Oil Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

Determination of Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Twenty-Six Pecan Cultivars Grown in Türkiye

The aim of this study was to investigate the total oil content and fatty acid composition of 26 pecan cultivars oils. Significant differences were observed between the total oil contents and fatty acid composition of pecan cultivars (P<0.05). The oil contents of the cultivars changed between 69.35 (Comanche) and 77.08% (Curtis). The fatty acid composition of the pecan oils ranged from 56.17 to 71.55% monounsaturated fatty acids, from 20.23 to 34.78% polyunsaturated fatty acids, and 7.34 to 9.49% saturated fatty acids. The major fatty acid was oleic acid (55.91-71.27%), followed by linoleic (19.38-33.45%), palmitic (5.05-6.68%), stearic (1.97-3.42%), linolenic (0.79-1.55%), 11-Eicosenoic (0.22-0.30%) and arachidic acids (0.10-0.33%), respectively. The highest oleic acid content was found in the Choctaw cultivar. Tejas and Western cultivars showed the highest levels of linoleic acid. As a result, the data of this study may contribute to future breeding programs and the food industry regarding the selection of pecans with improved health and nutritional quality. It is suggested that pecan oil should be consumed due to its high-unsaturated fatty acid content for health benefits.

Güney Marmara Bölgesi’nde Tüketime Sunulan Tahin Helvalarının Kimyasal Kalitesi ve Standartlara Uygunluğu

In this study, three different tahini halva types (plain, cocoa and pistachio) from 15 different brands were obtained from various manufacturers or commercial markets in the Southern Marmara Region provinces of Balikesir, Bilecik, Bursa, and Canakkale. For each manufacturer, samples were obtained from two different lot numbers. The results of chemical analysis in tahini halva samples were as follows; the total amount of sugar was 39.45-43.78%, the total amount of tahini was 51.88-76.84%, the amount of oil was 33.1-38.9%, the amount of peroxide in the extracted oil was 0-3.67 meq/kg, the amount of copper was 5.88-7.98 mg/kg, the amount of iron varied between 6.98 and 22.33 mg/kg, the amount of tin ranged between 0 and 1.12 mg/kg, the amount of lead was 0.019 mg/kg, and the amount of salt was between 0 and 0.96 g/100g. Arsenic was not detected in halva samples. When the fatty acid composition of oils extracted from tahini halva was analyzed using gas chromatography, a profile high in oleic acid (43%) and linoleic acid (40%) was found. When all of these results were taken into consideration, tahini halva from one of the examined enterprises was inconsistent with the Turkish Food Codex Communique on Tahini Halva (2015/28) in terms of the total amount of tahini.

CRISPR-mediated technology for seed oil improvement in rapeseed: Challenges and future perspectives.

Rapeseed not only provide considerable amount of edible oil with high nutritional properties but can also be used as a raw material for biofuel production in many industries. It is therefore in high demand to bring genetic changes in order to fulfill the need of human and of industries. Though traditional breeding techniques such as hybridization and mutagenesis remained the top methods for long time to create improved varieties in oilseed rape. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is becoming one of the most valuable gene editing technologies that allow precise genome engineering, and open new ways for research in plant functional genomics. Though CRISPR has been used in many other crops for genetic improvement it is expected to be an effective tool for genome editing and molecular design in oilseed rape for seed oil improvement. This mini review will discuss and summarize the past and ongoing research and development in rapeseed in terms of seed oil improvement and fatty acid composition using CRISPR technology. In addition, the factors that hinder the efficiency of this tool and how to eliminate those factors will be briefly summarized. The improvement of CRISPR technology for getting better results in oilseed rape will also be considered here. This minireview will open new windows for researchers in Brassica napus oil improvement research and genetic improvement using CRISPR technology.

Ameliorative Effect of Ascorbate on Growth and Oil Fatty Acid Composition of Soybean under Salinity

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Response of Early, Timely & Late Genotypes of Brassica sps. Grown under Different Temperature Conditions for Oil Content & Fatty Acid Composition

The effect of four different dates of sowing on oil content and fatty acid composition was studied using eleven rapeseed and Indian mustard varieties at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Effects of species, maturity duration (early, timely and late sown) and environment (different dates of sowing) on the oil content and fatty acid composition was observed. The results indicate specific, genotypic variation as well as different response to the environment, resulting from strong G×E interactions for oil content and delay in sowing compromised the oil content in general. Higher temperature at seed filling and pod maturity stage affected the fatty acid profile. A significant correlation between temperature variables at maturity and fatty acid composition was observed. Linolenic (r= -0.335 to -0.317) and erucic acid (r = -0.578 to -0.568) was significantly and negatively correlated with temperature at maturity stage whereas a positive correlation was found with linoleic acid content (r = 0.324 to 0.338). The results indicated that the sowing of brassica genotypes during 2nd fortnight of October is beneficial as far as the oil content as well as oil quality is concerned.

