Hydrotreated Oil Research Articles

Measuring sustainability of renewable diesel production using a multi‐criteria decision matrix

AbstractThis study presents a multi‐criteria decision matrix approach to the sustainability analysis of renewable diesel processes. The criteria include environmental, economic, technical, and fuel‐quality aspects. The main objective is to establish a comprehensive approach to the sustainability analysis of alternative manufacturing processes. A combination of an analytical hierarchy process method and an entropy method is used to obtain both subjective and objective weighting factors to achieve a more reliable and comprehensive comparison among alternatives. The technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is used to rank the alternatives based on the distance of each alternative to the ideal and non‐ideal solutions. This analysis indicates that the most sustainable processes are the process associated with Fischer–Tropsch diesel, and the catalytic hydrotreatment of vegetable oils to produce green diesel (GD I). The results determined that algae‐based green diesel (GD III) was the least favorable process. This is because GD III has the highest impact on the water scarcity footprint and unit production cost indicators. This multi‐criteria analysis with estimated weight factors can be an effective generic method for sustainability assessment of alternative manufacturing processes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Catalytic hydrotreatment of triglycerides and various renewable oils into green diesel over metal–organic frameworks derived Ni@C catalyst

Catalytic hydrotreatment of triglycerides and various renewable oils into green diesel over metal–organic frameworks derived Ni@C catalyst

Impacts of integrating pyrolysis with existing CHP plants and onsite renewable-based hydrogen supply on the system flexibility

The share of renewable energy sources in the primary energy use is increasing worldwide. Given the intermittency of the energy supply from renewables, it is important to increase flexibility in the system to respond to the imbalances between energy demand and supply. Several flexibility options such as power storage and energy integration are currently in use, mostly at small scales. The increased energy supply from renewables and the flexibility solutions can influence the production planning of existing thermal energy conversion plants. In this study, integration of energy technologies including a hydrotreated pyrolysis oil production integrated with existing CHP plants is investigated as a flexibility solution. The system interacts with potential power generation from rooftop PV systems integrated with power-to-hydrogen storage. A cost-optimization model is developed using MILP method. The study focuses on the system flexibility and operational strategy of the existing CHP plants considering market trends, climate changes, and future energy developments with increased penetration of heat pumps and electric vehicles but less fossil fuels use. The results indicate that the suggested integrated system can increase the local energy supply by 33 GWh. Moreover, the power-to-hydrogen storage and onsite hydrogen use can increase the share of renewables in energy supply by 6%. Optimization of the developed scenarios for future energy-related changes indicates that the market trends could significantly reduce the performance of the system by 21% but increase the penetration of renewables in the system by 8%. Overall, scenario analysis shows the potential of using such a polygeneration system for flexible energy supply including existing CHP plants.

The Impact of Biomass and Acid Loading on Methanolysis during Two-Step Lignin-First Processing of Birchwood

We optimized the solvolysis step in methanol for two-step lignin-first upgrading of woody biomass. Birchwood was first converted via sulfuric acid methanolysis to cellulose pulp and a lignin oil intermediate, which comprises a mixture of lignin oligomers and C5 sugars in the methanol solvent. The impact of reaction temperature (140–200 °C), acid loading (0.24–0.81 wt%, dry biomass), methanol/biomass ratio (2.3/1–15.8/1 w/w) and reaction time (2 h and 0.5 h) was investigated. At high biomass loadings (ratio < 6.3/1 w/w), operation at elevated pressure facilitates delignification by keeping methanol in the liquid phase. A high degree of delignification goes together to a large extent with C5 sugar release, mostly in the form of methyl xylosides. Gel permeation chromatography and heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR of lignin fractions obtained at high acid (0.81 wt%) and low biomass (15.8/1 w/w) loading revealed extensive cleavage of β-O-4′ bonds during acidolysis at 180 °C for 2 h. At an optimized methanol/biomass ratio of 2.3/1 w/w and acid loading (0.24 wt%), more β-O-4′ bonds could be preserved, i.e., about 33% after 2 h and 47% after 0.5 h. The high reactivity of the extracted lignin fragments was confirmed by a second hydrogenolysis step. Reductive treatment with Pd/C under mild conditions led to disappearance of ether linkages and molecular weight reduction in the hydrotreated lignin oil.

