Oil In Tank Research Articles

Interfacial film formation: Influence on oil spreading rates in lab basin tests and dispersant effectiveness testing in a wave tank

Test facilities such as lab basins and wave tanks are essential when evaluating the use of chemical dispersants to treat oil spills at sea. However, these test facilities have boundaries (walls) that provide an ideal environment for surface (interfacial) film formation on seawater. Surface films may form from surfactants naturally present in crude oil as well as dispersant drift/overspray when applied to an oil spill. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of surface film formation on oil spreading rates in a small scale lab basin and on dispersant effectiveness conducted in a large scale wave tank. The process of crude oil spreading on the surface of the basin seawater was influenced in the presence of a surface film as shown using a 1st order kinetic model. In addition, interfacial film formation can greatly influence chemically dispersed crude oil in a large scale dynamic wave tank.

Numerical simulation for the temperature changing rule of the crude oil in a storage tank based on the wavelet finite element method

In order to study the temperature changing rule of the crude oil in the storage tank, the wavelet finite ele- ment method, the traditional finite element method and the test were used to carry out the numerical simulation. Firstly, the thermal wavelet finite element was put forward estab- lished based on thermal finite element theory and the wavelet theory. And the computational model and three boundary conditions were established. And then the tem- perature changing rule of the crude oil in the storage tank in 24 h for three boundary conditions was obtained by using three methods, and the results showed that the wavelet finite element method had advantages in the numerical analysis of the temperature changing rule of the crude oil in the storage. And then the temperature distribution rule of the crude oil in the storage tank under different conditions in 5 h was obtained. And the temperature changing mechanism of the crude oil was summarized finally.

Effects of temperature and wave conditions on chemical dispersion efficacy of heavy fuel oil in an experimental flow-through wave tank

The effectiveness of chemical dispersants (Corexit 9500 and SPC 1000) on heavy fuel oil (IFO180 as test oil) has been evaluated under different wave conditions in a flow-through wave tank. The dispersant effectiveness was determined by measuring oil concentrations and droplet size distributions. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model indicated that wave type and temperature significantly (p<0.05) affected the dynamic dispersant effectiveness (DDE). At higher temperatures (16°C), the test IFO180 was effectively dispersed under breaking waves with a DDE of 90% and 50% for Corexit 9500 and SPC 1000, respectively. The dispersion was ineffective under breaking waves at lower temperature (10°C), and under regular wave conditions at all temperatures (10–17°C), with DDE<15%. Effective chemical dispersion was associated with formation of smaller droplets (with volumetric mean diameters or VMD⩽200μm), whereas ineffective dispersion produced large oil droplets (with VMD⩾400μm).

DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL SKIMMER OPERATED BY CRANE BARGES

ABSTRACT This paper reports about an oil skimming system for crane barges. It was tested with heavy fuel oil and emulsion in a large test tank and its operational test was carried out at SAKAI PORT in Japan. We can estimate performance of the skimmer from experiment data in large test tank, recovering C heavy fuel oil and its emulsion in waves. Estimated oil recovery rate is 5.9tlh and recovery efficiency is 70% when the oil slick thickness is about 2 cm. The recovery rate is equal to, and the recovery efficiency is 2 times higher than the performance of the grab-bucket (capacity 4m3). As a result of the field test, we can propose the oil skimmer as the most immediate oil recovery equipment with a crane barge'S operation.

Feasibility Study of an Activated Sludge/Contact Aeration Combined System

The activated sludge/contact aeration combined system (AS/CA) is created by adding biological contact filters into the rear section of the activated sludge tank. The system contains both suspended micro-organisms and fixed micro-organisms. This system combines the advantages of both single systems, and avoids disadvantages particular to the individual systems. A special feature of AS/CA is its enhanced ability to remove oil and grease, and improve the color of treated water. A pilot treatment plant was constructed and located in a slaughterhouse generating 2000 m 3 /day of wastewater. The test results were as follows operating with a 6-h hydraulic retention time (HRT): effluent COD = 145.6 mg/L (86% removal rate), effluent BOD 5 = 46 mg/L (85% removal rate), effluent SS = 66 mg/L (85% removal rate), effluent oil and grease dropped from 68.6 mg/L to 21 mg/L (70% removal rate), effluent true color = 50 (83% removal rate). These values just met the minimum requirements in Taiwan's effluent standards. The pilot plant results for operating with 8-h HRT were as follows: effluent COD = 71 mg/L (94% removal rate), effluent BOD 5 = 29 mg/L (91% removal rate), effluent SS = 43 mg/L (86% removal rate), effluent oil and grease dropped from 54.6 mg/L to 7 mg/L (87% removal rate), effluent true color = 47 (84% removal rate). These test results proved that the oil and grease removal rate increased with an increase in HRT, and reduced the likelihood of other effluent parameters exceeding effluent standards. Denatural Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was performed on the samples. Analytical results check that compared to both a single activated sludge system and contact aeration system, the AS/CA system had relatively high level of microbe diversity and a high number of microbes. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis also revealed degradation of oil and grease in each reaction tank.

