Oil Injection Research Articles

RTA408 alleviates retinal ganglion cells damage in mouse glaucoma by inhibiting excessive autophagy.

Glaucoma, characterized by a high incidence and significant ocular harm, has been elucidated through various mechanisms. Excessive autophagy leading to the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is suggested as one potential cause for visual impairment in glaucoma. A glaucoma model was established through anterior chamber injection of silicone oil in mice. RTA408 and the positive control tafluprost were administered for intervention. The efficacy was preliminarily assessed by intraocular pressure measurement. HE staining and fluorescent staining were used to assess RGC loss, while fluorescent staining and western blot were employed to evaluate the expression of Nrf2. The role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of glaucoma was investigated by artificially modulating autophagy levels. In glaucomatous mice, RTA408 significantly reduces the apoptosis levels of RGCs and decreases RGC loss. Further investigations reveal a notable upregulation of autophagy levels in glaucomatous mice, with RGC loss being associated with autophagy. RTA408 promotes the expression of Nrf2 and downstream antioxidant molecules, enhancing the antioxidant system while downregulating mitochondrial autophagy levels. This reduces RGC apoptosis and loss, demonstrating a protective effect against glaucoma. Autophagy mediates the occurrence of glaucoma in mice, promoting RGC apoptosis. RTA408 alleviates RGCs damage by inhibiting excessive autophagy in the context of glaucoma.

Study on oil film spreading characteristics on the jet lubricating tooth surface of aviation herringbone gear

Purpose During the oil lubrication process of aviation herringbone gears, lubricating oil is injected into and spreads around the tooth surface. Its spreading characteristics directly affect the lubrication state and transmission efficiency of gears. This study aims to investigate the effect of changing the injection parameters and gear operating conditions on the oil film deposition during injection lubrication. Design/methodology/approach The computational fluid dynamics method was used to establish the computational domain for the simulation and optimization using an orthogonal test. The oil film spreading and thickness of the tooth surface were calculated with the change in gear speed, fuel injection distance and fuel injection speed. Optimized oil injection lubrication parameters were obtained, and design ideas were provided for the oil injection lubrication analysis of aviation herringbone gears. Findings Under different operating conditions, such as varying the injection speed, gear rotational speed and injection distance, there were differences in the distribution of the lubricating oil film formed on the tooth surface. The thickness of the oil film decreases as the distance from the injection port increases. The thickness of the oil film deposition can be increased by increasing the injection velocity and reducing the gear rotation speed. The injection distance had a relatively small effect on the spreading thickness of the deposited oil film, affecting only the dynamic spreading process of oil film deposition. Furthermore, the simulation results are compared with the analytical calculation results, and finally the experimental verification is carried out. Originality/value Oil spray lubrication characteristics are important for achieving precise gear lubrication designs in the aerospace field. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-08-2023-0250/

Single-stage NBI sampler for PM1 mass and five-stage NBI-NMCI sampler for PM1 mass distribution measurements

In recent years, concerns about the health and environmental risks associated with PM1 particles have increased. However, existing PM1 sampling instruments remain to be improved mainly because their PM1 inlets have particle loading and bounce issues. To address these challenges, PM1 inlets based on the Non-Bouncing Impactor (NBI) technique were developed. These inlets employ vacuum oil-wetted glass fiber filter (GFF) substrates to eliminate particle bounce and incorporate a daily vacuum oil injection to prevent particle loading. The 16.7 L/min PM1 NBI, modified from the PM2.5 M-WINS design with a reduced diameter of the single nozzle, was designed to adapt readily with current standard sampling and monitoring systems. The cut-size (Dpa50) of 0.99 ± 0.02 μm was determined by considering the effects of Reynold number and the ratio of jet-to-plate distance and nozzle diameter. Field tests comparing the 16.7 L/min PM1 NBI sampler to the 9-stage NCTU Micro-orifice Cascade Impactor (NMCI9) revealed small sampling biases, with a mean difference of +0.26 ± 2.28 μg/m3 for PM1 measurements when silicone oil-coated aluminum foil (AF) and GFF-AF were used in the NMCI9. The NBI with the oil-wetted GFF substrate effectively removed particles larger than 1.0 μm, resulting in more accurate PM1 mass concentration measurements. Additionally, the development of a 5-stage NMCI with the 30 L/min PM1 NBI as the first stage enabled detailed measurement of PM1 mass distribution in two modes, which was challenging when measuring the entire mass distribution of ambient aerosols. The distribution of size-dependent water-soluble inorganic ions in PM1 showed dominance of SO42− and NH4+ in PM1 compared to PM2.5. In summary, the PM1 NBI enhances accuracy for long-term atmospheric sampling by addressing particle loading and bounce, making it a more reliable standard sampling instrument.

