Oil-modified Alkyd Research Articles

The effect of linseed oil/canola oil blend on the coating and thermal properties of waste PET-based alkyd resins.

This study aims to prepare oil-modified alkyd resins using a linseed oil/canola oil (LO/CO) blend and waste PET depolymerization product, suitable for environmentally friendly coating applications. Waste PET flakes obtained from grinding post-consumer water bottles were depolymerized by the aminoglycolysis reaction at high pressure. Raw depolymerization product (DP) was used in the synthesis of four components, 50% oil alkyd resins by monoglyceride method. DP has partly replaced the dibasic acid component in the PET-based alkyd formulations. Besides PET-based alkyds, reference alkyds without DP were also synthesized for comparison. Then, the surface coating properties and thermal behaviors of alkyd films were determined. The effect of DP usage and the changing ratios of LO/CO blend on coating properties and thermal behaviors of alkyd films were investigated. In addition, the optimum LO/CO blend ratio which is compatible with alkyd formulation was attempted to be determined. At the end of this study, glossy, soft/medium-hard films were obtained with excellent adhesion, impact strength, and chemical resistance. Thermal resistance and final thermal oxidative degradation temperature increased with adding DP to the alkyd formulation. Using LO/CO blend in the formulations affected oxidation rate and ratio, hence, drying time/degree and oxidative stability of alkyd films.

Synthesis and Characterization of Short Alkyd Resin Based on Sesame Seed Oil as Binder for Coating Industry

Alkyd resin of 40 % oil length was synthesized from the polyesterification reaction of glycerol, pthalic anhydride and sesame seed oil. Physicochemical properties such as iodine value, saponification value, density, moisture absorption, acid value and viscosity were determined to be 70.2 gI2/100g, 227.5 mgKOH/100g, 0.953 g/cm3, 0.22%, 9.23 KOH/g and 123.22 m.Pa.s respectively for the sesamum indicum seed oil modified alkyd resin (SISOMAR). Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were employed for the characterization of the alkyd resin. The glass transition (Tg) value of the 40% alkyd resin was 34.99 °C, initial degradation temperature (Ti), final degradation temperature (Tf) were 300 °C and > 500 °C respectively. It was identified that the SISOMAR could meet with temperature resistance and mechanical requirements to serve as a potential binder for the coating industry.

Application of Sinusoidal Function and a 25–1Fractional Factorial Array in the Kinetics and Optimization Study of Gmelina Seed Oil Modified Alkyd Resin Synthesis

AbstractAn overnight dry hard alkyd resin has been designed from non-drying gmelina seed oil (GSO). The study was enhanced through pseudo combined array (PCA) and a dynamic data processor (DDP). The GSO modified alkyd resin was synthesized through a two stage alcoholysis-esterification method using glycerol, phthalic and maleic anhydride. The DDP was designed for the conversion of the GSO acid functional group in the alkyd reactor on the basis of the third order kinetic model and sinusoidal function. Models describing the molecular properties (conversion, viscosity and molecular weight average) in terms of the process parameters were derived from multiple regression by integrating a 25–1fractional factorial array (FFA) in a central composite design (CCD) implemented with design expert. The fatty acid profile of the raw GSO was determined using GC-MS while structural elucidation of the raw GSO, chemically modified GSO and GSO based alkyd resins were determined using FTIR spectrometry. The synthesized alkyds show very good physic-chemico-mechanical properties. Specifically, the drying schedule shows that the GSO alkyd resin achieved a dry hard time of 8.3 h in presence of nano-ZnO pigment. The designed kinetic model was able to track the trajectory of the reaction motion such that the molecular properties falls within specification. The Optimum responses of 89.66 % conversion, viscosity of 293 cP and molecular weight average of 5,481 predicted, fall within the range suggested from the kinetic model. Correspondent experiments conducted with the predicted optimum conditions were in reasonable agreement with the predicted values.