Effect of the chemical composition of six hydrotreated light cycle oils for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene production by a hydrocracking process

The effect of the chemical composition of the hydrotreated light cycle oil (HDT LCO) on the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) production by a hydrocracking (HCK) procedure, is presented. Six different types of HDT LCOs were obtained by submitting two types of LCOs to hydrotreating (HDT) with different catalysts and experimental conditions. The products were analyzed as mono-, di- and tri-aromatic compounds using the supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method (ASTM D5186). The HDT LCOs were subjected to HCK with a 50/50 in weight mixture of nickel-molybdenum on alumina (NiMo/Al2O3) and H-ZSM5 (NiMo/H-ZSM5, 50/50) at 375 °C, 7.5 MPa, 1.2 h−1, and 750 m3/m3 H2/Oil. The HCK products were analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and divided into five groups: gas, light hydrocarbons (LHCs), BTEX, middle hydrocarbons (MHCs), and heavy hydrocarbons (HHCs).The results showed that the BTEX formation ranged from 27.0 to 29.8 wt.% and it did not show a significant dependence on the mono-aromatic (59.9 and 75.6 wt.%), total aromatic (61.1–84.2 wt.%) contents or MHCs conversion (58.3–64.3 wt.%) from the departing HDT LCO feedstock. This result implies that, contrary to previous expectations, the BTEX formation does not directly depend on the amounts of total or mono-aromatic compounds when departing from real feedstocks. A GC-PIONA (paraffin, isoparaffin, olefin, naphthene, aromatic) characterization method (ASTM D6623) for mechanism understanding purpose was also carried out.

One-step hydrotreatment of inedible oil for production the second-generation biofuel over Pt-Sn/SAPO-11 catalyst

The direct conversion of inedible oil to produce the second-generation of biofuel is a promising technology. In this study, Pt/SAPO-11 catalyst was synthesized, and it was further modified by Sn. Two typical inedible oils (Jatropha oil and waste lard oil) were used as feedstocks. The liquid yield, deoxygenation rate, selectivity of alkanes, and selectivity of iso-alkanes were studied. It is shown that the selectivity of alkanes and iso-alkanes increase simultaneously over Pt-Sn/SAPO-11. The selectivity of C8-C16 alkanes and iso-alkanes from Jatropha oil is 69.82 % and 39.30 %. In the case of waste lard oil, there were 64.42 % selectivity of C15-C18 alkanes and 50.05 % selectivity of C15-C18iso-alkanes. Pt-Sn/SAPO-11 catalyst remains a higher hydrotreating activity and stability during the 72 h test. The addition of Sn not only decreases the particle size of Pt, but also leads to a strong interaction between Pt and SAPO-11. Sn modified Pt/SAPO-11 has much weak Lewis acid sites. Increase of Lewis acid sites and total acid sites enhance isomerization selectivity and deoxygenation rate simultaneously.

Hydro-treating and Hydro-isomerisation of Sunflower Oil using Pt/SAPO-11: Influence of Templates in Ultrasonic Assisted with Hydrothermal Synthesis

Pt/SAPO-11 mesopores type materials has successfully synthesized using different templates, such as: diethylamine (DEA), dimethylamine (DMA), and n-propylamine (n-PA), under ultrasonication coupled with hydrothermal treatment or independently with hydrothermal treatment. The influences of structure directing agent (SDA) and synthesis method are investigated by different characterization techniques and the role of the material as catalyst in hydrotreating of sunflower oil has examined. The synthesized materials have been characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) techniques. It is found that SAPO-11 material which has synthesized with n-PA as a template has the characteristics of high silicon incorporation. Hydrotreating of sunflower oil is carried out in a fixed bed reactor with Pt impregnated SAPO-11 catalyst and a detailed study on the isomerization is performed by varying the operating parameters like temperature and space velocity. The high selectivity of Pt/SAPO-11 catalyst is achieved by uniform pore size and acidity. Also the pore opening of the catalyst has a major effect in the selectivity of the catalyst. Further, it represents a higher ratio of isomers compared to other synthesized catalysts on hydro-treating of sunflower oil. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Hydrotreating of Atmospheric Gas Oil and Co-Processing with Rapeseed Oil Using Sulfur-Free PMoCx/Al2O3 Catalysts.