Managing irrigation and sowing date can improve oil content and fatty acid composition of Camelina sativa L

ABSTRACT A two-year experiment was arranged as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replicates to investigate the response of camelina oil yield and its oil composition to irrigation regimes at different sowing dates in Karaj, Iran. The experiment factors were irrigation regimes including (i) full irrigation (well-watered), (ii) restricted irrigation from silicle formation (late-stress), (iii) restricted irrigation from flowering (mild-stress) and (IV) restricted irrigation from maximum stem length (early-stress) and planting dates consisting of (i) 27-Sep, (ii) 12-Oct and (iii) 25-Oct. The highest oil content (30.04%) was obtained from the first sowing date and was 2% and 5.4% higher than 12-Oct and 25-Oct, respectively. Obtained grains from well-watered irrigation regime had significantly more oil content (31.02%) than the other irrigation regimes. Delaying in sowing date and water-deficit stress raised saturated fatty acids (palmitic, stearic and arachidic acids). While delayed sowing date (12 and 25-Oct) and water-deficit stress (low, mild and severe stresses) increased the content of palmitic, eicosenoic and erucic fatty acids, the oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were reduced in such conditions. It seems that postponing the sowing date to 12-Oct and restricting irrigation from silicle formation would be reasonable as it can decline water consumption.

Variations in seed oil and chemical composition among the safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Seeds of oil crops are both important sources of edible oils and bioactive compounds. The present study was carried out to determine variations in oil content, bioactive compounds (total phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid, xanthophyll and tocopherol) and fatty acid compositions in the seeds of 20 safflower genotypes. Relationships among these parameters were also examined with correlation and principal coordinate analysis. Significant differences for seed oil content and bioactive compounds were detected among the safflower genotypes. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the genotypes ranged from 5.10-14.55 mg g-1 and from 4.60-7.25 mg g-1, respectively. Total carotenoid and xanthophyll contents of seeds ranged from 3.75-19.17 mg g-1 and from 5.25-20.13 mg g-1, respectively. Total tocopherol content of safflower genotypes was between 43.56-76.42 mg 100 g-1. Oil content of the genotypes were between 24.07-34.53% with average value of 29.22%. Fatty acid analysis revealed that 16 genotypes were linoleic and 4 were oleic type and they had generally high palmitic acid content ranging from 5.6-12.89%. Total unsaturated/total saturated fatty acids ratios were between 4.55-11.59, and ‘Olas’ and ‘Linas’ had the highest values. Correlation analysis revealed 45 correlations, four were positively and 7 were negatively correlated with each other. Principal coordinate analysis showed that some genotypes were clustered separately based on their seed contents. Our results also confirmed that seed oil content, fatty acid compositions and seed chemical compositions among the safflower genotypes varied significantly and could be exploited for higher oil yield and oil quality.

Infraspecific genetic diversity and seed fatty acid composition in Sesamum indicum L. populations (Pedaliaceae) in Iran

Sesamum indicum L. of the Pedaliaceae family is considered an economically important oil-bearing plant that has been cultivated for more than 5000 years. In this research, we examined genetic diversity and seed fatty acid composition in 11 Iranian populations of S. indicum. We extracted the nuclear DNA using the CTAB protocol and then amplified the genomes using 10 SCoT molecular primers. For the phytochemical study, the seed fatty acid methyl esters were subjected to a GC apparatus and their composition was determined. The data were then analyzed using PAST, POPGENE, Geno-Dive, and STRUCTURE software. We determined that the percentage of polymorphic loci was 62%. According to the AMOVA test and estimated genetic diversity parameters, high genetic differentiation occurred between the examined populations, which was followed by a low rate of gene flow and Hs. Based on the Nei's genetic distance and Structure analysis, the populations were divided into seven genotype groups. Most identified genotypes had homogeneous genetic structures indicating a limited genetic flow rate. The phytochemical evaluation revealed that a great part of the seed oils was composed of unsaturated fatty acids with linoleic and oleic acids as the main compounds. We detected palmitic acid as the major saturated fatty acid. The populations were divided into four chemotype groups based on the seed oil fatty acids composition. However, the population clustering patterns in the molecular genetic and seed fatty acid analyses were not identical. These results indicated that some environmental parameters strongly affect the seed oil fatty acids composition. We suppose that the populations under study are comprised of several genotypes or cultivars grown in various Iranian locations.