Study on Atomization Mechanism of Oil Injection Lubrication for Rolling Bearing Based on Stratified Method

The atomization mechanism of lubrication fluid in rolling bearings under high-speed airflow between the rings was investigated. A simulation model of gas–liquid two-phase flow in angular contact ball bearings was developed, and the jet lubrication process between the bearing rings was simulated using FLUENT computational fluid dynamics software (Ansys 19.2). The complex motion boundary conditions of the rolling elements were addressed through a layered approach. We can obtain more accurate boundary layer flow field changes and statistics of the diameter of oil particles in lubricating oil atomization, which lays the foundation for analyzing the law of influence on lubricating oil atomization. The results show that as the number of boundary layer layers increases, the influence of the boundary layer flow field on the lubricating oil is more obvious. The oil particle size is excessively flat, and the concentration of large particles of oil appears to decrease. As the speed increases, the amount of oil in the cavity decreases, but the oil droplets are also fragmented, which intensifies the atomization and reduces the particle diameter. This reduces the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD), which is not conducive to the lubrication of the bearing. Under different injection pressures, when the injection pressure is large, it is beneficial to the lubrication of the bearing.

Post-operative face-up or face-down positioning after silicone oil tamponade in retinal surgery: Results of a retrospective study.

To compare the complications related to silicone oil, and anatomical and functional outcomes in patients nursed in different postoperative positionings after pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil injection in retinal surgery. The retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and comprised data of patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade from January 2016 to October 2022. The patients were divided into two groups depending on how they were nursed in the postoperative period. Group A patients were nursed in postoperative face-down positioning and group B patients were nursed in the face-up position. Complications related to silicone oil tamponade, visual outcomes and anatomical results were compared between the groups. Data was analyzed using SPSS 26. Of the 157, 97(62%) were males and 60(38%) were females. The overall mean age was 5320 years. Group A had 87(55.4%) patients, while group B had 70(44.6%). There were 185 eyes involved; 104(56.2%) in group A and 81(43.8%) in group B. Overall, mean postoperative follow-up duration was 2519 months. Migration of silicone oil in the anterior chamber was more common in group A (p=0.470). Pupil block glaucoma was seen in 2(1.9%) eyes in group A only.Silicone oil-related complications, functional outcomes and anatomical outcomes were non-significantly different between the grpups (p>0.05) except a weak significant difference with respect to redetachments after removal of silicone oil (p=0.047). There was no difference seen in terms of complications as well as anatomical and physiological outcomes related to silicone oil tamponade in face-down or face-up postoperative positioning after pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade for complicated retinal detachment surgery.

"Sterile hypopyon following pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection".

To report five cases of post-operative sterile endophthalmitis in patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil injection for retinal detachment. Review of the medical records of five patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil injection at Southend University Hospital and the Royal Eye Infirmary, Derriford Hospital for rhegmatogenous or tractional retinal detachment. All five patients presented with signs of anterior chamber inflammation exhibiting flare, fibrin and hypopyon in the early or late post-operative period following vitrectomy with silicone oil injection. Treatment with topical antibiotics and steroids was commenced, with rapid resolution of the anterior chamber inflammatory reaction and no further intervention required. The use of silicone oil as a tamponade agent for retinal detachment can rarely induce sterile anterior chamber inflammation with signs resembling infectious endophthalmitis. Onset of symptoms, absence of pain and good response to topical steroids can help differentiate between the two entities.

Status Monitoring System of Reciprocating Hydrogen Compressor Based on Hilbert−Huang Transform

ABSTRACTA reciprocating hydrogen compressor status monitoring system for predictive maintenance is developed based on HHT (Hilbert−Huang Transform) with multiple functions, strong applicability, and high accuracy to address the problem of difficulty in identifying fault signals and failure to provide advance warning before faults occur in the reciprocating hydrogen compressor state monitoring system. Design framework of monitoring system is confirmed, and function modules are designed based on LabView platform. HHT is applied to monitor the status of reciprocating hydrogen compressor based on LabView platform. A reciprocating hydrogen compressor is selected as research object, status monitoring analysis is carried out. Five working states of reciprocating hydrogen compressor are collected, which conclude normal state, filler malfunction, cross‐head malfunction, air valve malfunction, and piston rod malfunction. HHT is carried out for five signals, and results show that HHT marginal spectrum of five signals has different characteristics. Based on comparison results, precision of HHT ranges from 0.757 to 0.784, recall of HHT ranges from 0.738 to 0.766, F1‐score of HHT ranges from to 0.788 to 0.804, HHT has better performance than other two methods. Proposed monitoring system designed in this study provides a comprehensive and efficient online monitoring and data analysis solution for reciprocating hydrogen compressors, which can achieve fault prediction of reciprocating hydrogen compressor, reduce failure rate, and effectively improve the reliability of the compressor oil injection system.

