Oil Industry Waste Research Articles

Prospect of Essential Oil Industrial Waste as Energy Resources for Essential Oil Production Process

Essential oil production produces huge amount of solid waste. This un-utilized waste potentially causing environmental problems. Converting the waste into biomass briquettes (bio briquette) is one of the prosperous solutions since the briquettes can be used as energy source for the production activities in those industry. The objective of this study is converting the solid waste of essential oil production from nutmeg and clove stems into bio-briquette form, and to analyze the potency of those bio-briquette to fulfill energy demand for essential oil production process itself. Several various compositions have been taken to get best performance of the bio-briquettes as fuel. The ratio of mass and adhesive were 1:0.625; 1:0.75; 1:1; 1:1.25 for nutmeg cakes, 1:0.75; 1:0.825; 1:1; 1:1.25 for nutmeg shell charcoal, and 1:0,5; 1:0.625; 1:0.75; 1:1 for clove stem charcoal. The best results was performed by nutmeg shell charcoal briquettes with composition of 1: 1. This briquette has moisture content of 6.64%, ash content of 3.31%, and a calorific value of 5497 cal/gram. Those specification meets the requirements of SNI 1/6235/2000 regarding briquettes as a fuel. Based on energy demand calculation, implementation of those briquettes as fuel will reduce annually solid fuel consumption around 30%. The reduction will help to reduce essential oil production cost, and help the product to get “green product” label, which is very important for all products in the global market.

Optical Evaluation of Effects of Energy Substrates on PHB Accumulation for Bioplastic Production

To date, hundreds of millions tons of plastics has been produced worldwide. Their production and disposal are associated with high pollution and carbon release into the atmosphere. A more environmentally friendly alternative is bioplastics, and the most popular is polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) polymer. Large amounts of PHB can be obtained from activated sludge where used cooking oil or other industrial waste can be used as potential substrates. In this work, efficient bioplastic production strategies are studied, and the considered substrate is a mixture of oil and peptone. Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria are used to accumulate PHB, and the cultivation of microorganisms is carried out in batch and continuous-flow bioreactors. Microscopic observations and laboratory essays are performed to confirm presence of PHB and other key parameters. The obtained results allow us to determine the optimal feeding strategy.

Eco-friendly utilization of waste oil for preparing coal water slurry: Additive suitability and dispersion mechanism

Industrial waste oil is a type of hazardous waste with a high calorific value. Mixing it with coal for combustion or gasification is an environmentally friendly and efficient way of recycling. Here, the suitability of additives for waste oil-coal slurry and waste oil-coal-water slurry was investigated experimentally, and their dispersion and stabilization mechanisms were also explored. The results show that water-soluble additives such as Tween 80, MF and xanthan gum form reverse micelles in the oil phase of the waste oil-coal slurry, which results in agglomeration and failure to function as intended. Of the different additives, the viscosity reduction effect of Tween 80 in the waste oil-coal-water slurry was best. Further, the comprehensive performance of the waste oil-coal-water slurry, including slurry ability, stability and fluidity, was found to be best at a water content of 10% and a Tween 80 content of 5%. Under these conditions, a solid concentration of 45.75% results in a continuously flowing slurry with good dispersion and stability. The interface properties of coal particles, oil, and water were studied by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and contact angle measurements, and a dispersion and stabilization mechanism for the waste oil-coal-water slurry was proposed. In this mechanism, some of the coal particles enter the reverse micelle, causing the water core to become a hydration film on the surface of the particles, which blocks hydrophobic particle aggregation. In addition, the surfaces of some coal particles are rapidly coated with an oily film, which also inhibits particle aggregation.

