Oil In Water Nanoemulsion Research Articles

Formulation and physiochemical study of α-tocopherol based oil in water nanoemulsion stabilized with non toxic, biodegradable surfactant: Sodium stearoyl lactate

The unique properties such as high optical clarity, stability and enhanced bioavailability of nanoemulsion make them useful for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, sodium stearoyl lactate and Tween 80 surfactants were collectively used to fabricate alpha tocopherol based oil in water nanoemulsion using high energy ultrasonication method. The spherical nature of pure and drug loaded nanoemulsion has been confirmed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The influence of pH, dilution, surfactant concentration and ionic strength on average particle size of pure and nutraceutical (benzylisothiocyanate and curcumin) encapsulated emulsion was examined. The prepared emulsion exhibited good stability up to 90days in salt solution (50–200mM) and different pH conditions. The cumulative release % of benzylisothiocyanate and curcumin was found to be 50.29% in 36h and 89.15% in 150h respectively. The antioxidant activity of pure, benzylisothiocyanate, curcumin and cocktail (benzylisothiocyanate and curcumin) nanoemulsion was calculated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. The IC50 value of different antioxidant showed that benzylisothiocyanate nanoemulsion acted as better antioxidant as compared to pure and curcumin encapsulated nanoemulsion. Also the cell viability of pure nanoemulsion was found to be 24% on hep G2 cell. The effect of UV light irradiation on curcumin and benzylisothiocyanate stability was carried out in different solvent conditions (water/ethanol and nanoemulsion). The degradation of curcumin by the impact of UV light was successfully controlled by trapping in NEm.

Curcumin bioavailability from oil in water nano-emulsions: In vitro and in vivo study on the dimensional, compositional and interactional dependence

Although nanocarriers can enhance the bioavailability of free curcumin in the blood, a systematic study on the parameters that affect such enhancement is still missing. In this work we focused the attention on a nanocarrier represented by an oil in water nano-emulsion coated with a thiol modified chitosan and carried out a comprehensive study on the effects that parameters such as size, co-delivery of piperine and degree of chitosan modification can exert on curcumin bioavailability and quantified their impact. We obtained an unprecedented pharmacokinetic profile of curcumin with the best formulation, represented by a combination of a small nano-emulsion size (110nm), co-delivery of curcumin and piperine (weight ratio 100:1) and a high degree of chitosan thiolation (14–15%). Then, we assessed its anti-inflammatory properties after oral administration in rats at low doses (≤0.1 times the volume administered in the pharmacokinetic study). Furthermore, the proposed food grade nano-emulsions loaded with curcumin did not show any cytotoxic effect on normal fibroblasts, while they were able to promote death in colon cancer cells in agreement with the common knowledge of the selective action of curcumin.

The effect of Na2SO4 concentration in aqueous phase on the phase inversion temperature of lemon oil in water nano-emulsions

Lemon oil in water (LO/W) nano-emulsions were synthesized using the phase inversion temperature emulsification technique (PIT), which is used as a low-energy method to produce the samples which are stable in the long term. Tween 40 was used as a surfactant and the effect of Na2SO4 concentration on the synthesizing method i.e. PIT and the particle size was well investigated and elucidated. The particle size and distribution index of LO/W emulsion measurement were carried out using zeta potential analyzer. To compare the size and stability of nano-emulsions by variations in temperature and time, the transmittance percentage of prepared nano-emulsions with different concentrations of Na2SO4 was determined by spectrophotometer UV–Vis at a wavelength of 600nm. According to the results, with increase in Na2SO4 solution concentration from 0.05 to 1M, a gradual reduction was observed in the PIT from 66 to 49°C. The optimum temperature was also reduced with increase of Na2SO4 concentration in the aqueous phase and the optimum temperature was found to be 9 to 16°C below the PIT to have the nano-emulsion with more stability. The average drop sizes for nano-emulsions with 0.25 and 0.8mol/L of Na2SO4 in aqueous phase at 25°C were 9.6 and 11.1nm, respectively, and the dispersion index were 0.380 and 0.311, respectively.