A NOVEL USE OF FINESSE FLEX LOOP FOR PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY (FINESSE LOOP- ASSISTED PHOTOCOAGULATION)

Purpose: To describe a novel use of the flexible nitinol loop membrane scraper (Finesse Flex Loop; Alcon, Forth Worth, TX) for applying an effective endolaser photocoagulation in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) cases. Methods: A 27- gauge nitinol flex loop was used to assist applying endolaser photocoagulation to enhance its effectiveness in a case with PVR. Results: A 66-year-old female was presented with PVR after an unsuccessful pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in her right eye. The patient underwent 25- gauge pars plana vitrectomy, preretinal membrane removal, inferior retinectomy, the nitinol flex loop assisted endolaser photocoagulation, and silicone oil reinjection. After the silicone oil extraction, the retina was reattached and her visual acuity had improved from 0.1 (20/200) to 0.3 (20/60). Conclusion: The nitinol flex loop can be used to assist endolaser photocoagulation and enhance its effectiveness in PVR cases and reduce the retinal excision area which results unnecessary large retinal defects that may lead to redetachment of the retina.

Design and Test of Hydraulic Bottom Seal Fracturing Tool for Coiled Tubing

Abstract As the main tool for reservoir reconstruction of Longdong shale reservoir in Changqing Oilfield, the coiled tubing bottom seal drag-segment fracturing tool is currently in the stage of scale promotion, providing tool support for the efficient development of Longdong shale oil. However, in the process of horizontal construction with large water vertical ratio and super long horizontal section, there are construction problems such as natural depth limitation of the tool and difficulty in setting the bottom packer, which seriously affect the construction efficiency and quality. In view of the above problems, this paper carried out the development of pumped coiled tubing hydraulic bottom seal drag-segment fracturing tool. With the technical ideas of pumping cup deepening and hydraulic setting bottom packer, the hydraulic setting type bottom packer, soluble cup pumping sub and supporting tools were designed and developed. By using the method of annular pumping and tubing accompanying injection, the tail cup pumping sub was used to generate throttle and larger cup outer diameter, forming a large hydraulic traction force to carry the tool string to break the depth limit. Without applying drilling pressure, the bottom packer was set by oil injection and displacement, and the setting state was lifted and lifted after the fracturing construction, providing a reliable tool scheme for solving the above engineering problems. The indoor evaluation results show that the traction effect of the bowl pumping short joint with small displacement of water is good, the bottom packer is smooth in the setting and unpacking action at 120°C, and the sealing is reliable under 70MPa pressure. The overall test of the tool string can realize the setting and unpacking action without the intervention of drill pressure. Six well tests were carried out in the field. The pumping depth was 430m under the condition of 740L/min water pumping displacement, and the oil injection displacement was increased to 550L/min. The hydraulic setting was fast and reliable, which effectively improved the construction capacity of the coiled tubing fracturing tool in the ultra-long horizontal well, greatly shortened the time consumption of interlayer conversion, and improved the speed and efficiency significantly.

Cycloastragenol Suppresses Hepatic Stellate Cells Activation to Alleviate Liver Fibrosis Through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway and Autophagy

Liver fibrosis is a pathological process of various liver diseases, and a large number of studies have shown that liver fibrosis is reversible. Natural products are one of the important sources of drugs for treating liver fibrosis. The present study evaluated the protective effect of cycloastragenol (CAG) on liver fibrosis and the underlying mechanism. The mouse model of liver fibrosis was established by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and olive oil. Subsequently, CAG was administrated orally at different doses(2.5 mg/kg/d, 5 mg/kg/d, 10mg/kg/d), and the degree of liver fibrosis was assessed using hematoxylin-eosin, Van Gieson, and Sirius Red staining. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, hyaluronic acid, and hydroxyproline levels were detected using biochemical analyses. The mRNA and protein expression levels of α-SMA, LC3, P62, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR in the liver tissue were assessed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. The expression of fibrogenesis-related marker α-SMA in the liver tissue was assessed using immunofluorescence. As expected, CAG alleviated liver fibrosis and suppressed hepatic stellate cell activation. And then, CAG inhibited autophagy and activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Thus, CAG attenuated CCI4-induced liver fibrosis in mice by inhibiting autophagy and by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Oil storage and debrining process in insoluble sediment voids for underground salt cavern energy storage: An experimental study

