is shown to be sensitive and also specific for imaging bacterial infections. We undertook this study to explore the advantage of using a positron emission agent, 68Ga-DOTA-Ubiquicidin 29–41 (68Ga-DOTA-UBI), for detecting Staph-A infection in an animal model, and also evaluated its ability to distinguish a turpentine-induced sterile inflammation in an animal model. Pure Ga-68 was freshly eluted from a 68Ge/68Ga generator (IGG-100). DOTA-UBI (50 μg) was ra diolabeled with pure Ga-68 (500MBq) by incubating the reaction mixture at pH 4.5 for 10 min, 95°C. Rats were infected with Staph-A at the hind leg joint of rats to form bacterial abscess. Sterile inflammation was induced in the right thigh muscle by injecting 200 μl of 100% turpentine oil. Rats were injected intravenously with 10–15 MBq of tracer, and images were acquired at different time intervals with Siemens (Biograph mCT) positron emission tomography computed tomography scanner. The early images at 6 min postinjection clearly indicated mild uptake of the agent corresponding to the infection site, which increased dramatically at 20, 30, and 60 min postinjection. The target to background ratio (T/B) increased significantly over the same time period of study (1.6, 4.2, and 6.1, respectively). There was a mild uptake of 68Ga-DOTA-UBI at the site corresponding to sterile inflammation at 6 min postinjection, which was rapidly washed off as seen at 25 and 45 min images. The images indicated fast clearance of the agent from liver and soft tissues within 6 min. Control rats showed similar biodistribution of activity. The mild uptake of 68Ga-DOTA-UBI at the corresponding Staph-A infection lesion and very fast kinetics of clearance from the blood pool and soft tissues suggested a very high clinical potential for this agent. The absence of uptake of the agent at sterile inflammation site suggests that the agent may be useful in distinguishing infection from inflammation.

Esterification of α-pinene using TCA/Zeolite Y catalyst

Indonesian turpentine oil contains α-pinene (70-90%), β-pinene (5-10%), and 3-carene (4-10%). This study aims to determine the effect of temperature, time, and mass of the catalyst on the α-pinene esterification. The esterification was carried out at 25, 40 and 50°C for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours with variations in the catalyst mass of 100, 300 and 500 mg. This reaction was carried out in a three neck round bottom flask equipped with a heater, thermometer and magnetic stirrer. The ester produced in the α-pinene transformation through the esterification is carvyl acetate. The optimum results were obtained at temperature of 40°C and the addition of catalyst of 500 mg with α-pinene conversion of 67.81% and selectivity of carvyl acetate at 81.92% for 1 h.

The technique for separation and purification of gondorukem (gum rosin) from pine gum (pinus merkusii) with a simple distillation method

This study reports the processing and separation of gum rosin from pine gum (Pinusmerkusii). The research method was carried out with several stages, namely the process of tapping pine gum, the process of separation and purification. After the refining process, the gum rosin and turpentine oil are separated using a simple distillation technique. The results of gum rosin separation obtained from the distillation process were 86.67 with a soft point of 78.8°C, a vaporizing component of 0.976%, an acid number of 175.3125 and a saponification number of 178.81875. In addition to knowing the components of the gum rosin samples obtained, the identification of compounds was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of FTIR identification showed the presence of sp2C-H,-OH, sp3C-H, C=O,-CH2 and - CH3 groups, while GC-MS identification showed the presence components of Caryophyllene, Pimaric acid, Dehydroabietic acid, Abieticacid, and á-Pinene. The identification results indicate that the residue from the simple distillation is gum rosin.