The oxidation stability of a vegetarian omega-3 oil in water nanoemulsion with enhanced bioavailability

The oxidation stability of a vegetarian omega-3 oil in water nanoemulsion with enhanced bioavailability

Nano-ropinirole for the management of Parkinsonism: blood–brain pharmacokinetics and carrier localization

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the brain targeting potential of chitosan-coated oil in water nanoemulsions (CSNEROP) delivered intranasally in haloperidol-induced Parkinson's disease rat models. Methods: Chitosan-coated nanoemulsion (CSNEROP) was developed through aqueous titration followed by a high pressure homogenization method. Results: Gamma-scintigraphy study showed a significantly high mucoadhesive potential of CSNEROP and least for conventional and homogenized formulations. Confocal study showed deep localization of formulations in the brain confirming the permeation potential of CSNEROP. Pharmacokinetic results of CSNEROP in Wistar rat brain and plasma showed a significantly high (p** < 0.005) AUC0→24 and amplified Cmax over i.v treatment group. Neurobehavioral activity (rotarod and swim tests) and biochemical parameters (glutathion, TBARS and SOD) corroborated well with the pharmacokinetic results. The order of dopamine recovery in haloperidol-induced Wistar rats was found to be i.nCSNEROP group>i.nSolnROP group>i.vSolnROP group>haloperidol group. Conclusions: Finally, the investigation demonstrated that intranasal delivery of mucoadhesive nanocarrier might play as a potential candidate in the management of Parkinson's disease and related brain disorders.

고압 균질기를 이용한 커큐민 함유 나노에멀젼의 제조

Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound with a variety of beneficial activities. However, its application as a functional ingredient is currently limited because of its poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability. In this study, oilin-water nanoemulsions containing curcumin were prepared by microfluidization to improve solubility and bioavailability of curcumin. The effects of emulsifier type and concentrations, the homogenizing pressure (40-140 MPa) and number of cycles on particle size parameters and stability of nanoemulsions were investigated. The results showed that particle size of the nanoemulsion was considerably decreased from 126 nm to 55 nm with increasing homogenization pressure, number of cycles and emulsifier concentration. The optimum conditions for nanoemulsion preparation were determined to be homogenization pressure of 120 MPa and 3 cycles. The storage study showed that the curcumin nanoemulsions were physically stable for about 8 weeks at room temperature.

Thermodynamic signature of secondary nano-emulsion formation by isothermal titration calorimetry.

The stabilization of oil in water nano-emulsions by means of a polymer coating is extremely important; it prolongs the shelf life of the product and makes it suitable for a variety of applications ranging from nutraceutics to cosmetics and pharmaceutics. To date, an effective methodology to assess the best formulations in terms of thermodynamic stability has yet to be designed. Here, we perform a complete physicochemical characterization based on isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) compared to conventional dynamic light scattering (DLS) to identify polymer concentration domains that are thermodynamically stable and to define the degree of stability through thermodynamic functions depending upon any relevant parameter affecting the stability itself, such as type of polymer coating, droplet distance, etc. For instance, the method was proven by measuring the energetics in the case of two different biopolymers, chitosan and poly-L-lysine, and for different concentrations of the emulsion coated with poly-L-lysine.

