Oil Mixture Research Articles

Simple MATLAB and Python scripts for multi-exponential analysis.

Multi-exponential decay is prevalent in magnetic resonance spectroscopy, relaxation, and imaging. This paper describes simple MATLAB and Python functions and scripts for regularized multi-exponential analysis methods for 1D and 2D data and example test problems and experiments. Regularized least-squares solutions provide production-quality outputs with robust stopping rules in ~5 and ~20 lines of code for 1D and 2D inversions, respectively. The software provides an open-architecture simple solution for transforming exponential decay data to the distribution of their decay lifetimes. Examples from magnetic resonance relaxation of a complex fluid, a Danish North Sea crude oil, and fluid mixtures in porous materials-brine/crude oil mixture in North Sea reservoir chalk-are presented. Developed codes may be incorporated in other software or directly used by other researchers, in magnetic resonance relaxation, diffusion, and imaging or other physical phenomena that require multi-exponential analysis.

Flow assurance analysis in Front End Engineering Design (FEED) of Subsea Flowline and Riser

Innovative subsea production systems (SPS) are required for deep-water oil and gas exploration in order to transport multiphase fluids—a complex mixture of water, gas, and oil—across long distances under challenging conditions. Significant technological challenges confront these systems, such as flow assurance, which ensures continuous fluid flow through pipelines, flowlines, and wells. Flow assurance issues can significantly impact production and incur costly downtime. This paper emphasizes the critical role of flow assurance analysis during the crucial Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) stage of SPS development. By utilizing industry-standard simulation tools like PIPESIM™, engineers can proactively identify and mitigate potential flow assurance problems that could hinder productivity. These analyses are crucial as FEED decisions significantly impact project cost-effectiveness. To illustrate the practical application of flow assurance principles, the paper presents a case study of a subsea architecture design for a specific manifold system. Considering operator requirements, flow assurance simulations were employed to guide critical decisions regarding material selection and optimal sizing of risers and flowlines. This demonstrates how flow assurance considerations during FEED directly influence cost-effective and optimized SPS design.

Unlocking the Potential of Hazelnut oil: Formulation and Characterization of a Novel Microemulsion for Enhanced Applications

This study embarked on a quest to develop and characterize a microemulsion, harnessing the potent properties of (Corylus avellana) hazelnut oil. The microemulsions were meticulously prepared through the drop-wise titration, where water was introduced into a harmonious blend of surfactants (castor oil ethoxylate 20, 30, 40 moles) and oil. All transparent ternary mixtures born from this union were subjected to scrutiny, their viscosity, type of emulsion, conductivity, and droplet size carefully characterized. To assess their resilience, the microemulsions were subjected to a stressful trial under the centrifugal force of 3000 RPM for 30 minutes. Based on the symphony of results, a phase diagram was meticulously constructed, orchestrating the corresponding volumes of these three components. Oil, surfactant, and water mixtures, ranging from different ratios that yielded stable emulsions at HLB 9.7, 11.7, and 13.1, produced transparent liquid masterpieces. The constructed phase diagram unveiled regions of diverse microemulsion and emulsion types, each with its unique narrative. Intriguingly, the droplet size of freshly prepared mixtures danced within a wider range (67 to 367 nm) before centrifugation stability testing. The major region of the microemulsion was found at HLB 11.7 with the lowest particle size of 67 nm. It was concluded that hazelnut oil could be formulated into a microemulsion at a specific HLB value of the surfactant, unlocking a myriad of possibilities.

Chondroitin Sulfate-Based Nanocapsules as Nanocarriers for Drugs and Nutraceutical Supplements.