Sulfur-free molybdenum carbides have the potential to replace the conventional sulfided catalysts used for hydrotreating. For these catalysts, it is not necessary to add sulfur to maintain their activity. This fact makes it worthwhile to continue working on improving their hydrotreating efficiency. According to our previous studies, the addition of Co or Ni promotes the hydrotreating activity, but only significant in the case of hydrodesulfurization efficiency (up to 30%). To increase the hydrodenitrogenation efficiency, other promoters, such as phosphorus, can be added. However, most of the published studies do not focus on co-processing or only on hydrotreating of gas oil model molecules at a laboratory scale. In this paper, we build on our previous research by studying five sulfur-free phosphorus-modified MoCx/Al2O3 catalysts (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 wt %) for the hydrotreating of atmospheric gas oil and co-processing with rapeseed oil (5, 10, and 25 wt %) under industrial conditions (330–350 °C, 5.5 MPa, WHSV 1–2 h–1). A phosphorus content up to 1.5 wt % promoted the hydrodesulfurization (5–10%) and the hydrodenitrogenation (10–25%) efficiencies of catalysts. Moreover, the triglycerides addition did not significantly decrease the catalyst activity during co-processing. Therefore, our results enable us to define the range of phosphorus addition that enhances MoCx activity using industrial conditions and commercial feedstocks, pointing the way to develop a suitable and sulfur-free alternative to conventional hydrotreating catalysts.

Study of hydrotreating performance of trimetallic NiMoW/Al2O3 catalysts prepared from mixed MoW Keggin heteropolyanions with various Mo/W ratios

Trimetallic NiMoW/Al2O3 catalysts based on mixed H4[SiMonWn-12O40] (n = 1, 3, 6, and 9) Keggin-type heteropolyacids (HPAs) were synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation of alumina with aqueous solutions of mixed HPAs. For comparison purposes, trimetallic samples were prepared from a mixture of monometallic H4[SiMo12O40] and H4[SiW12O40] HPAs with a Mo/W ratio corresponding to the mixed MoW HPAs. The catalysts were sulfided by a liquid phase method and tested in the model reactions of dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization and naphthalene hydrogenation, with subsequent addition of quinoline to study the effect of inhibition of target reactions. Further, the catalysts were tested in the hydrotreating of straight-run gas oil to evaluate the efficiency of catalysts on real feedstocks. In order to link catalytic performances with the preparation method and Mo/W ratio, the catalysts were fully characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-angle annular dark-field imaging, and quick X-ray absorption spectroscopy. It was found that the Mo/W atomic ratio of the structure-forming metals in the active phase, deriving from the Mo/W ratio in the HPA precursor, directly affects the ratio of the hydrogenation and hydrodesulfurization performances. For feedstock with a high concentration of N-containing compounds, it is necessary to use mixed NiMoW systems with a high tungsten percentage to reduce the inhibitory effect and ensure the quality of the products. The use of new mixed MoW Keggin HPAs has made it possible to enhance the synergistic effect in trimetallic NiMoW catalysts due to the closer interaction between Mo and W, which increased the sulfidation degree of metals and also contributed to the formation of highly active mixed NiMoWS sites.

Effective Cu/Re promoted Ni-supported γ-Al2O3 catalyst for upgrading algae bio-crude oil produced by hydrothermal liquefaction

Catalytic hydrotreating of algae bio-crude oil from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Nannochloropsis sp. was performed. Different Ni-based catalysts, including Ni/γ-Al2O3, Ni-Cu/γ-Al2O3, Ni-Re/γ-Al2O3, and Ni-Cu-Re/γ-Al2O3, (10%Ni, 5%Cu, 2.5%Re) were used in upgrading of the bio-crude oil. Most catalytic systems could effectively eliminate S and decrease the N and O contents, and enhance more than 20% improvement in the higher heating value (HHV) of the bio-oil (34 to 41–45 MJ/kg). Introducing only Cu could enhance the CO hydrogenation resulting in higher aromatic and alcohol compounds. While the addition of Re is effective for hydrodeoxygenation, it lowers denitrogenation due to amination reaction. Ni-Cu-Re/γ-Al2O3 ternary alloy offered the best results on the overall performance, achieving the highest upgraded bio-oil yield of 58 wt% and the highest energy recovery in the upgrading process (ERupgrade) of 64.6%. As ER in HTL process (ERHTL) was ca. 71.8%, the overall ER (ERoverall) from algae biomass to upgraded bio-oil of 46.4% can be achieved for Ni-Cu-Re/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Carbon efficiency approx. 47.7% can be attained as the carbon in the algae biomass feedstock was retained in the upgraded bio-oil. In addition, reaction pathways for the formation of different hydrotreated products catalyzed by mono-, bi-, and tri- metallic Ni-Cu-Re have been proposed.