Large salt cavern oil storage is an effective underground oil storage method, which has been widely used in the United States, Germany, and France. However, the insoluble impurity sediment particles at the bottom of the salt cavern will occupy plenty of oil storage space. To enhance the oil storage capacity, the sediment void oil storage (SVOS) method was proposed. The debrining process from the sediment void prerequisite of the SVOS. It will affect the feasibility of oil injection into the sediment void and the operation efficiency of SVOS. Thus, a self-made debrining device of SVOS was built, and the dynamic debrining process in the sediment void was investigated to explore the debrining process from the sediment void. Six debrining parameters (oil-brine interface change, oil injection rate, brine discharge rate, oil viscosity, the second oil injection quantity, and ground temperature) were proposed and considered. Two kinds of oils (diesel and petrolatum) were conducted in the SVOS debrining experiments. The experimental results showed that the debrining rate remained stable, and it was relevant to the oil injection rate and the interaction of oil and sediments. The average debrining rate of the initial diesel debrining, second diesel debrining, and petrolatum debrining were 2.5 g/s, 2.55 g/s and 2.40 g/s, respectively. The 50 °C of ground temperature sped the debrining rate of high-viscosity oil storage in the sediment void. The oil-brine interface kept balance from the macro perspective, and the oil did not penetrate the inner brine. The oil-brine interface drops ratio of the initial diesel debrining, second diesel debrining, and petrolatum debrining process were 0.586 mm/s, 0.629 mm/s and 0.592 mm/s, respectively. The oil in the sediment voids generated movable and immobile bubbles. The petrolatum flow in the sediment void was easier than the diesel due to the low viscosity at 50 °C. The research has a certain reference value for the development of underground salt cavern oil storage.

Precise prediction of size of a foldable capsular vitreous body via computerized three-dimensional ocular reconstruction in severe retinal detachment

BackgroundThis study aimed to precisely predict the size and silicone oil injection of a foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB) via computerized three-dimensional (3D) ocular reconstruction in the treatment of severe retinal detachment in China.MethodsThe 3D software Unigraphics NX was applied to determine the volume of the inner cavity with 16–30 mm axial length, assigning the anterior and posterior chambers, the FCVB sizes, and the silicone oil injection volume, and modeling the data between the axial length and the FCVB size. In clinical practice, IOL Master was applied to accurately measure the axial length of the contralateral healthy eye to anchor the anterior-posterior and horizontal diameters of the operated eye in horizontal position CT, and compared with the model to recommend the FCVB size and silicone oil amount, and the clinical effect was validated in cases across five hospitals in China.ResultsFor the axial length of 16–30 mm, the volume of the inner cavity is 1.2 ml-8.4 ml. FCVB size and silicone oil volume were recommended based on this volume of the inner cavity. Of 253 cases, we noted 11 cases implanted with AV-10P and 1.05 ± 0.21 ml of silicone oil, 41 with AV-12P and 1.58 ± 0.18 ml of silicone oil, 163 with AV-13.5P and 2.48 ± 0.29 ml of silicone oil, 31 with AV-15P and 3.57 ± 0.39 ml of silicone oil, and 7 with AV-17P and 5.71 ± 0.81 ml of silicone oil. There was no significant difference in postoperative visual acuity scores compared with preoperative (P = 0.097), postoperative IOP(10.29 ± 0.57mmHg)was slightly higher than preoperative IOP (9.76 ± 0.48 mmHg), but there was still no statistically significant difference between the two comparisons (P = 0.405).ConclusionThree-dimensional reconstruction prediction is a good solution for eyeballs with obvious individualized changes in severe retinal detachment, and this method helps doctors standardize FCVB size selection and the silicone oil amount for patients.

