Oil Extraction Yield Research Articles

Extraction of Essential Oils from Vietnam’s Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peels by Hydrodistillation: Modeling and Process Optimization

In this study, extraction of essential oil from orange peels was investigated by hydrodistillation method and combine technology software to optimize the process. By using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken surface statistical design, the effect of parameters such as water-to-material ratio (2-4 mL/g), extraction time (45-75 min), and temperature (120-140 ºC) on the extraction of essential oil process from orange (Citrus sinensis) peels was examined . All factors were significantly affected to the extraction yield of essential orange peel oil. Optimum conditions for extraction oil yield including the ratio of water to material, temperature, extraction time achieved 3.19 mL/g, 130.08 ºC, 74.31 min, respectively. Below the optimal extraction condition, the maximum yield of orange oil of 3.21 % was obtained. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the results revealed that the essential orange peels oil is extremely rich in limonene (98.343 %).

Lawsonia inermis essential oil: extraction optimization by RSM, antioxidant activity, lipid peroxydation and antiproliferative effects

BackgroundThe present study was focused on the optimization of yield of the essential oil extraction from leaves of Lawsonia inermis, and the determination of chemical composition, antioxidant activities, and lipid peroxydation and antiproliferative effects.MethodsHenna essential oil (HeEO) were extracted by hydrodistillation; the identification of the chemical composition were done by GC/MS method. HeEO was analyzed for antioxidant power in: (1) chemical system by the DPPH test, the ABTS test and the total antioxidant activity test; and (2) in biological system by lipid peroxydation tests (MDA and DC) in cells culture. The cytotoxicity effects of HeEO were assessed using MTT assay against Raji and HeLa cell lines.ResultsThe optimal extraction yield was 6.8 g/100 g d.b. HeEO showed a remarkable anti-oxidant activities including DDPH (42%), ABTS (87%) and the power of ammonium phosphomolybdate (2992 ± 230 mg of HeEO by equivalent to 1 mg of vitamin C in terms of total antioxidant power).ConclusionBeyond notable antioxidant activities of the HeEo, our results showed a significant decrease in the production of ERO in the Raji cell line. The anti-tumor power of the Henna essential oil shows an interesting cytotoxicity effect (IC50 at 0.26 μg/mL for Raji and at 1.43 μg/mL for HeLa) with a total mortality percentage reaching 60%, for both.

Effects of Processing Conditions on the Simultaneous Extraction and Distribution of Oil and Protein from Almond Flour

The enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction process (EAEP) is an environmentally friendly strategy that simultaneously extracts oil and protein from several food matrices. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pH (6.5–9.5), temperature (45–55 °C), solids-to-liquid ratio (SLR) (1:12–1:8), and amount of enzyme (0.5–1.0%) on the extraction and separation of oil and protein from almond flour using a fractional factorial design. Oil and protein extraction yields from 61 to 75% and 64 to 79% were achieved, respectively. Experimental conditions resulting in higher extractability were subsequently replicated for validation of the observed effects. Oil and protein extraction yields of 75 and 72% were achieved under optimized extraction conditions (pH 9.0, 50 °C, 1:10 SLR, 0.5% (w/w) of enzyme, 60 min). Although the use of enzyme during the extraction did not lead to significant increase in extraction yields, it did impact the extracted protein functionality. The use of enzyme and alkaline pH (9.0) during the extraction resulted in the production of more soluble peptides at low pH (5.0), highlighting possible uses of the EAEP skim protein in food applications involving acidic pH. The implications of the use of enzyme during the extraction regarding the de-emulsification of the EAEP cream warrant further investigation.