P‐Menthadienes as Biorenewable Feedstocks for a Monoterpene‐Based Biorefinery

AbstractA terpene‐based biorefinery is described that uses crude sulfate turpentine (CST) and gum turpentine (GT) to produce mixtures of p‐menthadienes (p‐MeDs) as biorenewable terpene feedstocks. An acid catalyzed ring opening reaction (6 m aq. H2SO4, 90 °C) is first used to convert the major bicyclic monoterpenes (α‐pinene, β‐pinene, and 3‐carene) in untreated CST (or GT with 5 mol% Me2S) into mixtures of monocyclic p‐MeDs. These unpurified sulfurous p‐MeD mixtures (α‐terpinene, γ‐terpinene, and isoterpinolene) are then used as feedstocks for oxidative aromatization (OA), ozonolysis, Diels–Alder, and hydrogenation reactions to produce p‐cymene, fragrances, anti‐oxidants, drugs, biopolymers, and biofuels. Mechanistic studies of the OA reaction used to convert the p‐MeDs into p‐cymene reveal that p‐cymene hydroperoxide acts as an initiator to produce polar radical intermediates that are stabilized by DMSO generated in situ through aerobic oxidation of Me2S. This enables CST and GT to be converted into biorenewable p‐cymene in 50–60% yields (two steps) using a process that only requires aqueous acid, oxygen, heat, and a final distillation step.

Black pepper prevents anemia of inflammation by inhibiting hepcidin over-expression through BMP6-SMAD1/ IL6-STAT3 signaling pathway

Hepcidin, a circulatory hepatic peptide hormone, is associated with systemic iron homeostasis. Inflammation leads to an increase in hepcidin expression, which dysregulates body iron level. The related disorder, anemia of inflammation, is the second most prevalent anemia-related disorder worldwide. In the present study, we conducted in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate the effect of black pepper (BP) and its major bioactive alkaloid, piperine, on anemia of inflammation. The initial in vitro study using human hepatocyte cell line, HepG2, confirmed that among different black pepper extracts: methanol (BPME), ethanol (BPEE) and aqueous (BPAE), BPME to be most effective in downregulating transcription of hepcidin gene. Further, BPME and piperine significantly downregulated hepcidin protein expression at 200 μg/ml and 100 μM concentrations, respectively. In the next phase, BPME and piperine were found to significantly attenuate BMP-6 and IL-6 induced hepcidin overexpression by downregulating the increased level of pSMAD1 and pSTAT3 proteins, respectively. For in vivo study, we first subcutaneously injected male BALB/c mice with oil of turpentine, thrice within a period of two weeks, in order to enhance the expression of hepcidin. After that, the intraperitoneal administration of BPME and piperine at 70 and 25 mg/kg body weight, respectively, on alternate days for a period of another two weeks resulted in downregulation of hepcidin overexpression in diseased mice, as confirmed by RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. The histopathology of liver tissue confirmed increased iron bioavailability in BPME and piperine treated animals. The molecular docking-based interaction studies demonstrated the binding potential of piperine with SMAD1 and STAT3 proteins. The binding patterns supported the proposed inhibition of hepcidin activating proteins. All together, these findings suggest black pepper as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of anemia of inflammation.

Turpentine oil extraction from pine resin by microwave assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) technique

Turpentine oil obtained from pine resin plant consists of α-pinene utilized to synthesize organic compound used to produce paint and disinfectant for example. This project aims to study extraction of turpentine oil by Microwave Assisted Hydro-Distillation (MAHD). This study evaluates effect of time, power and volume of pine resin_to turpentine oil characteristic. Variables observed in this study are time (30 to 90 min), power (300 to 600 Watt) and material (150 to 250 mL). Turpentine oil quality such as color, density and refractive index are identified with respect to SNI 7633-2011 while α-pinene concentration determined using GCMS. Highest yield is 27.31% obtained from extraction of 150 mL pine resin using 600 Watt of microwave power for about 60 min. Chemical composition of turpentine oil at that certain condition are α-pinene of 68,53%, 3-carene of 14,31% and β-pinene of 5,23% respectively. Turpentine oil product has characteristic of clear color with refractive index of 1.467 and density of 0.853 g/cm3. This study concludes microwave energy very potential to be utilized as source of energy to extract turpentine oil from pine resin as it proceeding very rapidly.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Organic Gutta-percha Solvents and Synthetic Solvents Against Enterococcus faecalis.