Study on Temperature Field Distribution of a High-Speed Double-Helical Gear Pair with Oil Injection Lubrication

The temperature field distribution of high-speed double-helical gears under oil injection lubrication is investigated by obtaining heat flux density and convective heat transfer coefficients through theoretical calculations and CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations. Based on the CFD method, fluid simulations are performed to obtain the distribution of lubricating oil on the surface of the double-helical gears, the velocity streamline diagram of the lubricating oil, and the convective heat transfer coefficients of different surfaces of the gears. The friction heat flux density is calculated using Hertzian contact theory and theoretical formula of heat generation. The double-helical gears’ steady-state temperature field simulation uses this heat flux density as a boundary condition. The correctness of the calculation method is verified through experiments. The study shows that increasing the jet velocity allows the jet to reach the tooth surface more effectively, improving the cooling effect and reducing the maximum gear temperature. However, the relationship between the jet velocity and the minimum gear temperature is non-linear. Within a certain range, increasing the jet diameter makes the jet wider, and the area covered by the lubricating oil becomes larger as the jet spreads around the gear teeth, enhancing the cooling effect. An increase in gear speed leads to an increase in frictional heat flux density; moreover, the high-velocity airflow generated by the increased speed reduces the amount of lubricant entering the mesh zone, which in turn causes the maximum temperature of the gears to continue to rise.

Debulking surgery after muscular paraffin oil injections: Effects on calcium homeostasis and patient satisfaction.

Cosmetic paraffin oil injections can lead to granuloma formation causing hypercalcemia and kidney failure. This study explores whether debulking surgery is an effective treatment for improving calcium homeostasis, inflammation and clinical symptoms. In a retrospective study, we reviewed 33 patients undergoing debulking surgery. Changes in calcium, inflammatory markers, and renal function from baseline up to twelve months post-surgery were assessed. Patients were interviewed post-surgery. The patients were 34.6 years (SD 6.9) and had 1,104 grams (SD 591) of granuloma tissue removed following injection of 1,329 mL (SD 803) paraffin oil 7.9 years (SD 3.2) earlier. Seventeen patients had hypercalcemia and experienced a significant decline in ionized calcium from 1.48 mmol/L (SD 0.16) at baseline to 1.33 mmol/L (SD 0.03) at twelve months (p<0.002), although only four men (23.5%) became normocalcemic. Serum ferritin was reduced by 50% after twelve months (p=0.048). Sixteen patients were normocalcemic and had no change in calcium homeostasis but experienced a 20% drop in serum ferritin levels (p=0.025) after surgery. Fifteen patients completed all their planned surgeries within the study period and experienced a decline in serum ionized calcium (p=0.031), ferritin (p=0.011), and interleukin 2-receptor (p=0.037). A patient satisfaction survey showed that 55% of patients reported post-operative satisfaction scores of 10/10, and 59% of the patients reported reduced pain. Surgery improved calcium homeostasis in a fraction of patients, reduced inflammation and subjective symptoms such as pain and mental well-being in a patient group left with few treatment options except high-dose prednisolone.

Simulation and Experimental Study of Oil Injection Cooling for PMSM With Hairpin Winding

Simulation and Experimental Study of Oil Injection Cooling for PMSM With Hairpin Winding

Chemical-Assisted CO2 Water-Alternating-Gas Injection for Enhanced Sweep Efficiency in CO2-EOR.

CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) is a crucial method for CO2 utilization and sequestration, representing an important zero-carbon or even negative-carbon emission reduction technology. However, the low viscosity of CO2 and reservoir heterogeneity often result in early gas breakthrough, significantly reducing CO2 utilization and sequestration efficiency. A water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection is a technique for mitigating gas breakthrough and viscous fingering in CO2-EOR. However, it encounters challenges related to insufficient mobility control in highly heterogeneous and fractured reservoirs, resulting in gas channeling and low sweep efficiency. Despite the extensive application and research of a WAG injection in oil and gas reservoirs, the most recent comprehensive review dates back to 2018, which focuses on the mechanisms of EOR using conventional WAG. Herein, we give an updated and comprehensive review to incorporate the latest advancements in CO2-WAG flooding techniques for enhanced sweep efficiency, which includes the theory, applications, fluid displacement mechanisms, and control strategies of a CO2-WAG injection. It addresses common challenges, operational issues, and remedial measures in WAG projects by covering studies from experiments, simulations, and pore-scale modeling. This review aims to provide guidance and serve as a reference for the application and research advancement of CO2-EOR techniques in heterogeneous and fractured reservoirs.