Characterization and functional analysis of AhGPAT9 gene involved in lipid synthesis in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

GPAT enzymes (glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.15) catalyze the initial and rate-limiting step of plant glycerolipid biosynthesis for membrane homeostasis and lipid accumulation, yet little research has been done on peanuts. By reverse genetics and bioinformatics analyses, we have characterized an AhGPAT9 isozyme, of which the homologous product is isolated from cultivated peanut. QRT-PCR assay revealed a spatio-temporal expression pattern that the transcripts of AhGPAT9 accumulating in various peanut tissues are highly expressed during seed development, followed by leaves. Green fluorescent protein tagging of AhGPAT9 confirmed its subcellular accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Compared with the wild type control, overexpressed AhGPAT9 delayed the bolting stage of transgenic Arabidopsis, reduced the number of siliques, and increased the seed weight as well as seed area, suggesting the possibility of participating in plant growth and development. Meanwhile, the mean seed oil content from five overexpression lines increased by about 18.73%. The two lines with the largest increases in seed oil content showed a decrease in palmitic acid (C16:0) and eicosenic acid (C20:1) by 17.35% and 8.33%, respectively, and an increase in linolenic acid (C18:3) and eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3) by 14.91% and 15.94%, respectively. In addition, overexpressed AhGPAT9 had no significant effect on leaf lipid content of transgenic plants. Taken together, these results suggest that AhGPAT9 is critical for the biosynthesis of storage lipids, which contributes to the goal of modifying peanut seeds for improved oil content and fatty acid composition.

Phytochemicals, Physico-Chemical and Fatty Acid Composition of Oil Extracted from Carica Papaya (Papaw) Seed

Carica Papaya is an economically important tropical herbaceous plant with numerous biological activities. In local medicine, different parts of C. Papaya (leaves, stems, roots, fruits, and seeds) are utilized in the treatment of various ailments. The seeds are rich in fibre and thus have the ability to regulate our bowel movements, removing toxins from the body and maintaining a healthy gut. The carpain present in Carica papaya helps kill bacteria and parasites thus keeping our digestive system healthy. This study investigated the phytochemicals, physicochemical properties, and fatty acid characterization of oil extracts of Carica Papaya (Papaw) Seed flour. Fatty acid composition was determined using a Gas chromatograph (model 8700; Perkin Elmer) and phytochemicals as well as physicochemical properties were determined using standard analytical methods. The results of the physicochemical properties of the oil were 2.810 ±1.040 mg KOH/g for acid value, iodine value 22.000 ±8.000, peroxide values 17.000 ±2.646b, Free fatty acid (FFA)0.180 ±0.009a mEq/kg, refractive index1.335 ±1.010aand specific gravity 0.895 ±0.052a. The low acid, free fatty acid and peroxide value suggested the edibility of oil and stability to oxidative rancidity during storage. The fatty acid profile revealed that the oil contained appreciable amount of unsaturated fatty acids such as Oleic acid (13.420 ±0.026%), Linoleic acid, 24.640 ±0.040 %, Linolenic Acid 4.750 ±0.026 c%, Arachidonic acid, 2.950 ±0.160b and Palmitoleic acid 2.290 ± 0.173 % with Linoleic acid, being the most abundant fatty acid. However. the result of total fatty acid composition showed that seed oil contained relatively the same amount of unsaturated fatty (48.05 %) and saturated fatty acid (51.95%), thus making it nutritionally important if properly refined and industrially valuable. The results in this study suggested the C. papaya seed might be incorporated into existing foods, to solve the problems of malnutrition and other health related issue.

Investigation of GhFAT Genes Related to Seed Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Gossypium hirsutum L.