Oil-core nanocapsules (NCs, also known as nanoemulsions) are of great interest due to their application as efficient carriers of various lipophilic bioactives, such as drugs. Here, we reported for the first time the preparation and characterization of NCs consisting of chondroitin sulfate (CS)-based shells and liquid oil cores. For this purpose, two amphiphilic CS derivatives (AmCSs) were obtained by grafting the polysaccharide chain with octadecyl or oleyl groups. AmCS-based NCs were prepared by an ultrasound-assisted emulsification of an oil phase consisting of a mixture of triglyceride oil and vitamin E in a dispersion of AmCSs. Dynamic light scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy showed that the as-prepared core-shell NCs have typical diameters in the range of 30-250 nm and spherical morphology. Since CS is a strong polyanion, these particles have a very low surface potential, which promotes their stabilization. The cytotoxicity of the CS derivatives and CS-based NCs and their impact on cell proliferation were analyzed using human keratinocytes (HaCaTs) and primary human skin fibroblasts (HSFs). In vitro studies showed that AmCSs dispersed in an aqueous medium, exhibiting mild cytotoxicity against HaCaTs, while for HSFs, the harmful effect was observed only for the CS derivative with octadecyl side groups. However, the nanocapsules coated with AmCSs, especially those filled with vitamin E, show high biocompatibility with human skin cells. Due to their stability under physiological conditions, the high encapsulation efficiency of their hydrophobic compounds, and biocompatibility, AmCS-based NCs are promising carriers for the topical delivery of lipophilic bioactive compounds.

A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of the Lubricity of Used Lubricating Oil Diluted with Diesel Oil

Experience shows that dilution of lubricating oil with diesel oil is unfavorable to the engine, causing issues including deterioration of engine performance, shortening of oil life, and reduction in engine reliability and safety. This paper presents the verification of the hypothesis that the changes in lubricity, friction coefficient, and decreasing oil film thickness (using a relative approach, given as a percentage) are similar for lubricating oil and diesel mixtures prepared from fresh lubricating oil and used lubricating oil. To validate this hypothesis, an experiment is conducted using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFFR), in which the lubricity is determined by the corrected average wear scar WS1.4, the coefficient of friction μ, and the percentage relative decrease in oil film thickness r. A qualitative visual assessment of the wear scars on the test specimens is also performed after the HFFR tests. The testing covers mixtures of SAE 30 grade Marinol CB-30 RG1230 lubricating oil with Orlen Efecta Diesel Biodiesel. The used lubricating oil is extracted from the circulating lubrication system of a supercharged, trunk-piston, four-stroke ZUT Zgoda Sulzer 5 BAH 22 engine installed in the laboratory of ship power plants of the Maritime University of Szczecin. Mixtures for the experiment are prepared for fresh lubricating oil with diesel oil and used lubricating oil with diesel oil. Mixtures of these lubricating oils with diesel oil are examined for diesel oil concentrations in the mixture equal to 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20% m/m. The results of the experiment confirm the hypothesis, proving that, for up to 20% m/m diesel oil concentration in lubricating oil, the changes in the lubricity of used lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil can be evaluated based on reference data prepared for mixtures of diesel oil with fresh lubricating oil. The linear approximation of μ and r trends is made with a certain margin of error we estimated. The experiment also confirms the results of previous studies which state that oil aging products in small quantities contribute to improved lubricity.

Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Generation of Biodiesel from a Mixture of Multiple Oil Feedstocks

A cost-effective catalyst is essential to reduce the expenses of producing biodiesel. This study is aimed at utilizing the waste of the black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) plant as an efficient catalyst for producing biodiesel from a blend of different edible and inedible oils. The catalyst was developed by igniting the dried material and then subjecting it to calcination at 550°C for 2 h. The feedstock was prepared by mixing the oils in an equivalent ratio for the reaction. Various sophisticated techniques such as XRD, FT-IR, XPS, BET, FESEM-EDX, HRTEM, and SAED were employed to characterize the prepared catalyst. The catalyst’s catalytic activity was assessed by transesterification of the oil mixture. The optimized transesterification conditions were 10 wt% of catalyst loading, 9 : 1 of MTOR, 65°C of reaction temperature, and 1.6±0.14 h of reaction time producing 94.79±0.27% of biodiesel yield and 96.86% oil conversion. The calcined catalyst’s alkaline solubility was found to be 2.77 mmol/g, basicity as 0.13 mmol/g, and 14.57 per hour as the turnover frequency (TOF). Catalyst reusability was conducted and found that the catalyst could be reprocessed up to three successive cycles. The synthesized biodiesel’s physicochemical characteristics were assessed and found to conform to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 requirements.