Comparative Analysis of Polyesterification Reaction on Crude and Epoxidized Neem Oil-Modified Alkyd Resin

Comparative Analysis of Polyesterification Reaction on Crude and Epoxidized Neem Oil-Modified Alkyd Resin

Synthesis and Characterization of Oil-Modified Alkyd Resin from Epoxidized Neem Oil

Synthesis and Characterization of Oil-Modified Alkyd Resin from Epoxidized Neem Oil

Exploring the effect of styrene and anhydride ratio on the coating properties of non-drying vegetable oil based alkyd resin

The synthesis of oxy-polymerizable alkyd from non-drying palm kernel oil was studied. Three alkyd resins of medium oil length were prepared using phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and glycerol at stipulated ratios. The prepared alkyd resins were copolymerized with styrene using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the free radical generator at 150°C for 3h. The styrenated alkyds and palm kernel oil-modified alkyds were all characterized for their physico-chemical properties following standard methods. The styrenated and unstyrenated alkyds were tested for drying schedule, solubility, adhesion, abrasion resistance and chemical resistance. All the resins showed good properties. The styrenated alkyds gave faster drying time, better adhesion, abrasion resistance, and chemical resistance. Unlike the unstyrenated alkyd which was only resistant to water, brine, and acidic media, the styrenated alkyds were also resistant to alkalis. Structural elucidation of the raw materials and their copolymers was done with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and GC–MS instrumental technique. It can be concluded that styrenated alkyds offer improved potential applications in surface coating purposes.

Comparative Studies of Oil-Modified Alkyd Resins Synthesized from Epoxidized and Crude Neem Oil

Two different alkyd resins; epoxidized neem seed oil-modified alkyd resin (ENOMAR) and crude neem seed oil-modified alkyd resin (CNOMAR) with oil-length of 64.5% each were synthesized. A portion of neem oil was epoxidized at 50°C using per-acid generated in-situ. The (ENOMAR) and (CNOMAR) were prepared using glycolysis and poly-condensation methods. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) and cobalt naphthalate in toluene were employed as the driers. The physicochemical analyses of the synthesized resins were investigated. Also, minimum drying and set to touch time was recorded at 15hrs, 9hrs and 17hrs, 10hrs for (ENOMAR) and (CMOMAR) respectively at temperature of 120°C on exposed for 120min. Both resins show good resistance in 10% HCl and distilled water. (CNOMAR) shows relatively fair resistance in 1%NaCl while (ENOMAR) has a poor resistance in the brine solution. FT-IR results shows a broad and sharp peaks at 1732cm^-1, 2928cm^-1 and 3465cm^-1 for (ENOMAR) and two broad peaks at 1734cm^-1, and 2927cm^-1 for (CNOMAR). Statistical analysis from ANOVA table comparing the drying time between the two resins gave F_v =0. 327 and F_c = 5. 990. Assessments of the properties show that epoxidized neem oil modified alkyd resin (ENOMAR) has better film properties compared to crude neem oil modified alkyd resin (CNOMAR).

Interpretation of mid and near-infrared reflection properties of synthetic polymer paints for the non-invasive assessment of binding media in twentieth-century pictorial artworks

The goal of this paper is to evaluate the potential of reflection infrared spectroscopy in discriminating among different binding media in 20th century painting, with relation to distortion effects due to the mixing of surface and volume reflection and potential overlaps by pigment absorption bands. The study was carried out analyzing the reflection infrared properties of modern paint reconstructions including acrylic emulsion, polyvinyl acetate resin, oil-modified alkyd resin and two traditional media (drying oil and proteinaceous tempera) in mixture with a number of pigments selected for their absorption bands and their potential overlaps in the mid and near-infrared regions. Specific spectral markers were determined for each binding medium and then successfully exploited for the interpretation/classification of non-invasive reflection infrared spectra recorded in situ on eleven paintings of the second half of the twentieth century.

Ian Fairweather and water-based emulsion house paints in Australia 1950–64

A study of 13 paintings dating between 1950 and 1964 by artist Ian Fairweather (1891–1974) is used to explore the painting materials available to the artist in the 1950s and early 1960s in Australia. Research explores the key dates of 1939, when Fairweather acknowledged he had an allergy to oil paint (turpentines) and thus discontinued its use, and the date of 1958, when he is first recorded as using water-based synthetic polymer emulsion house paints. Research into release dates of water-based commercial paints through the 1950s and early 1960s is presented, and discussed in relation to preliminary analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (PyGCMS). In Fairweather’s paintings, oil-modified alkyd binders are found throughout the 1950s, despite the artist’s own assertions that he stopped using solvent-based paint in 1939. Discussion includes the possibility that the oil-modified alkyds found in paintings from the 1950s were oil in water emulsions. Poly vinyl acetate binders have been found on Fairweather’s paintings from 1958 and this aligns with release dates of water-based synthetic polymer paints in Australia.