A review of waste management approaches to maximise sustainable value of waste from the oil and gas industry and potential for the State of Qatar

Globally, the oil and gas industry produces a large volume of waste in the form of produced water, oil sludge, and flue gases that can pose a negative impact on environment. As such there is a need for the treatment and safe handling of this waste. Although, several techniques have been developed for the treatment of oil and gas industry waste, recent research trends have highlighted that for the sustainable treatment and management of oil and gas industry waste, it should be coupled with resource recovery and re-utilization concepts in line with circular economy perspectives. Essentially, converting waste into economic value added products, reducing environmental impacts and supporting sustainability within the oil and gas industry is of paramount importance. This study reviews basic three types of wastes streams, including solid waste (oil sludge), flue gases (CO2 and SO2), and liquids (produced water) originating from the oil and gas industry. The second aim is to review their characterization and respective treatment technologies, challenges, and possible emerging opportunities. An insight into the resource recovery and reuse potential for all three type of wastes considered is also provided. Finally, a case study from the State of Qatar is provided to assess the theoretical resource recovery and market/economic potential from selected wastes.

Process standardization for formulating protein‐augmented corn‐based extrudates using defatted sesame flour ( DSF ): Sesame oil industry waste valorization

The investigation was intended to produce the protein-enriched extruded snack by incorporation, comprising corn flour and defatted sesame flour. Experiment was executed using central composite rotatable design through four variables, feed moisture content (10–18%, w.b), defatted sesame flour (10%–40%), die head temperature (100–160°C), and screw speed (200–300 rpm). The quality of extrudates was evaluated by examining protein content, extrudate hardness, water solubility index, and water absorption index of the product as well as bulk density, expansion ratio, and sensory attribute. The results analysis revealed that defatted sesame flour significantly did utmost influence among tested variables followed by feed moisture content, die head temperature with screw speed. The admixture symmetry with standardized extrusion process amended nutritive class of corn flour-based extrudate in terms of protein content by 19.21 g/100 g. Novelty impact statement The defatted sesame flour (DSF) is residual; afterward, oil extraction was used for formulating novel protein-rich extrudate. The impact of various operational and feed parameters has been investigated, standardized, and validated for formulating protein-augmented extrudate using response surface methodology. The DSF can be utilized effectively in protein-rich corn-based extrudate development which has comparatively higher protein (19.21 g/100 g) content compare to the control.

Optimum Utilization of Agricultural & Industrial Waste Oils by Ganoderma Lucidium

In these modern era due to increase in technology, researches human being using various technique for finding product in low cost and time ,money saving .various oils are extracted derived from different parts of plants .Different methods of derivation cause more oil waste .these oil waste are formed in various industrial& domestic refineries like kohlus without treating thrown out in river and on land which cause damage to flora ,fauna in water and soil by forming oil film coating on water reservoir and on land which cause various water and soil pollution ,these oil wastes are causing destruction the animals live in water by blockage or respiration and air blockage. the various white rot fungus like reishi mushroom have the scavenging properties find out in various studies for bioremediation. Its various species are used in beverage industries like syrups, in teas coffees ,concoction are used widely in new generation due to its optimistic properties. The reishi mushroom have capacity of forming lignocellulosic complex ability which is dangerous for living plant, fauna. but this ability is used by human in beneficiary for human being and environment .This quantity is used for converting agrowaste &industrial waste into nutritive form . The agrowaste and industrial waste like mustard crude oil, menthe oil ,eucalyptus oil waste are derived during extraction , distillation ,filtration processes. The methods used is growth promotion test, Pour plating for evaluation and sample are taken from different domestics sources. the sample preparation and processes includes sample taken in triplets. In this experiment these the crude oil waste are taken for conversion to productive form the experimental substrate for these oil are used to find out the reishi ability for bioremediation. The observation or finding are that the highest amount of colony are found in the mustard crude oil then Menthe oil then eucalyptus oil. these are derived from the mustard seed ,menthe plant parts and eucalyptus plant parts .the observation shows that this fungi convert the waste into qualitative and quantitative product. Keywords : Bioremediation, crude oils, Ganderma lucidium, lignocellulolytic complexes.