An experimental study on enhancing performance and reducing emissions of CRDI engine operated on Co-pyrolysis oil using particle swarm optimization

This study explores the use of Artificial Neural Network and Particle Swarm Optimization to improve the performance and emissions of a CRDI engine fuelled by a mixture of co-pyrolyzed oil and diesel. Experimental results show that the mixed fuels perform better than pure diesel in various engine conditions, achieving higher brake thermal efficiency and lower smoke emissions. The blend D90P10 has the highest BTE of 37.4% working at FIT 30°bTDC and FIP 500 bar. However, NO and CO2 emissions were increased for the same condition. A multi-parametric ANN model is created to build a predictive model based on this experimental data, relating inputs (fuel injection pressure, fuel injection timing, and blend percentages) to outputs (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, NO, smoke, CO2 emissions). The ANN model attains high accuracy with R2 values of 0.99, 0.98, 0.99, and 0.99 for BSFC, NO, Smoke, and CO2 emission predictions, respectively. The results indicate that for optimal performance, the best conditions are a FIT of 29.71ºbTDC, a FIP of 500 bar, and a co-pyrolysis oil blend percentage of 19.61%. On the other hand, to minimize engine emissions, the best conditions are FIT of 20.28ºbTDC, FIP of 300 bars, and a blend percentage of 25.6%. A balanced approach results in an optimal condition of FIT at 29.5ºbTDC, FIP of 500 bars, and a blend percentage of 6.11%. Experimental validation of these optimal predictions shows a maximum error of only 3.18%, highlighting the reliability and accuracy of the model.

Investigating the Effectiveness of Novel Repellent Labels Produced from Invasive Plant Species

Although N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) remains the most effective repellent against mosquitoes and ticks, concerns about skin irritation, rashes, and neurological problems in children have driven the search for natural alternatives. The aim of this research was to develop, manufacture, and test prototype stickers derived from invasive plant species in Europe. These labels contained a coating with encapsulated repellents made from essential oils to protect against mosquito bites and similar blood-sucking insects. Six samples of invasive plant species in Europe such as Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), goldenrod (Solidago gigantea), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) were coated with two essential oil mixtures (of geranium, lavender, and eucalyptus) and were encapsulated on solid carriers for prolonged evaporation. Analysis of the structural properties (weight, thickness, density, and specific volume) were carried out on the coated label samples. Analysis of surface properties (roughness and porosity), capillary absorption, and a comparison of time and evaporation of essential oils were also carried out. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on the samples and the solid carrier with different mixtures of essential oils. The Japanese knotweed sample, coated with a blend of geranium, lavender, and eucalyptus essential oils, showed the highest efficacy and stability.

Oil Spill: Their Impact, Recovery and future prevention

An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment especially marine areas due to human activity. Oil is the most common pollutant in the oceans. Oil spill have a devastating and long-term impact on water ways and coastal areas around the world. Oil spill can be partially controlled by chemical dispersion, combustion, mechanical containment and adsorption. These days there are so many import and export business are going in the world. Because of expansion of business and shipping by seas in the cheapest mode it’s used on large scale due to huge cargo shipping these are so many cases of oil spill in the sea. World has witnessed big oil spill accidents into the oceans and made huge impact on the industries as well as the ecosystem. Due to these oil spills there were so many deaths if sea mammals and bird species. After oil spills creates a slick (a thick layer of oil) that ensure the sunlight and oxygen pass through water. It affects the life below the water due to lack of oxygen and sunlight. As some of the oil are dangerous and poisonous they are quite harmful for human too when it comes to physical contact with them. This paper deals with the separation of oil and water to find out the better solution for oil recovery from the water surface mixture empress oil spill to produce oil free water. There are different methods to remove the oil form the water but disc type oil skimmer is mostly used and efficient. The oil skimmer is used to separate oil, from mixture of aqua and oil. It causes highly acidic alkaline and salty environment remains a great challenge to aquatic organisms and also pollute the coastal area. Every year 706 million gallons of waste oil enter the water resources and pollute the environment. Sea water has been polluted due to oil spillage, it also affects the water bodies. It the oil spill increase it result in serious damage to environment. About 90% of contaminated oil can be removed by continuous separation of oil by skimmer.