The case study of an Italian contemporary art object: Materials and state of conservation of the painting “Ragazzo seduto” by Remo Brindisi

Abstract This paper deals with the scientific survey of Remo Brindisi's painting “Ragazzo seduto” (Seated boy), made at the end of the 1950s, that is a symbolic figure of both his personal artistic solitude and the crisis of values determined by the economic boom in the post-war period. In a period of great changes and economic regrowth, the need to find a new style that could be the most authentic and personal as possible pressed the artist to experiment innovative products, including non-conventional support. Photographic and analytical techniques demonstrated the use of innovative products as an experimentation tendency, that pressed the artist to use non-conventional support, industrially treated with plasticized PVC and primed with acrylate polymers and to paint with traditional and industrial pigments mixed with an oil-modified alkyd resin. In the span of a few years, an unexpected and extended degradation on the whole surface of the painting took place, with the consequent formation of lifting and detachment of the paint film. The detected alteration is mainly due to the fast ageing of the employed polymeric materials, actually responsible of the impermanence of many contemporary works of arts. Clarifying the unknown aspects of the Remo Brindisi's stylistic choices together with the deterioration processes of the employed painting materials, this paper highlights the general problems related to the conservation of contemporary art, a neglected area of research in Italy, where more efforts are committed to the enormous and more ancient cultural heritage.

Optimization of polyesterification process for production of palm oil modified alkyd resin using response surface methodology

The optimization of polyesterification process of air drying alkyd resin from non-drying palm oil was studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD) involving 30 experiments of four process variables at five levels was employed in view of its economical way of obtaining optimal response with fewest number of experiments. Self cured resin was obtained by modification of the saturated structure of palm oil with glycerol via alcoholysis, followed by unsaturated functional group of phthalic anhydride via polyesterification. The studied process parameters were reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst concentration and PA:MGO ratio. Predictive model describing the fractional conversion in terms of process variables was derived from multiple regression analysis. Optimum fractional conversion of 97.28% was predicted at reaction temperature of 240.61°C, reaction time of 150min, catalyst concentration of 0.03% and PA:MGO ratio of 0.38:1, for the process. Extent of reaction at 120min of polycondensation of the monomers was more than 85%. Model validation experiment shows good correspondent between the actual (96.04%) and predicted (97.28%).

High performance alkyd paints based on platy kaolin for corrosion protection of steel

Calcination of kaolin presents an easy route to obtain high performance and eco-friendly anticorrosive filler. The objective of the present work was to prepare a new ecologically friendly inorganic filler, based on thermal treatment of kaolin to be used as an anticorrosive. This work studied the corrosion protection of medium oil-modified alkyd paints based on thermally treated kaolin at different temperatures. Paints were formulated with different pigment volume concentrations (PVCs) and critical pigment volume concentrations (CPVCs). The prepared paints were formulated with increasing content of kaolin, with PVC ranging from 10 to 30%. The physical and chemical properties of kaolin were evaluated at different temperatures. Particle shapes of thermally treated kaolin were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The physico-mechanical properties of dry films, water vapor transmission and their corrosion properties using accelerated laboratory corrosion test were tested. The thermal treatment of kaolin enhanced both the oil absorption and the alkalinity. This led to alkyd results in saponification and consequently passivation of the substrate. Good wetting with alkyd resin gave homogeneous films without defects which resisted water and oxygen permeation and protected steel against corrosion. The results revealed that thermally treated kaolin at 400°C was the best at protecting steel substrates for all PVCs.

Synthesis of polyurethane resins and its improvement on dimensional stability and finishing performances of medium- and small-diameter softwoods

This study analyzed the effects of polyurethane (PU) resin treatments on surface homogeneity, dimensional stability, and finishing performances of medium- and small-diameter softwoods produced in Taiwan. Two-pack PU resins were prepared by combing short castor oil-modified alkyd resin serving as a polyol with polymeric 4,4′-diphenymethane diisocyanate (PMDI) serving as a hardener, by the molar ratio of NCO/OH+COOH of 1.2. Four types of short oil-modified alkyd resins with different polyhydric alcohols (glycerin and pentaerythritol) and polybasic acids (phthalic anhydride and isophthalic acid) were synthesized. Three kinds of medium- and small-diameter softwoods, including China fir, Taiwanina, and Japanese fir with a diameter of 10–15 cm were obtained from Hui-Sun Forest Station, Taiwan. The wood coating of nitrocellulose (NC) lacquer including sanding sealer and top clear was used. Results show that the surface hardness, homogeneity, moisture excluding efficiency, and antiswelling efficiency of woods were enhanced by PU resin treatments. Among all the PU resins, the isophthalic acid and pentaerythritol-containing PU resin (IPA-P-MDI) achieved the best improved efficiency on dimensional stability of woods. Results of two types of finishing procedure, i.e. NC lacquer sanding sealer plus top clear and top clear only, applied onto the PU-treated woods revealed that the hardness, adhesion, and durability of NC lacquer films on the PU-treated wood were superior to those of untreated one, especially for top clear finishing alone. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