Development and evaluation of oil in water nanoemulsions based on polyether silicone as demulsifier and antifoam agents for petroleum

ABSTRACTOil in water (o/w) nanoemulsions were synthesized in order to be evaluated as an alternative to petroleum emulsions destabilization processes and inhibition of foam formed in the crude oil. The nanoemulsions were prepared by the high energy method through High Pressure Homogenizer (HPH), utilizing poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) and xylene solvent as oil phase and different polarity polyether silicone surfactants samples. These nanoemulsions were evaluated in respect to their efficiency in the petroleum demulsification process. The results of these tests showed that nanoemulsions performance on the destabilization of petroleum emulsions is influenced by the utilized surfactant's polarity. The nanoemulsions and pure samples of PPG and xylene solvent were evaluated concerning capacity of formed foam inhibition in petroleum (antifoam test), and the results showed no significant influence of samples on foam stability. Petroleum/saline water added interfacial tension measurements, added or not the nanoemulsions were executed and showed that the additives adsorption in the interface is related to the surfactant's polarity and nanoemulsion drop size. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40889.

Formation of Stable Palm Kernel Oil Esters Nanoemulsion System Containing Hydrocortisone

A physical and chemically stable palm kernel oil esters emulsion system with nanosized droplet was developed as a delivery system for hydrocortisone (hydrophobic drug). A simple low energy emulsification method was used in forming the nanoemulsions. The influence of added solvents (isopropanol and ethanol) on particle size and stability of oil in water nanoemulsion was investigated. Formation of nanoemulsion with solvent, increase the solubility of hydrocortisone in the oil phase and thus make the nanoemulsion more stable. Reducing the solvent to lipoid ratio showed no significant difference in the mean particle size. However, after solvent removal particle size increased over time. As for zeta potential value, all nanoemulsions exhibited values below -30 mV which indicated good stability. The DSC thermograms for stable nanoemulsions proved that hydrocortisone is in a non-crystalline state, suggesting that hydrocortisone is homogenized well in the nanoemulsion system. These results showed that nanoemulsion with solvent appear to be a promising transdermal delivery vehicle for hydrocortisone.

아스타잔틴을 포함하는 나노에멀젼의 안정성 향상을 위한 신규 Glyceryl Ester 이용 캡슐화

아스타잔틴을 포함하는 수중유형 형태의 나노에멀젼을 고압균질기를 이용하여 제조하였다. 이에 유화조건, 유화제 종류, 유화제 농도 그리고 아스타잔틴 농도에 따라 최적화를 되었다. 나노에멀젼의 안정성은 제타포텐셜, FF-SEM, 입도분석기, 색차계를 이용하여 측정하였다. 제조된 아스타잔틴 나노에멀젼의 입도는 160 ~ 190 nm로 균일하였으며 레시친에 의한 나노에멀젼 보다 glyceryl citrate/lactate/linoleate/oleate에 의한 나노에멀젼이 더욱 안정하고 균일한 입도분포를 가졌다. 아스타잔틴의 봉입도는 HPLC, FF-SEM을 이용하여 확인 하였으며, 제형 구성 후 보관조건에서의 안정도 및 제타 포텐셜 값도 -41의 우수한 결과를 나타내었다. Oil in water nanoemulsion of astaxanthin was prepared by high pressure homogenization. The emulsifying conditions including emulsifier type, concentration and astaxanthin concentration were optimized. Stability of nanoemulsion was measured using zetasizer, freeze-fracture scanning electron microscope (FF-SEM), particle analyzer and colorimeter. The mean diameter of the dispersed particles containing astaxanthin ranged from 160 to 190 nm. Size distribution was unimodal and extended from 40 to 200 nm. The nanoemulsion prepared by glyceryl citrate/lactate/linoleate/oleate had smaller particle size and narrow size distribution. Stable incorporation of astaxanthin in nanoemulsion was performed and checked using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), freeze-fracture scanning electron microscope (FF-SEM). Physical stability of nanoemulsion was not significantly changed during storage at both light and thermal condition for a month with zeta potential value of -41 mV meaning stable colloid.