Direct measurement of field strength on surface of oil in large oil tank by a telemetering field‐meter

Direct measurement of field strength on surface of oil in large oil tank by a telemetering field‐meter

Direct measurement of field strength on surface of oil in big oil tank by a telemetering field-meter.

Direct measurement of field strength on surface of oil in big oil tank by a telemetering field-meter.

On performance test of the first pilot plant in Japan for underground stockpiling of crude oil.

The first underground stockpiling plant in Japan for test operation has been constructed utilizing basement rocks in Shikoku Island, Western Japan. The construction of the test plant started in March, 1980. The operation tunnel, water-sealed tunnel, service tunnel, vertical shaft, stockpiling cavern and dry pump room were completed succesively by July, 1981. Installation of the measuring instruments, pipes and generators were completed by the end of 1981. The test items were selected as follows: (1) Stability of underground cavern structure. (2) Technical function of aquifer sealing. (3) Safety and caution during the operation of the plant. (4) Influences on environment. Many kinds of measurements have been taken inside the observation wells and cavern. After the test operation, it is concluded that the granitic cavern is stable, both from static and dynamic considerations. The technical function of aquifer sealing has been clarified. Concerning the operational efficiency, confirmation of the properties of exhausted water and gas, control of the amount of oil in the stock tank, and perfect confined stockpiling techniques, encouraging results have been obtained by the tests. No disturbance of environment has been recognized during the tests.

Oil/Sorbent Harvesting Systems for Use on Vessels of Opportunity

ABSTRACT A system for harvesting mixtures of oil and sorbent materials, primarily straw, which could be utilized for the recovery of floating oil from water was developed for use on vessels of opportunity. A three-phase test program was conducted to evaluate candidate system components and operating specifications for the oil/sorbent harvesting system. The first phase of the program involved testing individual system components and operating parameters as to their effectiveness in picking up sorbents only. The first phase was conducted under actual conditions in a saltwater slough. The second phase of the test program entailed evaluating those operating characteristics of the harvesting system components selected in the first phase using crude oil and various sorbents in a test tank. The third phase of the test program entailed the installation of the complete system on a vessel of opportunity (an LCM), and demonstration of the ability of the system to operate under actual conditions. The system was evaluated both in the San Francisco Bay and off Coal Oil Point, Santa Barbara, where sorbent materials were dispensed over natural oil slicks. The system utilizes commercially and readily available equipment which, with minor modifications, was assembled on-site onto available vessels. The system was found to be very effective in recovering sorbents (straw and polyurethane foam) from the water surface.

Test Report on Distribution of Oil in Slop Tank of Tanker

Recently all tankers should not discharge any oily water which contains more than limited value of oil, and mostly have to be arranged slop tank and adopt “Load On Top System” to cope with oil pollution. But, it is a very pity that we have not kept enough actual data of distribution of oil in slop tank during settling of oily water which was used to clean cargo oil tanks.As the first step, we carried out following on-board test on the above item when the M. S. Jingu-Maru (about 138, 000 MTDW Tanker) was on her way from Japan to Persian Gulf.The test was carried out in the duration, from May 1968 to January 1969. Consequently we got these distributions and effects by tank-heating, the type of suction pump and some emulsion-breaker during the No. 1 settling. Additionally we measured the thickness of surface oil in the slop tank, and carried out quantitative analysis of the surface oil gathered by sampling device through butterworth hole.

Pressure Maintenance Operations in the Sharon Ridge Canyon Unit, Scurry County, Tex.