Optimization of process variables using response surface methodology for tocopherol extraction from Roselle seed oil by supercritical carbon dioxide

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle) seeds are rich in proteins, carbohydrates and unsaturated fatty acids, and are a good source of minerals and antioxidants. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction was applied for extraction of oil from Roselle seed at temperatures of 40 °C to 80 °C and pressures of 20 MPa to 30 MPa. The effects of temperature and pressure on the extraction yield and solubility of oil were determined. Process optimization was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). A particle size of 300 μm, SC-CO2 flow rate of 5 mL/min and extraction time of 180 min were held constant throughout this study. The overall oil yield increased as pressure and temperature was increased, while a reverse effect was observed at higher temperatures. The optimum extraction conditions for Roselle seed oil corresponded to a pressure of 30 MPa and temperature of 40 °C. According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the coefficient of determination R2 for oil yield and gamma tocopherol concentration were 0.9723 and 0.9754, respectively, indicating a good correlation and agreement between the experimental and predicted values.

Extraction of Brazil nut kernel oil using green solvents: Effects of the process variables in the oil yield and composition

AbstractThe extraction efficiency of isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol was studied, and the effects of the process variables, static time (St), solvent‐to‐feed (S/F) ratio, and temperature (T) in the oil extraction yield (X0), free fatty acids (FFA) content, total phenolic content (TPC), and β‐sitosterol content were statistically investigated. The amount of solvent used (S/F) did not influence theX0, but St andTsignificantly influenced (p< .05) theX0. The condition that maximized theX0(60.40%) occurred when a St of 9 min and aTof 86°C were used, and low level of FFA were observed in all oils obtained. The process variables studied did not significantly influence (p> .05) in the content of FFA (0.25–0.28%), TPC (29.10–38.47 mg GAE/kg oil), and β‐sitosterol content (9.51–40.32 mg/100 g oil). Its oil is a high source of unsaturated fatty acid. Pressurized liquid extraction is a promising technique for rapid extraction of oil including Brazil nut kernel. Its process recovered 90.58% of oil in 27 min (3 cycles for 9 min of static time).Practical ApplicationsThe optimization of pressurized green solvent extraction has been studied in order to demonstrate that this technology, even employing polar solvents, provides high yields in oil extraction. It is a technology under study that leaves no residue of toxic solvents on vegetable oils. In this study, the use of pressurized liquid extraction with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and ethyl alcohol (EtOH) as solvents was employed to extract oil from Brazil nut kernel, focusing on the oil rapid recovery as an alternative process to increase the oil yield and improve the use of non‐timber forest product of Amazon biome.

EXTRACTION OF JOJOBA OIL USING VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF TWO DIFFERENT SOLVENTS

The aim of this study was extraction of jojoba oil using different solvents. A mixture of water-hexane and water-ethanol are used as solvents to extract jojoba oil in a batch extraction process and compared with a pure solvent extraction process. The effects of particle size of crushed seeds, solvent-to-water ratio and time on jojoba oil extraction were investigated. The best recovery of oil was obtained at the boiling temperature of the solvent and four hour of extraction time. When seed particle size was 0.45 mm and a pure ethanol was used (45% yield of oil extraction), whereas, it was 40% yield of oil at 25% water- hexane mixture. It was revealed that the water-ethanol and water-hexane mixtures have an effect on the oil extraction yield. The particle size, had a great effect on the maximum oil extracted yields. The maximum yield of oil extraction using pure hexane (35%), while for pure ethanol, the maximum yield of the oil extraction (45%) for the solvent, by using the water-solvent mixture this percentage has significant increasing in water-hexane solvent system.

Passiflora edulis seed oil from west Cameroon: Chemical characterization and assessment of its hypolipidemic effect in high-fat diet-induced rats.