Fish oil replacement with different vegetable oils in Onychostoma macrolepis: Effects on fatty acid metabolism based on whole-body fatty acid balance method and genes expression.

To evaluate the fatty acid (FA) metabolism status and possibility as a DHA source of farmed Onychostoma macrolepis, a total of 168 fish (2.03 ± 0.23 g) were fed four diets supplemented with fish oil (FO), linseed oil (LO), soybean oil (SO), and a mixture of LO and SO oil (MO), respectively, for 70 days. Body FA compositions were modified reflecting dietary FAs. Comparing liver and intestine fatty acids with fish fed four diets, the content of ARA in fish fed SO was significantly higher than others (P < 0.05), but showed no difference in muscle. The tissue FA profile showed that the FO-fed group successfully deposited DHA, while the LO-fed group converted ALA to DHA effectively, as well as the liver and intestine EPA was notably highest in the FO group, whereas no difference between the FO and LO group in the muscle. The FA results showed that the DHA contents in the muscle of Onychostoma macrolepis are at a medium-high level compared with several other fish species with the highest aquaculture yield. Correspondingly, in the fish fed diet with LO, SO, and MO, the genes of most FA biosynthesis, transportation, and transcriptional regulation factors were increased in the liver and muscle, but no significant difference was observed in the gene expression of Elovl4b, FATP1, and FABP10 in the muscle. In addition, the enzyme activity involved in PUFA metabolism was higher in fish fed vegetable oil-based diets, corroborating the results of the gene expression. Increased in vivo elongase and desaturase (Δ5, Δ6, and Δ9) activities were recorded in fish fed fish oil-devoid diets, which resulted in the appearance of products associated with elongase and desaturase activities in fish. Besides, as the specific n-3 PUFA synthesis substrate, the dietary supplementation of ALA not only retains most of the nutrition value but also ensures the muscular texture, such as fiber diameter and density. It is concluded that farmed O. macrolepis owns strong n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthetic capacity and high DHA contents so it can be a good DHA source for the population.

Effect on combustion performance and emission behavior of diesel engine fueled with hybrid biodiesel produced from a novel ternary oil mixture incorporated with nano additive

ABSTRACT Global energy demand has been above 80% fossil fuels for decades, creating a greater and more complicated energy crisis. Biodiesel is a great alternate energy source for future energy demand. Producing biodiesel from a mixture of waste and non-edible oils may be a practical solution to address the growing global need of biodiesel. In this study, hybrid biodiesel is produced from a ternary oil mixture of Waste cooking oil, Ricinus communis oil, and Melia azedarach oil. The hybrid biodiesel blends are prepared by 10% blending (HB10), 20% blending (HB20) and 30% blending (HB30) and 30ppm multiwall carbon nanotube has been added in the blended fuel through sonicating process. At steady 1500rmp and variable load (0–100%), the engine behavior has been examined. The results show that the hybrid biodiesel blend (HB10) with 30ppm MWCNT has shown highest cylinder pressure of 70.9 bar, maximum mean gas temperature 1467.56°C. The engine shows 34.08% rise in net heat release and 9.13% rise in exhaust gas temperature as compare to diesel. The maximum rise in break thermal efficiency of 19.74% and minimum reduction in break specific fuel consumption of 13.79% is noticed in comparison to B00. The highest reduction of HC emission is found as 20.83% for HB20MWCNT30 and 19.34% for HB30MWCNT30 as compare to B00. The inclusion of multiwall carbon nanotube in hybrid biodiesel reduces the HC, CO, NOx and smoke emission and increases CO2 emission as compare to respective hybrid biodiesel blend and diesel. The hybrid biodiesel-diesel blend, with multiwall carbon nanotube can be utilized efficiently in diesel engine with improved overall engine behavior.

Intelligent Devices Harnessing Underwater Superoleophobic and Underoil Superhydrophobic Quartz Sands for the Separation of Diverse Stratified and Emulsified Water-Oil Mixtures.