Determination of low-level biogenic gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel in blends using the direct liquid scintillation counting method for 14C content

The direct liquid scintillation counting (LSC) method was investigated for quantitative measurement of 14C in low-level biogenic gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel range hydrocarbons in fuel blendstock to determine the biogenic content. Carbon-14 (14C) is an ideal tracer for biogenic fuel products, due to the depletion of 14C in fossil-based fuel. Biogenic gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel range hydrocarbons prepared from distillation of hydrotreated pyrolysis oils were blended with toluene at 1–10 wt%. The blends were analyzed by the direct LSC method using both Perkin-Elmer Quantulus and TriCarb instruments, using an internal 14C standard as an indication of signal quench. This study shows that it is feasible to accurately determine the biogenic fraction of blended fuels containing 1 wt% biogenic fuel using the direct LSC method, suggesting that direct LSC could be an option for quality assurance testing of biomass-derived liquids at co-processing facilities. The Quantulus and TriCarb instruments were found to be comparable for low-level detection of 14C in blended samples, suggesting that some instrument flexibility may be available to potential users. Quenching effects were considered and several methods for quench correction were compared.

Recent Catalytic Advances in Hydrotreatment Processes of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil

Catalytic hydrotreatment (HT) is one of the most important refining steps in the actual petroleum-based refineries for the production of fuels and chemicals, and it will play also a crucial role for the development of biomass-based refineries. In fact, the utilization of HT processes for the upgrading of biomass and/or lignocellulosic residues aimed to the production of synthetic fuels and chemical intermediates represents a reliable strategy to reduce both carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuels dependence. At this regard, the catalytic hydrotreatment of oils obtained from either thermochemical (e.g., pyrolysis) or physical (e.g., vegetable seeds pressing) processes allows to convert biomass-derived oils into a biofuel with properties very similar to conventional ones (so-called drop-in biofuels). Similarly, catalytic hydro-processing also may have a key role in the valorization of other biorefinery streams, such as lignocellulose, for the production of high-added value chemicals. This review is focused on recent hydrotreatment developments aimed to stabilizing the pyrolytic oil from biomasses. A particular emphasis is devoted on the catalyst formulation, reaction pathways, and technologies.

Animal fats as a suitable feedstock for co-processing with atmospheric gas oil

Effects of animal fat addition in hydrotreated gas oil.

Fouling tendency of bitumen visbreaking products

In this work, the fouling behaviour of thermally processed bitumen products obtained by visbreaking was studied. The feedstock was prepared by blending raw oil sands bitumen with 15 vol% hydrotreated light oil (HLO). The visbreaking products obtained at different pitch (525 °C + fraction) conversions were characterized and tested for fouling tendency. Test results showed that the fouling tendency linearly increased with total olefin content in visbreaking products. To further investigate the separate contributions of olefins and asphaltenes to fouling tendency, a selected visbreaking product was distilled into an olefin-rich 280 °C − fraction and a “heavy” 280 °C + fraction to avoid the loss of lighter fractions during the deasphalting process. To minimize the effect of interactions between olefins and asphaltenes on the fouling tendency, the 280 °C − fraction was hydrotreated and the 280 °C + fraction deasphalted. The deasphalted samples with different olefin contents and the hydrotreated samples with different asphaltene contents were obtained by blending the processed 280 °C − and 280 °C + fractions. Test results showed that deasphalting significantly reduced the fouling tendency of the visbreaking product. In the presence of olefins, asphaltenes have a significant effect on the fouling tendency of thermally processed products, whereas in the absence of olefins, the impact of asphaltenes on fouling tendency was limited. Similarly, olefins have a limited effect on the fouling tendency of visbreaking product in the absence of asphaltenes.