A non-conventional sustainable process route via methyl acetate esterification for glycerol-free biodiesel production from palm oil industry wastes

In the present study, a sustainable and environmentally safe process was utilized for production of biodiesel free of glycerol via methyl acetate esterification by employing the beneficial usage of palm oil industrial waste products. A non-conventional novel approach was then investigated for the esterification process using methyl acetate as the esterifying agent in the presence of solid acid catalyst prepared via impregnation on spent bleaching earth as catalyst support. The new solid acid catalyst was synthesized by calcination and sulfonation of the spent bleaching earth. The catalyst was characterized via Hammett Indicator, X-ray Fluorescence, Thermogravimetric Analysis, X-ray Diffraction, Nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis, and Ammonia-temperature programmed desorption techniques. Optimization study was carried out for reaction parameters such as reaction temperature (60–110 °C), catalyst amount (2–14 %), PFAD/MA molar ratio (1:3–1:18) and reaction time (1–6 h). The maximum free fatty acid conversion of 89.89 % was obtained at optimized reaction conditions: catalyst amount 12 w/w%, reaction time 3 h, reaction temperature 100 °C and PFAD/MA molar ratio 1:12. A plausible mechanism for the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate using methyl acetate in the presence of the synthesized acid catalyst has also been proposed. This study also ascertained the effectiveness of methyl acetate as a suitable alternative esterifying agent for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate.

Sulfur containing mixed wastes in anaerobic processing by new immobilized synthetic consortia

Methanogenic biotransformation of unusual substrates (sulfur (S)-containing wastes: non-purified vacuum gas oil, straight-run gasoline fraction (Naphtha), gas condensate, and straight-run diesel fraction) coming from oil industry after their oxidative desulfurization was investigated. Nitrogen-containing wastes (hydrolysates of chicken manure and Chlorella vulgaris biomass) were added as co-substrates to mixture with oil industry wastes. The 100 % conversion of S-organic compounds to inorganic sulfide accumulated in the reaction liquid medium was achieved with simultaneous production of biogas containing high methane percent (greater than 70 %). Polishing of effluents from methane tank was carried out by denitrifying oxidation of ammonium (DEAMOX). The high process efficiency was due to use of original immobilized artificial consortia at the stage of methanogenesis and DEAMOX. This study reveals the real potential in the processing of very complex mixtures of large-scale wastes, usually inhibiting methanogenesis, by developing biocatalysts based on synthetic biology approaches.

Development of a method of utilization of oil and gas industry waste at Pereshchepyno field (Ukraine)

The object of research is the technological solutions for the construction of sludge barns at the Pereschepyno field (Ukraine). One of the most problematic places is the lack of reliable insulation of sludge barns and storage facilities. The study used a screen type «wall in the soil» of elements of soil cement, which prevents the filtration of the aqueous phase. The screen was built monolithic. It is proposed to arrange the shade between the centers of the curtain equal to 0.8 of the diameter of the element. It is proposed to make elements from soil cement by the brown-mixing method. After 28 days (hardening of the elements) up to 60 % of the soil was removed from the waste storage area. This is due to the fact that the proposed method of arrangement of waste storage has a number of features. Over time, the strength and permeability of the aqueous phase of soil cement increase. It is proposed to fill the storage with drilling waste after the enclosing elements have hardened. In order for the soil to have a suitable humidity of 4–5 %, it is proposed to dry it outdoors. It is proposed to build a cover over the soil dump. If the optimum humidity of the mixture is not obtained after drying and mixing the waste with the soil, it is proposed to add a drying additive (ash removal of Mykolayiv thermal power plant). The amount of additive is from 1.5 to 3 % depending on the type of soil. Next, it is proposed to seal the layers of sludge and loam by rammers. After compaction, the operation is repeated. Compaction of soil layers is proposed to be carried out at optimum humidity. In comparison with similar known methods, this method provides the following advantages: low cost of manufacture due to the use of a waterproof layer of soil as the bottom of the structure; high water resistance – W12; high compressive strength; environmental safety and durability.

Synthesis and Characterization of Spent Bleaching Clay-based Geopolymer: An Effort towards Palm Oil Industry Waste Reutilization.