To achieve the green, sustainable, and controllable recovery of oil-water resources and to address the limited functionality of single superwet materials in oil-water separation, this study reports a multifunctional oil-water separation strategy by compositing the underwater superoleophobic and underoil superhydrophobic materials (HS). The underwater superoleophobic quartz sands with an oil contact angle of 152.68° were prepared by adjusting the particle size. This material demonstrated a water flux of 4688 L m-2 h-1 and a low-density oil and water mixture separation efficiency of 98.6%, which remained above 97.9% over 50 cycles. It was effective in separating oil-in-water emulsions with a separation efficiency of >99%. For HS, quartz sands were modified with dodecyltrimethoxysilane. The optimized HS-4 exhibited superhydrophobic properties with a water contact angle of 157.06°. It achieved an oil flux of 5775 L m-2 h-1 and a water and dichloromethane mixture separation efficiency of 98.4%. Additionally, they exhibited significant potential in the separation of water-in-oil emulsions. Furthermore, by placing the underwater superoleophobic and underoil superhydrophobic units at the bottom of the filter, we achieved cyclic separation of high-density oil and water mixtures, low-density oil and water mixtures, water-in-oil emulsions, and oil-in-water emulsions. The separation efficiency consistently exceeded 96.5% over 10 cycles. In addition, the oil-water separation mechanism of underwater oleophobic and underoil hydrophobic materials was demonstrated by the relative concentration distribution of water and oil with molecular dynamics simulations. This intelligent oil-water separation method marks a significant advancement in the sustainable separation of diverse oil-water mixtures.

Uji Efektivitas Formulasi Sediaan Lipstik Menggunakan Bahan Pewarna Alami Dari Ekstrak Etanol Gambir (Uncaria Gambir (Hunteri)Roxb.) Dan Ekstrak Etanol Buah Stroberi (Fragaria Vesca).

Abstract: Lipstick is a form of lip coloring preparation which is a cosmetic preparation used to color the lips, to improve aesthetics in facial make-up. Lipstick preparations are available in various forms such as liquid, crayon, liptin, lipbam and cream. Lipstick consists of a coloring agent dispersed in a carrier made from a mixture of wax and oil, in such a composition as to provide the desired melting temperature and viscosity. The aim of the research is to determine the physical stability of lipstick preparations made from gambier extract and strawberry fruit extract as coloring agents. Sampling was carried out using a purposive sampling method, namely a random sampling methodology. The samples used were Gambir (Uncaria Gambir (Hunteri) Roxb.) and Ethanol Extract of Strawberries (Fragaria Vesca). then extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent, concentrated by rotary. The combination of gambier ethanol extract and strawberry ethanol extract was formulated with a concentration of F1: 5%:5%, F2 :10%:10%. F315%:15%. Examination of the quality of the preparation includes organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, irritation, preference and continues with statistical analysis tests using One Way Anova. The results of normality tests with the Shapiro-Wilk test and homogeneity test, produce a value for each data &gt; 0.05, so the data is normally distributed. The results of the One Way Anova test for each formulation group showed that the Sig value was &lt;0.05, so the formulations had a significant difference.

Experiments and Molecular Simulations to Study the Effect of Surface-Active Compounds in Mixtures of Model Oils on CO2 Corrosion during Intermittent Oil-Water Wetting.

Intermittent oil-water wetting can have a significant effect on the internal corrosion of steel pipelines. This paper presents a combined experimental and molecular modeling study of several influential factors on the surface properties and corrosion behavior of mild steel in CO2 environments. The influence of different model oils (LVT-200 and Aromatic-200) and select surface-active compounds (myristic acid, cyclohexane butyric acid, and oleic acid) on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel during intermittent oil-water wetting was determined by measuring the corrosion rate after intermittent wetting cycles. The interfacial tension measurements were performed to study the incorporation of the oil phase along with surface-active molecules in the protective layer formed on the specimen surface. Results showed that the interfacial tension for an aromatic oil-water interface is lower than that for an aliphatic oil-water interface. To understand this result, molecular dynamics simulations of oil-water interfaces were performed in the presence of surface-active molecules and different oils to analyze the structure of the layer formed at the interface. The simulations supported the hypothesis that aromatic molecules are less structured at the interface, which results in the incorporation of more water molecules into the protective layer formed at the steel surface, causing a higher corrosion rate. On the other hand, the simulations revealed that myristic acid in an aliphatic oil forms a well-aligned structure at the interface, devoid of any water molecules. This is in agreement with the hypothesis that the linear molecular structure of myristic acid favors the alignment of molecules at an aliphatic oil-water interface, resulting in a lower interfacial tension and more effective corrosion mitigation as compared to the other two nonlinear compounds tested. It is concluded that an important factor controlling the corrosion behavior is the molecular structure of the oil-water interface, which is adopted by the steel surface layer through the Langmuir-Blodgett process.