In this study, the in vivo hypolipidemic effect of west Cameroonian Passiflora edulis variety seed oil (PE) was assessed in female and male Wistar rats. The chemical properties of the oil were evaluated through the determination of the peroxide, iodine, and thiobarbituric acid values, as well as its fatty acid composition using gas chromatography. Results showed that the oil extraction yield was 19.90% and its quality indexes were as follows: peroxide value = 2.10 ± 0.20 meq O2/kg; thiobarbituric acid value = 0.25 ± 0.00 ppm; and iodine value = 97.40 ± 0.45 g I2/100 g. Its fatty acid composition showed that it contains about 84.88% of unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid being the most represented (68.39%), followed by oleic acid (14.31%). The administration of this oil resulted in a significant reduction (p < .05) in the level of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol in rats. The PE groups showed a significant increase (p < .05) in high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol compared with untreated male rats. A similar trend was observed with female rats for triglycerides, but lowest values were observed with olive oil at 1 ml. This study suggests that P. edulis seed oil is rich in linoleic acid, which might be responsible for its hypolipidemic effect comparable to that of olive oil.

Extraction, optimization, and characterization of oil from green microalgae Chlorophyta species

ABSTRACT Optimization of oil separation from algae biomass via a Soxhlet extraction method was studied. The extracted oil was characterized for its functional groups and chemical composition using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. In addition, the basic physicochemical properties of the algal oil were evaluated in order to ascertain its quality. Central composite design was used for optimization of Soxhlet extraction process. Predicted values of oil extraction yield were found to be in good agreement with the experimental values obtained R 2 = 0.9675 a n d A d j − R 2 = 0.9396 . Optimization results showed that maximum oil yield of 18.29 ± 0.4 wt.% was achieved at the optimum conditions of 61.31 °C extraction temperature, 2.54 h extraction time, and 0.59 mm particle size. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of alkane (C–H), esters (C=O), carboxylic acid (C–O, C=O, and O–H), and unsaturated (=C–H) groups on the extracted oil, while the result from the GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of various fatty acids. The physicochemical properties of the extracted algal oil conformed to American Society for Testing and Method (ASTM) standard and the values reported in the literature.

Optimization of enzyme‐assisted aqueous method for the extraction of oil from walnuts using response surface methodology

This work was aimed to optimize an enzyme-assisted aqueous procedure to extract oil from walnuts. Response surface methodology using Central Composite Design was applied to optimize operating conditions that affect the oil extraction process (time, temperature, and water:walnut flesh ratio). Extraction time and temperature did significantly affect extraction yield (R2 = 0.875) and oxidative stability index (OSI) (R2 = 0.531). The predictive capacity of the proposed mathematical surface equation for yield was experimentally tested and its suitability was confirmed under the optimal conditions (41.8°C, 88 min) resulting in 75.4% (experimental) versus 75% (theoretical). Two different experimental conditions were proposed for walnut oil extraction, taking into account the extraction yield and the OSI response surfaces. These walnut oils were compared to that extracted with hexane, resulting in higher quality in terms of OSI (5.27 and 5.12 hr vs. 1.51 hr) and total tocopherols content (685.5 and 575.4 mg/kg oil vs. 269.1 mg/kg oil). 1 Practical applications The purpose of this research was aimed to optimize the oil extraction from walnuts kernels using an enzyme-assisted aqueous procedure. Consumers’ interest in walnut oil has noticeably grown due to its functional and nutritional properties. Response surface methodology is an adequate approach to establish the operation conditions of the extraction process. Temperature and time resulted to be the variables that significantly influenced the oil extraction yield, while the water:walnut flesh ratio did not have any significant effect. Two different oils were obtained using those experimental conditions that allowed maximizing the extraction yield and preserving oils oxidative stability. The walnut oils obtained by the proposed enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction methods possessed higher quality than that extracted using organic solvent.