Abstract The Sharon Ridge Canyon Unit is a pressure maintenance project using fresh surface water injected on a peripheral pattern. Canyon Reef limestone of Pennsylvanian age, occurring at approximately 6,700 ft, comprises the producing reservoir. The original producing mechanism was that of an undersaturated solution-gas drive. Rapid pressure decline and the threat of climbing gas-oil ratios pointed toward the need for pressure maintenance. Performance to date under the influence of water injection has been very encouraging. During six years of water injection, the volumetric average reservoir pressure has increased 338 psi, from 1,583 to 1,921 psi. The producing gas-oil ratio has been reduced from about 1,300 to about 900 cu ft/bbl. Before water injection, it was necessary to withdraw approximately 2.3 reservoir bbl in order to place 1 bbl of oil in the stock tank. Now, 1 bbl of stock-tank oil requires a withdrawal of only 1.8 reservoir bbl. Peripheral portions of the reservoir which have experienced encroachment by the injected water have performed better than predicted. Based on this history and recovery predictions, ultimate recovery as a result of this water injection will be at least 50 per cent of the original oil in place. This is twice the predicted recovery without pressure maintenance. Introduction With the completion of Humble Oil and Refining Co.'s R. E. Bishop 1 (now known as Tract 35, Well 1) in March, 1949, the Sharon Ridge Canyon field was discovered. This field is located approximately 20 miles southwest of Snyder, Tex., and its Pennsylvanian reef reservoir was divided from the Kelly Snyder and Diamond "M" fields by means of arbitrary lines. In Nov., 1951, the Sharon Ridge Canyon field was combined with the Diamond "M" field. Less than two years after the discovery well had been completed and with the field only 75 per cent developed, the operators met and formed the "Sharon Ridge Canyon Engineering Committee". A great amount of work and study directed toward a conservation program resulted in the formation of the Sharon Ridge Canyon Unit, with 100 per cent of the operators signing the agreement. On May 1, 1955, unitized operations commenced with a peripheral water-injection pressure maintenance program. JPT P. 645^

Radiation from an Oil-Immersed Therapy Tube

The intensity of the radiation from a therapy tube immersed in a large tank of oil was found to decrease as the size of the diaphragm opening in the filter holder was decreased. The smallest diaphragm used was large enough to allow all the direct radiation from the target to reach the ionization chamber. Because this decrease in intensity seemed too great to be ascribed only to the absorption of radiation originating from parts of the tube other than the target, it seemed that an explanation might be that some of the radiation which passed through the larger diaphragms was scattered by the oil surrounding the tube. A diaphragm with a smaller opening would absorb part of the scattered radiation and thereby reduce the intensity of the radiation reaching the ionization chamber. The results reported here indicate that part of the decrease in intensity caused by the use of small diaphragms was due to the absorption of radiation which had been scattered by the oil; also, the quality of the radiation became harder as the size of the diaphragm was reduced. Apparatus The high voltage rectifier was a two-valve, voltage-doubling system with condensers, designed to deliver 15 milliam-peres at 200 kv. (constant) potential. It was operated with 8 milliamperes at 180 kv. supplied to the x-ray tube. The only control of the potential supplied to the primary of the high tension transformer was by means of an autotransformer. The power supply, from a 220 volt, 50 cycle line, was very unsteady. All ionization measurements reported here weremade during a two-hour period in the mornings, during which time the line voltage seldom fluctuated more than 5 volts during a five-minute interval. At the end of the first hour of this period, a change of generators was made at the power plant. Ionization measurements made during the second hour averaged from 1 to 2 per cent higher than similar measurements made during the first hour. This increase in radiation quantity was probably due to a higher frequency and a more steady line voltage. The x-ray tube was immersed in oil in a lead-lined tank (Fig. 1). An inverted trough below the tube reduced the amount of oil acting as a filter to a minimum thickness of 56 millimeters. A movable lead shield, with a 6 X 6 inch opening, over the bottom of the trough served to define the limits of the beam of radiation emerging from the tank, and allowed the angle at which the beam left the tank to be varied through an arc of 80°. The top of this trough was made of copper 0.25 mm. thick, and the sides of copper 1 3 mm. thick. Immediately below the opening in the movable lead shield was a space for diaphragms and filters. A constant reading ionization chamber, containing 2 mm. of aluminium, was mounted to the movable shield just below the space for additional niters. The oil in the tank was pumped through a radiator for cooling, its temperature gradually rising to between 55 and 60° C.