Pengaruh Campuran Minyak Jarak Pagar dengan Dexlite Terhadap Performa Mesin Diesel

One of the alternative energy fuels in the transportation sector is biodiesel. Biodiesel made from a mixture of vegetable materials has great potential as an environmentally friendly fuel for diesel engines. This experimental research aims to analyze the effect of using Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas Linn) oil on diesel engines. The experiment was carried out using a mixture of Dexlite and pure castor oil (JCO) with varying compositions of JCO 0%, JCO 20%, and JCO 30%. Torque test results against load show an insignificant comparison between Dexlite without mixture and Dexlite with 20% and 30% JCO mixture, especially when loading high using Prony Brake. Although the effective engine power of the three fuel variations does not show significant differences at the same engine speed and load, the use of a mixture of Dexlite and 20% castor oil at an engine speed of 1700 rpm is more effective in improving diesel engine performance and saving fuel. Additionally, fuel consumption decreases as load increases, indicating high efficiency potential. In the context of exhaust gases, the mixture also has the potential to reduce the opacity of diesel engine exhaust gases.

Analisis Kinerja Bisnis Parfum Heaven In Bottle Di Kota Palembang

Heaven In Bottle perfume is a business engaged in cosmetics. A perfume is a mixture of essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives and solvents used to give a fragrant scent. This business offers two types of choices, namely men's and women's perfumes with 5 variants each with a size of 35ml. This business is located on Jl. Makam Sabokingking GHB Block A No. 11, Palembang City. Promotions that will be carried out using social media such as influencers and celebrities. Based on the aspect of business performance, Heaven In Bottle perfume is declared capable of competing and developing in the future.

Assessment of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel/Graphene/ N-Octanal Blends in Water Cooled Compression Ignition Engine

Biodiesel and alcohols are only two of the numerous alternative fuels that have found widespread commercialization in the transportation and industrial sectors. Cottonseed oil and n-octanol piqued our curiosity again in this regard. The engines used in the experiments are single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines with a power output of 1.5 kW. The tests are run at 1500 rpm with varying loads on the diesel, cottonseed oil, and graphene mixtures. i.e., BB1(Diesel 75%+ Cottonseed biodiesel 20%+ n-Octanol 5%), BB2(Diesel 75%+ Cottonseed biodiesel 20%+ n-Octanol 5%+ nanographene 25ppm), BB3(Diesel 75%+ Cottonseed biodiesel 20%+ n-Octanol 5%+nanographene 50ppm), BB4(Diesel 70%+ Cottonseed biodiesel 20%+ n-Octanol 10%), BB5(Diesel 70%+ Cottonseed biodiesel 20%+ n-Octanol 10%+ nanographene 25 ppm), BB1(Diesel 70%+ Cottonseed biodiesel 20%+ n-Octanol 10%+ nanographene 50ppm). The findings indicate that incorporating cottonseed oil leads to an improvement in brake thermal efficiency, along with a decrease in specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature. By increasing the amount of cottonseed oil in the blend, the emission parameters such as CO, CO2, NOx, and O2 are reduced, while HC emissions increase. Adding n-octanol and graphene to the cottonseed oil blend diesel fuel has a comparable impact to adding pure cottonseed oil in different proportions. This leads to an increase in brake thermal efficiency, a decrease in specific fuel consumption, and a reduction in exhaust gas temperature.