Spent bleaching clay (SBC) is a problematic waste from the palm oil industry with worldwide availability. In this study, geopolymer was synthesized from SBC, a kind of aluminosilicate material with an alkaline activator solution that is made up of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Calcium silicate (CS), which is a by-product of the silicates removal from wastewater, was also added to the formulation. The geopolymer mixture paste was cured in an oven at 80 °C for 24 h and at room temperature for 7 days. The characterizations were carried out using FTIR spectroscopy, SEM/EDX, TGA, BET, and XRD. The SEM images showed an aggregate of aluminosilicate material is formed with some unreacted particles on the surface of the geopolymer. The TGA results show that the geopolymers decomposed at a higher temperature than SBC, demonstrating its heat resistance properties. The BET results showed the addition of CS formed a denser geopolymer with a total pore volume of 0.0636 cm3 /g.

Zirconium diboride assisted superhydrophobic/superoleophilic surface modification of polyurethane sponge for continuous oil-water separation and emulsion purification

BackgroundWith rapid industrialization, water pollution by accidental oil spills and industrial wastes dumping into water bodies has become a severe threat to the marine ecosystem. In this regard, usage of superhydrophobic/superoleophilic sorbent is forecasted perhaps one of the best solution to recover oil and natural solvents from contaminated water owing to its high absorption capacity, and recyclability. MethodsHerein, we report zirconium diboride modified polyurethane sponge (ZrB2@PUS) prepared by facile dip coating technique at ambient condition for selective oil/water removal. The ZrB2@PUS was further functionalized using octadecyl trichlorosilane (OTS) in presence of toluene to impart superhydrophobicity. Significant findingsMicrostructural analysis revealed that ZrB2 platelets anchored onto smooth struts of PUS thereby increasing surface roughness, whereas, OTS helps in decreasing the surface tension and enhancing the non-wettability. The ZrB2@PUS exhibited a contact angle ∼166° and ∼0° for a sessile water and oil droplet, respectively. Moreover, ZrB2@PUS was found suitable for removal of various oil and organic solvents from oil-water mixture with absorption capacity reaching ∼83–129 g/g and capacity retention ∼92–97% after 20 cycles in static and dynamic conditions. OTS-functionalized ZrB2@PUS also successfully explored for separating SDS stabilized diesel-in-water and toluene-in-water emulsion, demonstrating feasibility for wastewater treatment containing oil and organic solvents.

Production of Carotenoids from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches: Selection of Extraction Methods

Public awareness of the importance of natural food colorants is increasing. Carotenoids is one of the coloring agents which widely used for food applications to give yellow, orange, or red color in food products. Natural carotenoids can be produced by extraction from various sources, such as carrots and palm oil, or from algae and fungi. Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) as the biomass waste of palm oil industry may still contain carotenoid residue and thereby extraction of OPEFB constitutes the crucial step in carotenoid production. The effects of solvent used for the extraction as well as the size of different parts of OPEFB on the obtained carotenoid were evaluated. The experiments were performed by soxhlet extractor using n-hexane, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol solvents at the boiling points of each solvent. The ratio of OPEFB to the solvent is 1:60 (w/v) with the variations of the OPEFB size. The results showed that the optimum carotene concentration was obtained from extraction using n-hexane to 1 cm OPEFB spikelet.

Performance comparison of empirical model and Particle Swarm Optimization & its boiling point prediction models for waste sunflower oil biodiesel

The absence of correlations for predicting the boiling point of biodiesels prevents fuel users to achieve effective engine performance. Among the quality regulator of rudimentary fuel properties is the boiling point and its absence in literature is preventing fuel handlers to achieve actual engine performance. In this study, the mechanism of sunflower oil methanolysis was investigated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The empirical model (EM) was utilized to correlate the optimal yield and trans -esterification variables for methylic biodiesel production. Thereafter, statistical regression techniques were employed to model the MBP of biodiesel vs. biodiesel fraction and MBP of biodiesel vs. kinematic viscosity. The yield of waste sunflower oil methyl ester (WSOME) (97%) was the uppermost at the methanol/SFO molar ratio of optimal of 6/1, KOH of 1 %wt, and retention time of 78 min. The PSO model exhibited an advanced coefficient of determination, and an inferior value of root mean squared errors related to the RSM model. PSO predicted values, as related to RSM predicted yield shows its dependability and expediency for prediction deprived of conservative experimentation. The fuel properties of the WSOME synthesized were within the ranges of established green fuel standards. The RSM with PSO has been exhibited efficient tools for exploring the methylic biodiesel production from WSO. Least square regression and parabolic equation correlated MBP as a function of bio-diesel fraction and MBP as a function of kinematic viscosity. In conclusion, the results of this study can be useful for biodiesel production from industrial waste oil and the prediction of MBP in the biodiesel industry.