Economic and Environmental Assessment of Catalytic and Thermal Pyrolysis Routes for Fuel Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass

Meeting the transport needs of a growing world population makes it imperative to develop renewable and sustainable routes to production of liquid fuels. With a market-driven economic structure and pressing environmental issues, it is essential that these new routes provide environmental benefits while being economically viable. Conversion of second-generation lignocellulosic biomass resources to fuels via pyrolysis represents an important technological route. In this article, we report comparative assessment of the economic and lifecycle environmental aspects for catalytic and thermal pyrolysis. The goal of this assessment is two-fold: one is to understand the potential of this conversion route via the catalytic and thermal processes and second is to provide feedback for further development of catalysts for various stages of this conversion. The complete assessment is interdisciplinary in nature and connects the laboratory experiments with contextual sustainability assessment. Three catalytic and one thermal pyrolysis processes are analyzed using this assessment approach. Subject to the model choices and data inputs, the results, which consider quality of the oil product, show that biofuels produced using catalytic and thermal routes are rather expensive compared to gasoline. But at the same time, they provide significant greenhouse gas emission savings and can lead to lower CO2 abatement costs compared to the first-generation ethanol that is used currently. With one of the product scenarios of hydrotreated (HT) oil, the abatements costs are estimated to be 51% of those associated with first-generation ethanol. Additional product scenarios with developments in catalysts show potential to further reduce abatement costs significantly to below 100 EUR per metric tonne of CO2 equivalents. Using scenario analysis, the results help us to understand specific areas for development of novel catalysts. At the same time, the results demonstrate the trade-offs associated with the variety and complexity of technical factors associated with the pyrolysis routes. The study highlights the challenges and the promises of catalytic and thermal pyrolysis for production of high-quality biofuels produced via a sustainable production route.

Scaling Up the Performance of a Reactor Model for Hydrotreating Vegetable Oil from Bench-Scale to Pilot-Scale Reactors

Scaling up and validation of a trickle-bed reactor model were performed with the experimental information obtained during the hydrotreatment of vegetable oil in a pilot-scale reactor. The scale-up ...

Stabilization of acid-rich bio-oil by catalytic mild hydrotreating.

Although liquid products derived from the pyrolysis of biomass are promising for the production of petroleum-like hydrocarbon fuels, the catalytic burden of hydrodeoxygenation must be reduced to achieve feasible upgrading processes. Herein, mild hydrotreating of an acid-rich biomass pyrolysis oil (bio-oil) with an unusually high total acid number (588mg KOH/g bio-oil) was performed to stabilize the low-quality bio-oil. Ru-added TiO2-supported transition metal catalysts stabilized the bio-oil by reducing its acidity more compared to what could be achieved by Ru-free catalysts; this process also leads to lower loss of organic compounds compared to when using a Ru/TiO2 catalyst. Based on the performance of transition metal catalysts, including Ni, Co, and Cu, supported on TiO2, tungstate-zirconia, or SiO2, supported bimetallic catalysts were prepared by adding Ru to the TiO2-supported metal catalysts. The bimetallic catalysts Ru/Ni/TiO2 and Ru/Co/TiO2 exhibited good decarboxylation activity for the removal of carboxylic acids and a higher yield of organic compounds compared to that provided by Ru, which can be deemed appropriate for feedstocks when hydrodeoxygenation needs to suppress the loss of organic reactants. Using these catalysts, the carboxylic acid concentration was reduced to 319-323mg KOH/g bio-oil with organic yields of 62-63wt% at reaction temperatures 150-170°C lower than the temperature required for direct conversion of carboxylic acids to alcohols or deoxygenates. The improved catalytic hydrotreating activity of Ru-added transition metals can be attributed to the high acid site densities of these catalysts along with their improved hydrogenation activities.