Preparation and evaluation of tobacco seed oil-modified alkyd resins

Four sets of alkyd resins modified by varying the percentage of tobacco seed oil (TSO) contents were prepared according to the alcoholysis-polyesterification process. The effect of oil contents on properties such as the drying performance, thickness of film, solubility, viscosity and color of the alkyd resins was evaluated. The alkyd with the least oil content was the most rapid drying, most viscous and darkest in color. Also, the prepared alkyds and the commercial alkyds were used separately in the formulation of white gloss paints and the properties of the alkyds were found to be comparable with commercial samples.

The Development of Decorative Gloss Paints in Britain and the United States C. 1910–1960

Since the early part of the twentieth century, decorative gloss paints have been used by numerous artists. Despite the fact that museums and galleries have been analysing the paint on such works of art for a number of years, the absence of a coherent, structured history of the developments made in the gloss paint industry makes it difficult to interpret these results, or place them within an historical context. In this paper, the history of the gloss paint industries in Britain and the United States from the 1910s to the 1960s is outlined. The focus is on the American company, DuPont, and the British company, Imperial Chemical Industries. The different types of natural and synthetic resins used in gloss paint manufacture are discussed, including naturally occurring oils, gums and resins, alkyd-modified nitrocellulose, and oil-modified alkyds. Specific examples of each type of paint found on works of art are also given.

Traditional and new uses for vegetable oils in the surface coatings and allied industries

Trends from the use of the traditional media based on thermally polymerised and oxidised drying oils, to modified oils with improved film-forming properties, and then to oil-modified alkyd resins used in modern surface coatings, are reviewed.

Synthesis and molecular weight characterization of rubber seed oil-modified alkyd resins

Alkyd resins of 40% (I), 50% (II), and 60% (III) oil length (OL) were prepared with rubber seed oil (RSO), phthalic anhydride (PA), and glycerol (GLY), employing the two-stage alcoholysis method. Changes in the physical characteristics of the reaction medium were monitored by determination of the acid value and the number-average molecular weight, Mn, of in-process samples withdrawn at different stages of the reaction. The mode of variation of these properties denotes that the preparation of RSO alkyds is complex. Molecular weight averages and the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the finished alkyds were determined by GPC, cryoscopy, and end-group analysis. Molecular weight averages and the MWD vary with differences in the formulation, with sample II exhibiting the narrowest size distribution. Values of Mn with the corresponding polydispersities in brackets are 3234 (1.91), 1379 (1.56), and 3304 (2.56) for samples I, II, and III respectively. Mn values obtained by cryoscopy are comparable to those obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), while end-group analysis seems to grossly overestimate their molecular weights. Correlation of Mn and the MWD with the quality of the finished alkyds shows that the narrower the size distribution the better the quality of the alkyd. Properties such as the rate of drying and resistance of the alkyds are optimum at 50% OL. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 2431–2438, 2001

Characterization of alkyd based thermosetting resins

The rate of cure of different oxidative drying oil modified alkyd resins are investigated by DSC, when the cure is made under UV light or not. We determine, from the Kissinger equation, the apparent activation energy at different stages of the curing process. This activation energy depends on the curing conditions (temperature, illumination or not). These variations lead to the determination of a time constant, characteristic of the curing kinetics. Two particular values of the apparent activation energy are also defined. The first one called AEo is a characteristic of the varnish at the liquid state, the second one called ΔE inf characterizes the stability of the structural state of the final film.

Alkyd-based-thermosetting resin

In this work, the rate of cure of different oxidative drying oil modified alkyd resins are investigated by DSC measurements. We determine, from the Kissinger equation, the apparent activation energy of the curing process. We show that this activation energy depends on the curing duration and that these variations lead to the determination of a time constant, characteristic of the material.

Studies in autoxidation: Part II. An evaluation of the by-products formed by the autoxidation of fatty acid modified alkyd resins under the influence of different promoters

A study has been made of the by-products formed during the autoxidation of a number of drying oil modified alkyd resins when catalysed by a range of different promoters. The by-product components have been separated and identified using GC-MS methods, and their composition correlated with that of the naturally occurring fatty acids present in the individual drying oils. Mechanisms are proposed to account for the formation of the components.