Eco-friendly adsorbents based on abietic acid, boswellic acid, and chitosan/magnetite for removing waste oil from the surface of the water

Petroleum oil leakage and industrial oily waste on the water surface are sustainable pollutions. The removal process by eco-friendly adsorbents is a critical challenge. It also requires sustainable treatment. The natural hydrophobic material such as abietic acid, boswellic acid, and chitosan was added to magnetite nanoparticles with different concentrations of 10, 15, and 20% on its surface. The magnetite acquires partially hydrophobic properties. The prepared natural adsorbents were analyzed by employing wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), particle size and zeta potential, and contact angle measurements. Chitosan adsorbs at the outer surface of magnetite nanoparticles while boswellic and abietic absorb in bulk. All prepared adsorbents are effective in adsorbing waste oil from the water surface. The contact angle of MB20 (magnetite/20 percent boswellic) is greater than that of MA20 and MC20 (magnetite/20% abietic or chitosan, respectively), indicating that it has more hydrophobic characteristics. The oil removal efficiency and adsorption capacity of MB20 are the highest values 57.6%, and 24 g/g, respectively. All eco-friendly adsorbents are nontoxic with low-cost production and are used many times.

Integrated bioconversion process for biodiesel production utilizing waste from the palm oil industry

This study was focused on utilizing palm oil industry waste to produce biodiesel. Palm acid oil and bioethanol partially concentrated from the distillation of artificial palm sap served as the feedstock. Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) immobilized on the charcoal of coconut shells served as the biocatalyst in the trans-esterification reaction. After 48 h in bioethanol (63% v/v) obtained from the distillation of artificial palm sap, 500 mg of TLL, esterification at 40 ºC and 35 rpm yielded 98.1% w/w fatty acid ethyl ester. The evaluation of the Gibbs free energy (−10.1 kJ mol−1) showed that the reaction system proceeded spontaneously for producing biodiesel, and the activation energy (Ea) of this esterification process was 58.9 kJ mol−1. This evaluation of biodiesel synthesis utilizing residual oil from palm oil mill effluent and the bioethanol from palm sap could establish the sustainability of an integrated approach to biorefinery operations and reduce the cost of the process. Further, a kinetic study on TAG and FFA was performed to elucidate the superiority of oil with a high FFA content for faster reactions than that with a high TAG in using bioethanol as the acyl acceptor.

Potential use of olive oil mill wastewater for bacterial cellulose production

ABSTRACT In this study, olive oil mill wastewater (OOMW), an important waste in the Mediterranean basin, was evaluated to produce bacterial cellulose (BC). For this purpose, the effects of different ratios of OOMW fractions (25–100%) and some additional nutrients (yeast extract, peptone and Hestrin-Schramm medium (HS) components) on BC productions were investigated. Unsupplemented OOMW medium (75% and 100%) yielded as much as BC obtained in HS medium (0.65 g/L), while enrichment of OOMW medium (%100) with yeast extract (5 g/L) and peptone (5 g/L) increased the amount of BC by 5.5 times, reaching to 5.33 g/L. In addition, produced BCs were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, XRD and SEM analyses. BC from OOMW medium (100% OOMW with supplementation) has a high thermal decomposition temperature (316.8°C), whereas it has lower crystallinity index (57%). According to the FT-IR analysis, it was observed that the components of OOMW might be absorbed by BCs. Thus, higher yield productions of BCs from OOMW media compared to BC obtained from HS medium indicate that olive oil industry wastes can be integrated into BC production for industrial applications.