English

Essential oils are natural substances which can be used as natural conservators for foods. The present work aimed to evaluate biological properties of essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens and its effect on shelf-life of beef. The extraction was carried out by hydro-distillation. Antioxidant activity was determined by method of DPPH and FRAP. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the microdilution and agar diffusion methods. The sensitivity of eleven pathogen microbial strains was tested. The conservation test of ground meat using essential oil was carried out by monitoring the evolution of the microbial groups. Result showed that extraction yield of essential oil was 0.21% (m/v). The DPPH assay gave IC50 of 16.367 ± 0.0739 µL and was confirmed by the FRAP assay. The essential oil from H. suaveolens showed inhibitory activity on microbial strains. Biopreservation assay revealed a significant decrease of microbial charge during conservation time. Thus essential oil was successful in vitro and its activity on prolonging shelf-life of beef was found to be 7 days. The results of the present study demonstrated the possibility of essential oil from H. suaveolens to be used as natural conservator for food industry. Key words: Hyptis suaveolens, essential oil, biopreservation, biological properties, meat.

Antioxidant Activity and Total Polyphenols Content of Camellia Oil Extracted by Optimized Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

AbstractIn this study, Camellia oil is co‐extracted from Camellia oleifera seeds and green tea scraps by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2), which is optimized on the extraction yield, ABTS‐scavenging activity, and total polyphenols content (TPC) of oil by single‐factor experiments combined with response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction temperature, pressure, dynamic time, carbon dioxide (CO2) flow rate, and seed mass ratio were investigated with single‐factor experiments. The results indicated the optimum CO2 flow rate and dynamic extraction time were 15 L hour−1 and 60 min (i.e., 2.382 kg CO2/100 g sample). Furthermore, the complicated effects of extraction temperature (40–50 °C), pressure (20–30 MPa), and seed mass ratio (0.25–0.75) were optimized by RSM based on the Box–Behnken design (BBD). The models with high R‐squared values were obtained and used to predict the optimum operating conditions of the process. Under the optimum operating conditions (i.e., temperature of 46 °C, pressure of 30 MPa, and seed mass ratio of 0.35), the extraction yield, ABTS‐scavenging activity, and TPC of oil were 14.43 ± 0.17 g/100 g sample, 73.70 ± 0.34%, and 2.18 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g oil, which were in good agreement with the predicted values. In addition, the experiments indicated that the Camellia oil obtained was rich in polyphenols, resulting in better oxidation stability and antioxidant activity than the original oil.

Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Extracted Using Pulsed Electric Field Technology: Cultivar Impact on Oil Yield and Quality.

The main operators of the olive oil sector are continuously involved in the development of the olive oil mechanical extraction process with the common aim of increasing both the quality and the oil extraction yield coupled with the potential enhancement of the working efficiency of the olive mill. The pulsed electric field (PEF) is a recently studied technological innovation for the improvement of olive oil extraction technology. The impact of the PEF on the diffusion of oil and microconstituents, determined by the disruption effects on olive cell tissues carried out by the non-thermal method, was evaluated. A PEF can increase the permeability and breaking of the cell membranes with a consequent positive result on oil extractability and quality, mainly related to the compounds involved in the health and sensory properties of extra virgin olive oil. The PEF was tested on three Italian olive cultivars (Carolea, Coratina, and Ottobratica). The results showed a positive impact of the new technology on the oil yield, with an increase ranging from 2.3 to 6%, and on the concentration of hydrophilic phenols, with an increase ranging from 3.2 to 14.3%, with respect to the control tests. The data of the main compounds related to the health and sensory notes also showed high variability as a consequence of the genetic origins of the olive cultivars.

Cell disruption pre-treatments towards an effective recovery of oil from Yarrowia lipolytica oleaginous yeast

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of different cell disruption techniques on oil extraction from Y. lipolytica oleaginous yeast. The techniques tested were mechanical expression (ME), moderate pulsed electric field assisted mechanical expression (MPEF-ME), high pulsed electric fields (HPEF), high voltage electrical discharges (HVED), ultrasound (US), and high-pressure homogenization (HPH). The impact of each cell disruption technique on fatty acid composition was investigated. Results show that the most efficient technique for Y. lipolytica disruption was HPH leading to the obtaining of 83.8 ± 4.8% oil extraction yield, compared to only 19.8 ± 0.5% for the control, without any pre-treatment. In terms of fatty acid composition, HVED induced significant changes in almost all the analyzed fatty acids, while US was the softest technique. HPH, ME, and MPEF-ME induced changes in the content of some fatty acids.