Bio-based nanoemulsion formulation, characterization and antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogens

The current study deals with the formulation and characterization of bio-based oil in water nanoemulsion and its potential antibacterial activity. A typical v/v% of eucalyptus oil (16.66%), Tween 80 (16.66%), and water (68.68%) was prepared by ultrasonication method. The mean droplet size was 17.1 nm as confirmed by dynamic light scattering. Different concentrations of the formulation ranging from undiluted to 10-, 100-, and 1000-fold dilutions were used to check the antibacterial activity in three different microorganisms, namely, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). All three species showed a 100% bactericidal at the 10-fold dilution of the nanoemulsion formulation in the following order: B. cereus at 0th min, S. aureus at 15 min and E. coli at 1 h, respectively. A 10-fold dilution of the nanoemulsion showed that, the cytoplasmic content leakage from the bacterial species was high for S. aureus when compared to B. cereus and E. coli as determined by UV-Vis spectroscopic method. Fluorescence microscopic technique further confirmed this study.

Nanoemulsions for the Determination of the Antioxidant Capacity of Oils by an Electrochemical Method

AbstractThe paper describes a rapid and simple method for the evaluation of the antioxidant capacity in oil in water nanoemulsion. This procedure does not require extensive sample treatment and, most important, does not use any organic solvent for dissolution of the fatty matrix. The nanoemulsions were directly injected in a flow injection (FI) system with an electrochemical detector equipped with a glassy carbon working electrode operating amperometrically at a potential of +0.8 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Results obtained were compared with those obtained by the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay.

Food protein-stabilized nanoemulsions as potential delivery systems for poorly water-soluble drugs: preparation, in vitro characterization, and pharmacokinetics in rats

Nanoemulsions stabilized by traditional emulsifiers raise toxicological concerns for long-term treatment. The present work investigates the potential of food proteins as safer stabilizers for nanoemulsions to deliver hydrophobic drugs. Nanoemulsions stabilized by food proteins (soybean protein isolate, whey protein isolate, β-lactoglobulin) were prepared by high-pressure homogenization. The toxicity of the nanoemulsions was tested in Caco-2 cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide viability assay. In vivo absorption in rats was also evaluated. Food protein-stabilized nanoemulsions, with small particle size and good size distribution, exhibited better stability and biocompatibility compared with nanoemulsions stabilized by traditional emulsifiers. Moreover, β-lactoglobulin had a better emulsifying capacity and biocompatibility than the other two food proteins. The pancreatic degradation of the proteins accelerated drug release. It is concluded that an oil/water nanoemulsion system with good biocompatibility can be prepared by using food proteins as emulsifiers, allowing better and more rapid absorption of lipophilic drugs.

Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Delivery Systems as a Platform Technology for Formulation of Poorly Soluble Drugs

New drug discovery programs produce molecules with poor physico-chemical properties, making delivery of these molecules at the right proportion into the body a big challenge to the formulation scientist. The various options available to overcome the hurdle include solvent precipitation, micronisation/nanonization using high-pressure homogenization or jet milling, salt formation, use of microspheres, solid dispersions, cogrinding, complexation, and many others. Self-nanoemulsifying systems (SNES) form one of the most popular and commercially viable approaches for delivery of poorly soluble drugs exhibiting dissolution rate limited absorption, especially those belonging to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System II/IV. SNES are essentially an isotropic blend of oils, surfactants, and/or cosolvents that emulsify spontaneously to produce oil in water nanoemulsion when introduced into aqueous phase under gentle agitation. Conventional SNES consist of liquid forms filled in hard or soft gelatin capsules, which are least preferred due to leaching and leakage phenomenon, interaction with capsule shell components, handling difficulties, machinability, and stability problems. Solidification of these liquid systems to yield solid self-nanoemulsifying systems (SSNES) offer a possible solution to the mentioned complications, and that is why these systems have attracted wide attention. Other than the advantages and wide application of SSNEDS, the present paper focuses on formulation considerations, selection, and function of solidifying excipients; techniques of preparation; and case studies of drugs selected from different therapeutic categories. Developments in the techniques for in vitro evaluation of SSNEDS have also been discussed.