ABSTRACTBackground:The use of solvents is necessary to remove remnants of filling materials within dentinal tubules to allow penetration of irrigating solution within the tubules.Aim and Objectives:We aimed at determining the antibacterial effect of various gutta-percha (GP) solvents against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis).Materials and Methods:An in vitro study was conducted by measuring the zone of inhibition using the disk diffusion method. The test organism used for the study was E. faecalis, and the solvents were divided into five groups: eucalyptus oil, chloroform, turpentine oil, xylene, and orange oil. About 500 μL of the suspension was spread over the agar plates, and the empty sterilized disks were impregnated with 10 μL of pure essential oils (EOs). The inoculated plates were incubated at 37°C for 18 to 24 h. The antimicrobial activity of each solvent was expressed and measured in terms of the mean diameter of the zone of inhibition (in mm) produced by each solvent at the end of the incubation period. ANOVA was used for intergroup comparison. The P-value of <0.05 was considered significant.Results:The mean zone of inhibition for E. faecalis was 24.00 ± 1.21 for eucalyptus oil, 16.30 ± 0.92 for chloroform, 26.50 ± 1.24 for turpentine oil, 13.70 ± 1.26 for xylene, and 19.80 ± 1.32 for orange oil. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001).Conclusion:This study demonstrated that the use of turpentine oil during endodontic retreatment significantly reduced the levels of E. faecalis as compared with other solvents.

Turpentine oils as a basis for the creation of nanostructured lyosols: physicochemical characteristics and stability

Currently, one of the most common methods for the synthesis of dispersions based on turpentine in aqueous media is the preparation of its solutions in water using multi-stage chemical and/or physical treatment. In this case, the chemical composition is selected in such a way as to ensure the complete dissolution of hydrophobic substances in water. An example of solving such a problem is the use of an aqueous solution of the following composition: gum turpentine 43.0%; oleic acid 25.0%; castor oil 18.0%; caustic soda 3.0%. However, such methods do not allow setting and controlling dimensional parameters in the final product. In addition, in many cases, such a lyosol requires the addition of stabilizers and emulsifiers, which is determined by the purpose of the synthesized lyosol. Here we show the possibility of influencing the size parameter of the resulting particles in lyosol and their resistance to sedimentation in an aqueous solution. This result is achieved by homogenization using ultrasonic dispersion of a low-concentrated aqueous solution of turpentine, bubbling with various gases and subsequent filtration of the resulting emulsion through a membrane with a suitable pore size. This approach makes it possible to obtain at least 95% of nanoparticles from the total dry matter fraction. Compounds based on such lyosols, as a rule, have immunoreactogenic properties and can be used as an adjuvant component that increases the immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines, including for veterinary use.

Use of coniferous bio additives for diesel fuel mixture

The article analyzes the properties of dietary supplements from various vegetable oils. It was found that for mixed diesel fuel, it is possible to use bioadditives from coniferous trees in the form of pine or turpentine oil. It has been established that their addition to commercial fuel in an optimal ratio improves the operational environmental characteristics of a diesel engine. It is noted that a small upgrade of the engine fuel system is required to operate on such a mixed fuel.

Investigating the Performance, Reduction of Emission and Combustion Characteristics of YSZ Coated D.I.Diesel Engine Powered by Binary Bio-fuels

Performance, emission and combustion studies were carried out on the ceramic coated diesel engine (YSZ) fed with biodiesel obtained from the oil derived from the mango seeds (MSBD) and MSBD blended with turpentine oil (MSBTO). The performance study showed that the MSBD and MSBTO blends showed 3.6% and 7.1% more BSFC value compared to that of DF in ceramic coated engine due to higher density and viscosity. The maximum brake thermal efficiency was observed 28% for DF in coated engine compared to other fuels due to less fuel consumption of DF because of lower density. The emission characteristics displayed that the MSBTO fuel showed 12%, 15.2% and 29.1% reduction in the smoke density, NOx and CO respectively compared to that of DF in coated engine. However, the MSBD and MSBTO showed 17 and 21% more release of UBHC at full conditions compared to that of DF in ceramic coated engine due to lesser calorific values of MSBD and MSBTO compared to the calorific value of DF. Combustion study revealed that the MSBD and MSBTO displayed less cylinder pressure compared to that of DF in coated engine and the MSBTO fuel showed the 5.3% decrease in the cylinder pressure compared to that of DF in coated engine owing to less heat liberation and lower cetane value. HRR followed the similar trend of variation of cylinder pressure and the MSBTO displayed 7.4% lower HRR compared to that of DF in coated engine.