Fatty Acyl-ACP thioesterase (FAT) is a key enzyme controlling oil biosynthesis in plant seeds. FATs can be divided into two subfamilies, FATA and FATB according to their amino acid sequences and substrate specificity. The Upland cotton genome contains 20 GhFAT genes, amongst which 6 genes were of the GhFATA subfamily and 14 of the GhFATB subfamily. The 20 GhFAT genes are unevenly distributed on 14 chromosomes. The GhFATA genes have 5 or 7 exons and the GhFATB genes have 6 or 7 exons. All GhFAT proteins have the conserved Acyl-ACP_TE domain and PLN02370 super family, the typical characteristics of plant thioesterases. Analyses of the expression level of GhFATs and the compositions of fatty acid in 5–60 days-post-anthesis seeds showed that the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids was consistent with the expression profile of GhFATB12, GhFATB3, and GhFATB10; the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid to polyunsaturated fatty acids was consistent with the expression profile of GhFATA3. The oil contents of mature cottonseeds were positively correlated with the contents of palmitic acid and linolenic acid as well as seed vigor. These results provide essential information for further exploring the role(s) of the specific GhFATs in determining oil biosynthesis and cottonseed compositions.

Development of non‐destructive models to predict oil content and fatty acid composition of Gomenzer (Ethiopian mustard) using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy

AbstractBackground‟Gomenzer” or Ethiopian mustard is the potential oilseed crop that is economically important. Ethiopian mustard and rapeseed quality breeding has focused on altering the fatty acid contents of seed oil to create novel genotypes with different oil characteristics. The goal of this research was to establish calibration equations' using a method called near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy with modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression.ResultThe spectra of 180 mustard samples were collected and their oil and fatty acid compositions were determined by n‐hexane extraction and GC–MS methods respectively. With 130 samples, calibration equations were developed for oil and fatty acid compositions. All developed equation had an acceptable value of R 2c, RPDc, and also had suitable 1‐VR values. Prediction of an external validation with 50 datasets revealed a blameless correlation between reference values and NIRS values based on the R 2v in prediction, SEP, and the ratio of SD to SEP (RPDv) for oil, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and erucic acids. These had suitable values of RPDv and R 2v, with the range of 2.0 to 8.8 and 0.79 to 0.99 respectively.ConclusionThe developed models gave meaningful quantitative data, however, the equations generated for palmitic, stearic, and eicosenoic acids were insufficient for data analysis. Hence, the developed NIRS model, which was satisfactory, could be used to assess and evaluate the oil and fatty acid content for the unknown mustard samples on a regular basis in the oilseed breeding quality program.

Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositions of Turkish Monovarietal Olive Oils with Regard to Olive Ripening.

This study was conducted in crop season of 2018 and the olive fruits from three Turkish varieties Saurani, Karamani and Halhalı under the same pedoclimatic conditions (with no irrigation and no fertilization) were assessed. Oil content, fatty acid, and sterol compositions of three monovarietal 'Halhalı', 'Karamani', and 'Saurani' virgin olive oils were examined at green, spotted and ripe olives. The oil content of olives ranges between 23.77-34.77% and the highest oil yield was observed in the ripe Karamani variety. In terms of fatty acids, the lowest oleic acid values were found in the ripe period of Karamani variety (59.78%), and the highest oleic acid values in the green period of Halhalı variety (69.97%). The oleic and palmitic acid contents decreased, while linoleic and stearic acid contents increased with olive ripening. Total sterol amounts of olive oils varied between 946-1782 mg/kg and showed a significant increase with ripening (p < 0.05). The highest β-sitosterol amount was detected in the green period of Saurani variety (91.66%), and the lowest β-sitosterol amount in the spotted period of Halhalı variety (86.16%). The highest ∆5-avenasterol amounts were detected in the ripe period of Saurani variety (6.54%), the lowest ∆5-avenasterol amounts were detected in the green period of Halhalı variety (2.36%). Total β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and erythrodiol+uvaol contents of olive oils are changed with ripening. Accordingly, these results showed that fatty acid and sterol compositions can be used as indicators of variety and ripening degree among monovarietal virgin olive oils.