Improvement of Flow Properties of Highly Waxy Crude Oil with the application of SiO2 and Graphene Oxide nanoparticles aided by Light Crude Oil

The rheological behaviour of crude oil mixtures comprising both heavy and light components along with chemical additives is of significant interest due to its relevance in the petroleum industry. Understanding the flow properties of these mixtures is crucial for efficient transportation, processing, and refining operations. This study investigates the effectiveness of incorporating light crude oil and nanoparticles as additives to mitigate wax-related flow issues. The test involves six different waxy/heavy and light crude oil mixture concentrations along with Graphene Oxide and Silicon Dioxide nanoparticles. Rheological tests were conducted to evaluate the impact of these additives on the flow behaviour of waxy crude oil. The rheological characterization involved measuring the viscosity, yield stress, and shear rate dependencies of waxy crude oil samples with varying concentrations of light crude oil and nanoparticles. Nano-materials have emerged as promising candidates for mitigating wax deposition issues and enhancing the fluidity of crude oil. Nevertheless, the intricate nature of crude oil has made it challenging to elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing wax resolution, crystal modification, and flow improvement. The results revealed notable improvements in the rheological properties of the treated crude oil, including reduced viscosity and enhanced flowability, even at low temperatures. The incorporation of light crude oil and nanoparticles proved to be a promising strategy for modifying the rheological behaviour of waxy crude oil, ensuring improved flow assurance. This study contributes to understanding innovative approaches to address flow challenges in waxy crude oil systems, thereby offering potential solutions for the oil and gas industry.

Effects of micro‐algae dietary oil replacement on growth, omega − 3 deposition and gut microbiome composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

AbstractMicroalgae offer a sustainable source of omega − 3 fatty acids that can replace fish oil in aquafeeds, but the nutritional benefits are not always clear, particularly when microalgae are used as complete oil replacements in starter feeds. We compared the survival, growth, omega − 3 deposition and composition of the gut microbiota of juvenile mixed‐sex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) that had been fed over a 3‐month period on six isonitrogenous, isolipidic and isocaloric aquafeeds that varied only on the contribution of fish oil, soya oil and microalgae (Schizochytrium) oil as lipid sources. Survival was not affected by diet, but fish fed a diet where the entire oil component (5%) was replaced by microalgae oil grew twice as fast as fish fed plant oil or a mixture of plant and fish oil. Dietary omega − 3 content was strongly correlated with omega − 3 deposition in the fish fillet. Complete replacement of fish oil by plant oil caused a significant decrease in the abundance of Peptostreptococcaceae and an increase in the abundance of Aeromonadaceae which is often associated with an inflammatory response in the fish gut. In contrast, when fish and soya oil in the reference diet were replaced by 100% microalgae oil, an increase in Mycobacteriaceae was observed. Our study indicates that Schizochytrium oil can be used to improve the growth of Nile tilapia and increase its omega − 3 content without any of the detrimental effects on the gut microbiome typically associated with some plant oil replacements.

The Effect of Commercial Essential Oil Mixture Applied to Neonatal Simmental Calves on Growth, Development and Health Parameters

In this study, the effectiveness of commercial essential oil mixture application in preventing calf losses due to diarrhea and on the growth, development and health parameters of calves was investigated. For this purpose, 24 newborn Simmental calves were used. Following birth, 20 ml of essential oil mixture was given orally via syringe to the calves in the treatment group after drinking milk in the morning for 5 days. The average birth weight of calves was 39.0 ± 0.72 kg. Birth weight of male and female calves were 42.3 ± 1.01 and 38.6 ± 0.96 kg respectively, the difference between groups were found significant. First month weight was 45.7 ± 1.67, 42.4 ± 1.65 kg in the control and treatment groups, respectively. There was no difference between the control and treatment groups in terms of body measurements taken at birth, but a significant difference was observed in chest circumference in favor of the control group in terms of measurements obtained at the 1st month. There was no difference between the treatment and control groups in terms of hematological parameters detected in the blood taken on the 10th day and in the 1-month period. No differences were observed between groups in terms of immunoglobulin levels (IgM and IgG). There was no effect of the commercial essential oil mixture on the fecal score of the calves included in the trial. It was revealed that the essential oil mixture does not make any difference in the growth, development and health of Simmental calves in a one-month period. In future studies on the subject, it is recommended that higher doses of the essential oil mixture be investigated.