Enhancing bio-oil extraction using instant controlled pressure drop texturing

Instant controlled pressure drop technology (in French: Détente Instantanée Contrôlée or DIC) was used as a texturing or pretreatment process to intensify bio-oil extraction from oil containing seeds. Safflower and castor seeds were selected and the impact of the most important factors including steam pressure (1–3.5bar), heating time (20–120s), number of cycles (1–5) and mean particle diameter (1.0–4.0mm) was evaluated by applying response surface methodology (RSM). Optimum operating conditions were obtained as 2.4bar, 20s, 5 cycles and 1mm for safflower seeds; and 3.5bar, 20s and 1 cycle for castor seeds. Under optimized conditions, solvent extraction of DIC-treated samples showed improved mass transfer and the oil extraction yield were increased 70.43% and 14.15%; that is, from 17.52 and 43.24wt% to 29.86 and 49.36wt% for the untreated safflower and castor seeds, respectively. In both cases, the fatty acid profiles were not considerably affected by the texturing process. The morphological structures of the seeds were observed and compared by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM images revealed more porous structures which improved mass transfer within the plant matrix.

STORAGE POTENTIAL OF PEELED CRAMBE FOR OIL QUALITY

Peeling of crambe fruits, besides increasing the yield of mechanical oil extraction, can increase its apparent specific mass from about 330 to 700 kgm−3, reducing transport and storage operating costs, as well as increasing cake protein content. However, there is no information on the quality of the oil extracted from the stored unpeeled crambe. This study aimed to assess the possible effects of peeling fruits submitted to different storage systems. For nine months, peeled and unpeeled crambe fruits were stored in conventional (permeable) and hermetic packages and water content, fatty acid, and acidity and oil peroxide indices were monitored. The experimental design was a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 x 3triple factorial, with three replications. After analysis of variance, the mean data were compared by the Tukey’s test, being considered significant when p<0.05. The results showed that peeled crambe had better conservation in relation to that unpeeled, mainly when submitted to the hermetic storage system.

A selective extraction of hydroxytyrosol rich olive oil from alperujo

Alperujo, the solid-liquid waste generated by the current two-phase method of olive oil extraction, was dried, milled and treated with supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) to obtain a hydroxytyrosol (HT)-rich oil. At first, extraction rates were analysed as a function of operating variables and the pre-condition of the raw material. Samples with particle size diameter <0.80 mm and in equilibrium moisture (1%) with the atmosphere, improved oil extraction yield almost 40% compared with samples with the whole range of particle sizes. Extraction yield improved with solvent flow rate, but a minimum residence time was required. The optimum was 0.18 kg h−1 (7.5 kg CO2 h−1 kg biomass−1). Higher pressures and lower temperatures resulted in higher extraction yields; at 30 MPa and 323 K the extraction curve slope was close to the theoretical oil solubility and the yield was 13%, like that obtained with n-hexane by Soxhlet (14%). However, the HPLC-DAD analysis identified higher HT concentration (1900 ppm) in the supercritical extracts at the highest temperature. Consequently, at 373 K, the total phenol content and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was uppermost. No HT was found in the n-hexane extracts.

Oil Extraction and Evaluation from Yellow Horn Using a Microwave-Assisted Aqueous Saline Process.

This study investigates an aqueous salt process (ASP) combined with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the seed oil extraction from yellow horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge). The NaCl concentration in the oil extraction process affected the oil extraction yield. Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize the extraction process. The optimal operating parameters were: 24 g/L NaCl, 300 W microwave power, 4:1 water to material ratio, an 80 min extraction time, and 45 °C extraction temperature. The chemical composition of the extracted seed oil was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This extraction technique for yellow horn seed oil provided high throughput and high-quality oil. The present research offers a kind of green extraction method for edible oil in the food industry.