Bio-Based Aerogel Based on Bamboo, Waste Paper, and Reduced Graphene Oxide for Oil/Water Separation.

In recent years, the discharge of industrial waste oil has increased and offshore oil leakage has occurred frequently, and thus water pollution has become a worldwide problem that attracts much attention. In this regard, a kind of oil-absorbing material with high oil-absorbing property and good mechanical property is urgently needed. Here, we reported a new type of aerogels with three-dimensional layered voids using natural bamboo powder, waste paper (WP), and graphene oxide (GO) as raw materials. The obtained aerogel had high adsorption capacity (87-121 g/g), compressibility, and high elasticity, which can separate oil from water and selectively absorb oil. This study provides not only a new treatment in agricultural waste treatment but also a facile, green, and low-cost approach to synthesize high-performance graphene-based oil absorbers, which might give us an effective solution for oil pollution of water resources worldwide.

Superhydrophobic straw felt for oil absorption

Water pollution caused by oil spills, industrial and household wastewater seriously endangers environments and ecosystems. Commercially available oil absorption felts have been widely used in oil removal; however, their relatively poor absorption capacity and high cost restrict practical applications. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a new oil-removing material with excellent oil absorption capacity and low cost. Here, a new kind of oil absorption felt originated from waste straw fibers is proposed. Waste rice straw fibers are formed into felts with special shapes by molds and further transferred into superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity by a simple chemical treatment process. The superhydrophobic straw felts possess excellent absorption capacity for different oils with >95% oil/water separation efficiency. Weight of absorbed oil of the superhydrophobic straw felts is up to 2.55 times as much as that of commercially available oil absorption felts. More interestingly, the superhydrophobic straw felts are applicable to harsh conditions including strong turbulence, strongly acidic water, and intensive ultraviolet irradiation. Using waste rice straw fibers as raw materials, the superhydrophobic straw felts may have promising application prospect in the treatment of oil spills, industrial and household waste water.

Application of Neural Networks to Assess the Resource Value of Oil-Contaminated Waste Storage Facilities

The article presents a methodology for evaluating the efficiency of oil industry waste recycling systems using multi-layer artificial neural networks. As an indicator of the efficiency of the recycling system, the indicator of the resource value of oil-contaminated waste (OCW) is used. For training neural networks, the data sets are formed using the resource value assessment algorithm based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method of multi-factor evaluation of the efficiency of production systems. The development and training of neural networks are performed using the free software Neuroph Studio. A comparative analysis of the quality of the assessment of the OCW resource value depending on the size and number of layers in a multi-layer neural network is carried out. The obtained results demonstrate the prospects of the proposed approach. Recommendations for improving the accuracy of resource value assessment by an artificial neural network are given.

Green Catalytic Pyrolysis: An Eco‐Friendly Route for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals by Blending Oil Industry Wastes and Waste Furniture Wood

Lignocellulosic biomass is converted into liquid products through pyrolysis, which can be used as an alternative fuel for heating applications and industrial chemicals. Pyrolysis liquid is a mixture of many oxygenated fractions which deteriorates its burning properties. Through specific bond cleavage reactions like deoxygenation, cracking, and decarbonylation, catalysts in the pyrolysis process can be used to improve the quality of pyrolysis liquid. In this study, biochar produced by carbonization of printed circuit boards was used for catalytic reforming processes to produce energy‐rich liquids and chemicals from a mixture of karanja seed oil cake and waste furniture wood. The catalytic process was performed by changing the reactor temperature from 300°C to 700°C at 50°C intervals. The results showed a maximum liquid oil recovery of 53.9 wt% at 500°C. Compared to the noncatalytic reaction, pyrolysis of biomass with biochar recovered 11.59% more liquid. This study demonstrated a viable technique to recover more liquid products and industrial chemicals by employing sustainable catalysts from e‐waste. The physical analysis of the liquid showed that the liquid can be used as a fuel for boilers and furnaces. The chemical characterization through gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy (GC‐MS) showed the presence of various chemical elements used for medicinal and industrial applications.