The Impact of Climatic Conditions on Oil Content and Quality, in Sunflower

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crop is grown worldwide, under a range of agro-environments. This crop is primarily grown for its edible oil but also for its achenes (confectionery types), both commonly used in human food. With ongoing climate change, sunflower, as a spring crop, could be more exposed to the direct effect of heat stress and to different drought scenarios, resulting in severe yield losses, oil content decrease and alteration of fatty acids composition. The oil concentration in sunflower (whether linoleic or oleic varieties) is valued above the contribution of genotype, of environment but also of the crop management. In our study, with different sunflower hybrids, experimented in different conditions of the environment, we obtained results on oil content and fatty acids composition. The oil content in kernels is influenced by climate. This depends by air temperature in period of anthesis or during grain filing, also by rainfall. The unsaturated fatty acids of sunflower oil are much more affected by genotype and environment than the saturated ones. Cooler regions offer a more favorable climate for the oil and linoleic acid synthesis. There is an indirect relationship for oleic and linoleic content, in sunflower oil.

Effect of year of cultivation on the oil content and fatty acid composition of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) grown in France

Description of the subject. Spanish sage or chia (Salvia hispanica) has attracted increasing interest over the last decade due to the composition of its seeds. It is now cultivated in several European countries. Objectives. The aims of this study were to investigate the oil content and composition of seeds from chia cultivated over a three-year period in South-West France. Method. The cultivar Oruro (Panam, France) was used for this study. It was cultivated in 2014, 2015 and 2017 at Villemur-sur-Tarn (South-West France). Oil, ash and protein contents (Kjeldahl) was assessed, fatty acids (GC-FID), sterols (GC), tocopherols (HPLC) composition was determined on seeds. Results. Cultivation year affected oil, protein and ash contents, and the content and composition of fatty acid, sterols and tocopherols. Oil (range of 30.6-34.7%) and ash (4.8-5.2%) contents were higher in 2014 and 2015 (higher rainfall than 2017). Protein content was higher in 2017 (21.7%) than in the other two years (17.5-19.9%). This trend was expected, given the negative correlation between oil and protein contents. Polyunsaturated fatty acids predominated, and their levels were highest in 2015 and lowest in 2017. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid levels followed the opposite pattern (lowest in 2015 and highest in 2017). Sterols and tocopherols accumulated to higher levels in the seeds in 2014 than in 2017. Conclusions. All the seed quality traits of chia cultivated in France were affected by the climatic conditions of the year of cultivation.

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF GRAIN OF EINKORN AND ITS RELATIVES

Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) has a number of benefits attributed to the quality of its grain. Nevertheless, einkorn oil is little studied. Given a renewed interest in this crop, the purpose of the study was to investigate the lipid contents and fatty acid composition of oil from diploid wheat grain. Oil was extracted from dried whole wheat kernels by Soxhlet procedure. Fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. The oil yield from the diploid wheat grain varied from 2.830.27% dry basis in Triticum monococcum var. sofianum Stranski to 4.460.49% in Triticum sinskayae A.Filat. et Kurk. Six major fatty acids were detected in all the wheat species under investigation. They are ranked in order of decreasing levels as follows: linoleic &gt; oleic &gt; palmitic &gt; linolenic &gt; stearic &gt; palmitoleic. Ploidy doubling brought no significant alterations in fatty acid composition of T. monococcum grain. T. monococcum var. sofianum had the most beneficial unsaturated/saturated ratio (5.3) and the lowest the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 (9:1). Triticum boeoticum Boiss. (wild progenitor of einkorn) was inferior to domestic diploid wheat in terms of unsaturated fatty acid amounts, despite the very high total oil content (4.190.48%). As wheat oil is used in the cosmetics industry and given the surprisingly high oil yields from the diploid wheat grain, the collection accessions are worth considering through the lens of this trend in wheat products. However, none of the studied accessions can be recommended as breakthrough advantageous because of the ratios of omega-6/omega-3 of not lower than 9:1.

Effect of Ecotype and Environment on Oil Content, Fatty Acid, and Sterol Composition of Seed, Kernel, and Epicarp of the Atlas Pistachio

The Atlas pistachio fruits are an important source of food due to their high fat content and medicinal interest in arid lands. For a better use, it is necessary to understand the diversity and distribution of lipids in their fruit. The purpose of the present study is to determine oil content, fatty acid, and phytosterol composition using gas chromatography of three ecotypes in Algeria during two consecutive years. The seed oil contents ranged from 32 to 47.8% depending on both year and ecotype. Unsaturated fatty acids (FA) represent at least 71% of total FA. The fruit contains a considerable level of phytosterols. The highest level of oil content and unsaturated FA were observed in the fruit of Bechar regardless of the part of the fruit. The study indicated that oil quality of the Atlas pistachio seed varies according to genotype and environmental conditions, and the findings could help breeders for diversity and selection program management.