Microwave-assisted extraction of hempseed oil: studying and comparing of fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, physiochemical and thermal properties with Soxhlet extraction.

This work aimed to investigate the effects of the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) on the hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) oil yield, oxidation stability, and antioxidant activity. Power (300, 450, and 600W) and time (5, 10, and 15min) were independent variables while oil extraction yield, peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (AV), TOTOX value (TV), and DPPH scavenging activity were considered as dependent ones. Optimization was conducted by response surface methodology where the optimum point was 450W and 7.19min. In this point, the extraction yield obtained 33.91% w/w and the oil showed acceptable oxidation quality (PV of 2.5meq/kg, AV of 0.67, and TV of 5.67) and antioxidant activity with the IC50 value of 30.82mg/mL. The Soxhlet extraction (SE) method was carried out to be compared with MAE. It showed relatively higher oil extraction yield (37.93% w/w) but lower oil oxidation stability with PV of 6.4meq/kg, AV of 3.69, TV of 16.49, and higher amount of IC50 32.47mg/mL which showed lower antioxidant activity. Any significant difference between fatty acid compositions was not observed with the dominant amounts of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. Also, the tocopherol contents and thermal properties were studied by HPLC and DSC, respectively. MAE showed higher total tocopherol content (929.67mg/kg) than SE (832.61mg/kg) and γ-tocopherol was dominant. Moreover, DSC analysis showed that both profiles (crystallization and melting transitions) are likely influenced mostly by the triglyceride compositions and crystals structure.

Amygdalin Contents of Oil and Meal from Wild Almond: Effect of Different Heat Pretreatment and Extraction Methods

AbstractThe effects of different heat treatment methods on the extraction yield of oil and the amygdalin contents of the wild almond meal and oil were investigated. When using hexane as a solvent for the extraction, oil yield and amygdalin contents of the extracted oils increased by increasing the applied temperature as the pretreatment (46.1–51.6%, w/w, for oil yield and 26–49 mg/100 mL oil for the amygdalin content). When using mechanical oil extraction, hot‐press resulted in higher oil yield (23.2%) than did the cold‐press (15.6%) but the amygdalin levels of the extracted oils were not significantly different (12.8–12.9 mg/100 mL oil). Autoclaving ground wild almond and hot‐press resulted in a significant increase in the peroxide and acid values of the oils. Investigation of fatty acid profiles of different samples showed that heat treatment and extraction method in this study did not impact the fatty acid profiles of the extracted oils.

Rose Hip Seed Oil: Methods of Extraction and Chemical Composition

Recently, there has been growing interest in the use of uncommon plant oils in the food and cosmetic industries. Oils obtained from Rosa canina L. and R. rubiginosa L. seeds are widespread on the market and recommended for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional purposes. Both these oils are quite well investigated. However, Rosa L. genus includes numerous other species bearing fruits (hips) with seeds rich in active compounds. These rose species may also be a source of oil valuable for purposes above mentioned. Thus recent literature relating to rosehip seed oils, its extraction methods and composition are summarized to provide an overview of the published data on this subject. The goal of this article is to deliver necessary background with references for an up‐to‐date perspective of different rose species' seed oils, to review methods for their isolation, and thereby to compare oil extraction yield and composition.Practical Applications: This review underscores the importance of rose hip seed oil as a product for healthier foods and other purposes.Uncommon plant oils have recently gained popularity in the food and cosmetic industries. Oils obtained from Rosa canina and R. rubiginosa seeds are recommended for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional purposes. Moreover, Rosa L. genus includes numerous other species' seeds rich in active compounds. Thus recent literature relating to rose hip seed oils, its extraction methods, and composition are summarized to provide an overview of the published data on this subject.