Necrotizing Fasciitis in Iv Drug Abuser by Oil Injection: A Case Report

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a necrotizing soft tissue infection that can result in fast tissue loss, necrosis, and potentially fatal acute sepsis. Diabetes, cancer, alcohol abuse, and chronic liver and renal disease are all risk factors for NF. Our case was a 50 years old male with IV drug abuse that inject oil in his arms and admitted by diagnosis of Necrotizing Fasciitis and perform serial surgery and antibiotic therapy for him to save his life and his arm. NF is a rare bacterial inflammation (infection) that can destroy the skin and underlying tissues (connective tissue, subcutaneous fat, muscles, and muscle membranes). The disease can be very dramatic, with shock and damage to internal organs. In this case report, serial debridement with adequate antibiotherapy followed by reconstructive surgeries were made. An early diagnosis remains challenging and crucial for salvaging the affected area. Necrotizing fasciitis is a life-threatening soft tissue infection characterized by a rapid spreading infection of the subcutaneous tissue and in particular the fascia. The management of infected tissues requires a rapid diagnosis, immediate aggressive surgical management and an extended debridement. In some cases, early amputations of the affected tissues and maximum intensive care treatment, in case of sepsis, are required. Due to a rising number of cases we aimed to report this case.

Experimental and Numerical Simulation Study on CO2-Assisted Steamflooding in Ultraheavy Oil Reservoirs

Summary Certain ultraheavy oil reservoirs with depths approaching 1000 m feature wide well spacing. After cyclic steam stimulation (CSS), cold oil zones with high residual oil saturation exist between wells. This leads to a high oil saturation at the steam front during the subsequent steamflooding process, which in turn results in a high injection pressure. The simultaneous injection of CO2 and steam into the formation can optimize formation pressure and enhance steam utilization efficiency. A majority of laboratory-based experimental studies have reported favorable outcomes with CO2-assisted steamflooding. However, some field tests of CO2-assisted steamflooding have encountered severe steam channeling problems, resulting in oil recovery and an oil/steam ratio below the expected level. Consequently, this study uses an ultraheavy oil reservoir as a case study and integrates physical simulation with numerical simulation to investigate the impact of CO2-assisted steamflooding on enhanced oil recovery in ultraheavy oil reservoirs. The findings suggest that the beneficial effect of CO2 in reducing oil viscosity and injection pressure plays a significant role in models with smaller thickness, thereby improving oil production rate and recovery factor. However, as the thickness of the model increases, the adverse effect of CO2 exacerbating steam channeling becomes increasingly evident, leading to a decline in the oil recovery factor and a longer duration to reach the maximum recovery factor. Therefore, in field applications, it is essential to consider adjusting the CO2 injection method or using thermosetting plugging agents to achieve superior results.

The immiscible to miscible transition and its consequences for 3-phase displacements in porous media of arbitrary wettability: Basic theory

In this paper, a “process-based” 3-phase model is applied to explore how multiphase fluid flow behaviour in two non-uniform wettability systems, named weakly oil-wet (WOW) and mixed-wet large (MWL), change when gas and oil move towards miscibility (σgo → 0). In the course of the theoretical development, we indicate how parts of the theory have been validated and confirmed satisfactorily by summarising experimental data from the literature. To demonstrate how the complexities of the three-phase physics interact with the system wettability, we use a capillary bundle (CB) model for the porous medium. This is sufficient to show the main processes which occur in the transition from immiscible to miscible behaviour. Even although the CB model is the simplest possible case for a porous medium, the results demonstrate a high level of unpredictable complexity which cover key parameters of the physics of 3-phase flow within porous media. In addition, for each case, the results point to the specific physical parameter that controls the phase separation lines. In some cases, gas injection or oil injection in a WOW system, the phase displacement changes quite radically as the system goes towards miscibility since there is a transition in wetting order from O/W/G to O/G/W. The differences and similarities between saturation paths in WOW and MWL are described in detail. For a given pore size distribution (PSD), the 3-phase displacements are controlled by the parameters of the rock wettability structure (see text) and the 3 interfacial tensions. Moving towards miscibility, 3-phase fluid displacement for gas injection and oil invasion are controlled by IFTs, while for water flooding, wettability structure plays the key role at all miscibility conditions. Although the simple CB model cannot describe all phenomena, such as phase trapping, the phase displacement paths, still the pore occupancies are qualitatively correct. Results of various phase injection in WOW are broadly consistent with pore occupancy sequences observations from pore scale X-Ray image analysis in literature despite simplicity of the theory which is validated in terms of its underling physics.

A Study on the Optimal Processing Conditions for Scroll Compression Module according to Cutting Oil Injection Method

A Study on the Optimal Processing Conditions for Scroll Compression Module according to Cutting Oil Injection Method