Mitigating carbon emissions through sustainable aviation fuels: costs and potential

AbstractIn general, the certified pathways for the production of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are still far from being competitive with fossil kerosene, although they have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the mitigation costs related to SAFs and how they compete with the carbon credits market remain unclear. The present study addressed these issues, evaluating SAF pathways based on hydrotreatment (HEFA process) of soybean oil, palm oil, used cooking oil (UCO) and beef tallow; dehydration and oligomerization of ethanol (ATJ technology) obtained from sugarcane, lignocellulosic residues, and steel off‐gases; and the thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic residues using the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) process and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Residue‐based pathways had lower mitigation costs. Used cooking oil / HEFA had the lowest value (185 USD tCO2e−1), followed by the thermochemical conversion of forestry residues (234–263 USD tCO2e−1). Of the 1G pathways, SAF production from 1G sugarcane ethanol (SC‐1G/ATJ) performed better (495 USD tCO2e−1) than oil‐based ones. In comparison with the carbon market, the mitigation costs of SAFs are much higher than the current prices or even future ones. However, several concerns about the credibility of the emission units and their effective mitigation effects indicate that SAFs could play an important role in aviation sector goals. Considering the potential of supplying SAF and mitigating emissions, SC‐1G/ATJ was suggested as a preferred alternative in the short term. Of the residue‐based pathways, tallow / HEFA and FT of forestry residues are suggested as strategic alternatives. © 2020 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Effect of Temperature on the Hydrotreatment of Sewage Sludge-Derived Pyrolysis Oil and Behavior of Ni-Based Catalyst

The high-energy potential of wastewater sewage sludge (SS) produced in large amounts around the world makes it an attractive feedstock for fuels and energy sectors. Thermochemical valorization relying on pyrolysis of SS followed by hydrotreatment of pyrolysis oil (Py-SS) might even allow the integration of SS into existing oil refineries. In the present study, catalytic hydrotreatment of Py-SS was performed over a NiCuMo-P-SiO2 catalyst in a batch reactor at temperatures in the range of 200–390 °C. Due to sulfur presence in the feed, the increasing reaction temperature induced in situ transformation of metallic Ni into Ni3S2 in the catalyst. In contrast, the Ni3P active phase possessed remarkable stability even at the harshest reaction conditions. The oxygen content in the reaction products was decreased by 59%, while up to 52% of N and 89% of S were removed at 390 °C. The content of free fatty acids was greatly reduced by their conversion to n-alkanes, while the larger amount of volatile aromatics was generated from high molecular mass compounds. The quality of oil-derived products greatly changed at elevated temperatures, providing strong evidence of effective upgrading via decarboxy(ny)lation, hydrogenation, and hydrocracking transformations.

Properties and Composition of Products from Hydrotreating of Straight-Run Gas Oil and Its Mixtures with Light Cycle Oil Over Sulfidic Ni-Mo/Al2O3 Catalyst.

Straight-run gas oil (SRGO) and its mixtures with 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt % light cycle oil (LCO) from fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) were hydrotreated on a commercial NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst in a laboratory tubular reactor with the cocurrent flow of the raw material and hydrogen. The hydrotreating of the raw material was undertaken at a temperature of 350 °C, a pressure of 4 MPa, a weight hourly space velocity of ca 1.0 h–1, and a hydrogen-to-raw-material ratio of 240 m3·m–3. The LCO had a high density due to the high content of bicyclic aromatics and the high content of sulfur species, which are difficult to desulfurize. Therefore, increasing the content of the LCO in the raw material resulted in increasing the density and increasing the content of the sulfur and polycyclic aromatics in the hydrotreated products. Only the products prepared from the raw material with LCO content up to 10 wt % fulfilled the density requirement of EN 590. To improve the product density, the products prepared from the raw material containing 15 wt % LCO were blended with refined kerosene. The addition of the kerosene decreased the density of the mixtures prepared, but the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of the mixtures was only lowered by about 1–2 °C. It was necessary to add a depressant in an amount of 600 mg·kg–1 to achieve a cold filter plugging point of −20 °C. Some refined products were blended with desulfurized heavy naphtha from the FCC. The addition of the heavy naphtha was mainly limited by its high density. Up to 10 wt % heavy naphtha could be added to the product obtained by hydrotreating the raw material containing 10 wt % LCO. More than 15 wt % heavy naphtha could be added to the mixture of the hydrotreated product and 20 wt % kerosene.