Influence of asphaltene inhibitors on asphaltene deposition in the porous media

This article deals with organic asphaltene deposition in the reservoir rock, for crude oil having high asphaltene content and high apparent viscosity. The crude oil is characterized using thermal analysis through the thermogravimetric method. Crude oil is blended with heptane and flooded through the formation core at 55°C and 200-1200 psi pressure. With the rise in flow pressure, asphaltene precipitation became more significant with about four hundred times fall in the initial flow rate (flow rate at 200 psi) of crude oil at 1200 psi pressure. Phthalic acid and turpentine oil are used as asphaltene inhibitors for this crude oil. These asphaltene inhibitors are easy to procure, required less dosage for asphaltene dissolution and are relatively less toxic as compared to the other organic solvents used frequently as asphaltene inhibitor in oil industries. The asphaltene inhibitors are injected into the crude oil and flowed through the pores of the core. It is found that the crude oil treated with phthalic acid resulted in 88.23% increment its flow rate as compared to the turpentine oil, suggesting significant organic asphaltene dissolution in the formation rock.

Oral myiasis associated with drug induced gingival hyperplasia – a rare case report

Introduction: Myiasis (Greek: myi = fly) refers to infestation of living tissues of humans and animals by Dipterous eggs or larvae. Incidence of oral myiasis is comparatively lesser than that of cutaneous myiasis. We report a rare case of oral myiasis of anterior maxilla associated with drug induced gingival enlargement. Observation: We report a rare case of oral myiasis of anterior maxilla with amlodipine induced gingival enlargement in a sixty-two-year-old male with history of hypertension, hemiplegia and diabetes mellitus. Patient was mouth breather and presented with poor oral hygiene. Generalized gingival hyperplasia was observed. Multiple maggots were observed in the ulcerated areas on maxillary anterior alveolus. The maggots were mechanically removed with curettage after application of turpentine oil. Cleaning and debridement of the wound was done. After one month follow-up there was complete healing of the lesion. Maintenance of oral hygiene and gingivectomy as indicated was planned for this patient. Conclusion: Clinical significance of presented case is its rarity of association with drug induced gingival hyperplasia and typical presence of multiple predisposing factors. This case report provides interesting information about predisposing factors, clinical features and management of oral myiasis that could help clinicians in the diagnosis and management of this condition.

Neonatal Umbilical Myiasis- A Rare Case Report

Myiasis is an infestation of live vertebrates (humans and/or animals) by larvae of dipterous fly. Although, it usually infects domestic and wild animals but humans may be rarely affected if they are reared in unhygienic condition. The index case is a seven-day-old male neonate born by normal vaginal delivery, who presented to the Emergency Department with complaint of passage of worms from umbilicus which do not extend to deeper tissues. On examination, periumbilical erythema was also visible along with white glistening worms. After application of turpentine oil to the umbilical stump, the worms were mechanically removed with the help of forceps. Umbilical myiasis is a very rare presentation indicating poor hygiene and a preventable condition.

Terpene Resin Prepared from Renewable Turpentine Oil as a New Type of Cold Flow Improver for Soybean Biodiesel / Diesel Blends

Terpene Resin Prepared from Renewable Turpentine Oil as a New Type of Cold Flow Improver for Soybean Biodiesel / Diesel Blends

The treatment of animals in Galicia in the middle ages

The treatment of animals in Galicia in the middle ages

Epoxidation of β-pinene with a highly-active and low-cost catalyst

As β-pinene is one of the main compounds of turpentine oil, its epoxidation is of academic and industrial interest. In the present work, the activity of a low-cost calcium material and magnesium oxide was compared with that of hydrotalcites for the catalytic epoxidation of β-pinene. FTIR, XRD, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, BET and TPD-CO2 analyses were used for identifying the influence of basicity and textural properties of the materials on β-pinene epoxidation. Materials with medium-strength basic sites showed the highest activity; a complete conversion of β-pinene and 74% selectivity towards β-pinene epoxide was reached over magnesium oxide. A mechanism for this reaction over magnesium oxide is proposed based on the deprotonation and hydration of the catalyst, which favored the formation of an intermediate oxidant and the activation of the substrate. Purification of the reaction product by filtration, liquid–liquid extraction, drying and simple distillation leads to a final β-pinene epoxide concentration higher than 90% wt; the stability of the epoxide was verified by measuring its composition during 20 days.

Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of some topical herbal formulations in the management of traumatic myiasis in cattle

Traumatic myiasis, variably known as wound myiasis or maggoted wounds, can be a serious problem in veterinary practice, especially in the warmer latitudes of the globe. Several agents of plant origin, such as turpentine oil and camphor, form the backbone of the therapeutic practices used for the first-line treatment and management of this problem. A clinical trial was undertaken to compare the efficacy of some topical polyherbal formulations in clinical cases of traumatic myiasis in bovines. 24 cattle suffering from myiasis were assigned to either of three (03) equal groups. Group T1 received treatment with AV/CPS/23 spray (M/s Ayurvet Ltd., India); Group T2 with competitor Brand A; and Group T3 with competitor Brand B. The response of the animals to the treatment was evaluated using an efficacy index based on the proportion of animals recovered within each group and the severity of the cases successfully treated. Amongst treatments, AV/CPS/23 spray was found to be most effective for the management of myiasis in cattle based on the findings of the study.

Evaluation of nopol production obtained from turpentine oil over Sn/MCM-41 synthesized by wetness impregnation using the Central Composite Design

A face-centered Central Composite Design (CCD) was used for nopol synthesis from turpentine oil over Sn/MCM-41 catalyst synthesized with sodium silicate as silicon source and incorporating Sn by wetness impregnation using SnCl2.2H2O as metal source. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, NH3-TPD and UV–vis-DRS. The catalyst was used four times without an apparent loss of catalytic activity and with no leaching of Sn. The CCD was constructed from 24 factorial points, eight axial points and seven central points, with time, paraformaldehyde to β-pinene molar ratio, catalyst concentration and solvent to β-pinene ratio as factors. Three response variables were selected (β-pinene conversion, nopol selectivity and nopol yield), and second order models were obtained taking into account all possible effects and identifying the non statistically significant effects. The optimal values found by response surface methodology were 71 %, 99 % and 61 % for conversion, selectivity and yield, respectively. The reactions were carried out under the established optimal conditions and the error varied between 2.14 and 2.63 %. Finally, the assumptions of independence, normality and homoscedasticity for each of the models were satisfactorily validated.

Techno‐Economic Evaluation of d‐Limonene and α‐Pinene Separation from Citrus and Turpentine Oils

AbstractThe evaluation of the technical and economic separation of the monoterpenes α‐pinene and d‐limonene from essential oils, carried out by computational simulation of the vacuum fractional distillation in continuous and batch mode from samples of turpentine and citrus oils, was developed using Aspen Plus® software combined with estimations of operational expenses (OPEX) and capital expenses (CAPEX) based on the Guthrie method. The production of d‐limonene and α‐pinene with high purity from the essential oils is a technically feasible process. From the economic point of view and based on the average annual import costs of turpentine and orange oils in Colombia, it was found that the selling prices of α‐pinene and d‐limonene obtained from the distillation module cost analysis depend on the daily production and can be minimized if essential oils are preliminary extracted from local industrial wastes.

Experimental investigation of performance and emissions of CI engine fuelled with neem oil blended turpentine fuel

Developing countries like India spending huge money in the energy sector and reliable on the other countries which act as the barrier for its own improvement. The developing countries has the constraint in either economic and environment impact because of the higher pollutant released the energy sector like Automobiles. This paper deals with fuel of neem oil and turpentine oil blend in the Proportional of N30T70 (30% of Neem oil and 70% of Turpentine oil) N50T50 ( 50% of Neem oil and 50% of Turpentine oil) and N70T30 ( 70% of Neem oil and 30% of Turpentine oil). Experiment was conducted in four stroke diesel engine by varying load from 0% to 100%. The results shows that increasing the turpentine oil in the blend reduces the viscosity, density and increase the Calorific value blended fuel supports for better combustion. Increase the turpentine oil in blended fuel increase the efficiency, decrease CO and increase the Nox emissions.