Kinase CIPK9 integrates glucose and abscisic acid signaling to regulate seed oil metabolism in rapeseed.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus), an important oil crop worldwide, provides large amounts of lipids for human requirements. Calcineurin B-like (CBL)-interacting protein kinase 9 (CIPK9) was reported to regulate seed oil content in the plant. Here, we generated gene-silenced lines through RNA interference biotechnology and loss-of-function mutant bnacipk9 using CRISPR/Cas9 to further study BnaCIPK9 functions in the seed oil metabolism of rapeseeds. We discovered that compared with wild-type (WT) lines, gene-silenced and bnacipk9 lines had substantially different oil contents and fatty acid compositions: seed oil content was improved by 3%-5% and 1%-6% in bnacipk9 lines and gene-silenced lines, respectively; both lines were with increased levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and decreased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Additionally, hormone and glucose content analyses revealed that compared with WT lines the bnacipk9 lines showed significant differences: in bnacipk9 seeds, indoleacetic acid and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were higher; glucose and sucrose contents were higher with a higher hexose-to-sucrose ratio in bnacipk9 mid-to-late maturation development seeds. Furthermore, the bnacipk9 was less sensitive to glucose and ABA than the WT according to stomatal aperture regulation assays and the expression levels of genes involved in glucose and ABA regulating pathways in rapeseeds. Notably, in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), exogenous ABA and glucose imposed on developing seeds revealed the effects of ABA and glucose signaling on seed oil accumulation. Altogether, our results strongly suggest a role of CIPK9 in mediating the interaction between glucose flux and ABA hormone signaling to regulate seed oil metabolism in rapeseed.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF WHITE AND BLACK SESAME OILS AND DEVELOPMENT OF A RELATIVELY EFFICIENT METHOD FOR ISOLATING THE NATURAL ANTIOXIDANT SESAMOL

The work is devoted to a comparative study of the fatty acid composition of white and black sesame oils, as well as the development of a relatively effective method for isolating the natural antioxidant sesamol. The purpose of this work was to determine the comparative indicators of the content of fatty and free organic acids in the studied oils by gas and high-performance liquid chromatography, confirm their suitability and further use. The optimal conditions for obtaining high-quality unrefined oil from sesame seeds for the food and pharmaceutical industries were determined by the method of cold pressing (pressing chamber temperature was 100℃, oil outlet temperature was ≤ 40℃). Under these conditions, the oil yield was 30% and 27%, respectively. It was shown that finished sesame seed oils contain a highly effective natural antioxidant sesamol (oxyhydroquinone methyl ester) – 0.140 mg/kg, due to which they can be stored at room conditions for more than 3 years. The extracts of squeezes of sesame oils contain valuable free organic acids: oxalic – 0.017 mg/mL, malic – 0.02 mg/mL, fumaric – 0.001 mg/mL. Based on the research, the fatty acid composition of oils was determined and a relatively effective method for the complex processing of sesame raw materials was developed to obtain a highly effective natural antioxidant sesamol.

Flower Thinning Improves Fruit Quality and Oil Composition in Camellia oleifera Abel

Camellia oleifera is a woody oil tree with overlapping flower bud differentiation and fruit maturation. Therefore, mechanical harvesting of fruits leads to flower abscission. The present study investigated the effects of flower number per tree on fruit growth, yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil fatty acid composition in C. oleifera. Here, we set different flower numbers per tree by thinning flowers. Heavy flower thinning (T2 and T3) significantly reduced fruit yield and the proportion of palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid in fatty acids compared with other treatments. However, heavy thinning favored an increase in fruit size and weight, seed and dry kernel rate of fresh fruit, soluble protein and oil accumulation in seeds, and the proportion of oleic acid and stearic acid in fatty acids, and it had no significant effect on oil yield per tree compared with light thinning (T1) and control (T0). T2 and T3 decreased soluble sugar content in the kernels at the later stage of fruit development (260–320 days after full bloom (DAFB)) in contrast to the rapid fruit growth period (200–230 DAFB). As the crop load decreased, fruit ABA content increased continuously during 260–320 DAFB, while fruit IAA content increased during 260–300 DAFB and then decreased during 310–320 DAFB. These data suggest that the abscission of a few flowers during mechanical harvesting will not affect fruit production efficiency in C. oleifera.