Oil Extraction Rate Research Articles

KAJIAN MANAJEMEN MUTU DALAM PENCAPAIAN RENDEMEN CPO (CRUDE PALM OIL) ( STUDI KASUS : PT. BAKRIE SUMATERA PLANTATION TBK KISARAN PALM OIL MILL )

The achievement of oil Extraction Rate is one of the palm oil mill performances that needs to be continuouslyimproved. The achievement of oil Extraction Rate is obtained from efforts to synergize plant parts andprocessing plants which must be managed with a good management system. The implementation of anappropriate and consistent quality management system (Plan, do, check, action/PDCA) is expected toincrease optimal yield in accordance with predetermined targets. This research method is descriptivequantitative with research variables processing capacity, production yield, production quality and processingcosts. The results showed that (1) The company's management efforts in achieving CPO yield are integratingonfarm and off farm that are managed by implementing a quality managemen System (Plan, do, Check,Action/PDCA). (2) The Relationship of the ISO 9001;2015 to that affect the yield of CPO : (a) Planned 23,5% oil yield by 2020, (b) Establish and implement SOP and IK in onfarm and off farm. (c) Performs externaland Internal audits every years.

STUDY OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN ACHIEVING CPO RENDEMEN

The achievement of oil Extraction Rate is one of the palm oil mill performances that needs to be continuously improved. The achievement of oil Extraction Rate is obtained from efforts to synergize plant parts and processing plants which must be managed with a good management system. The implementation of an appropriate and consistent quality management system (Plan, do, check, action/PDCA) is expected to increase optimal yield in accordance with predetermined targets. This research method is descriptive quantitative with research variables processing capacity, production yield, production quality and processing costs.
 The results showed that (1) The company's management efforts in achieving CPO yield are integrating onfarm and off farm that are managed by implementing a quality managemen System (Plan, do, Check, Action/PDCA). (2) The Relationship of the ISO 9001;2015 to that affect the yield of CPO : (a) Planned 23,5 % oil yield by 2020, (b) Establish and implement SOP and IK in onfarm and off farm. (c) Performs external and Internal audits every years.

Enzymolysis-Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation for Extraction of Volatile Oil from Atractylodes Chinensis and Its Hypoglycemic Activity in vitro.

Atractylodes chinensis (family Asteraceae) is a perennial herb with many pharmacological effects. Extraction of volatile oil from Atractylodes chinensis was optimized and its hypoglycemic activities were studied. Enzymolysis-microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (EMAHD) was adopted to extract the volatile oil, and the technology was optimized using a single-factor experiment that incorporated response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction rates of volatile oil by EMAHD, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and hydrodistillation (HD) methods were compared at different times. The ingredients of Atractylodes chinensis volatile oil were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the microstructural changes in Atractylodes chinensis residue before and after extraction. The inhibition of α-amylase activity was determined. The obtained optimal extraction conditions for EMAHD were as follows: enzyme concentration 1.6%, pH 7, enzymolysis time 20 min, enzymolysis temperature 50°C, liquid-solid ratio 30:1, microwave power 455 W, and microwave time 40 min. The levels of the main ingredients and the in vitro inhibition of α-amylase activities were higher for Atractylodes chinensis volatile oil extracted by EMAHD than by HD or MAHD. The powder residue of Atractylodes chinensis remaining after EMAHD showed a ruptured and collapsed cell structure, indicating accelerated dissolution of the volatile oil. EMAHD is deemed a method with many advantages for extraction of volatile oil from Atractylodes chinensis. The volatile oil of Atractylodes chinensis is a promising component for treating hyperglycemia.

Evaluation on TVET Assessment in Oil Palm Operation Focuses on Mechanized FFB Harvesting and Collecting

Technical Vocational Education Training (TVET) is a work-based education and training process with a strong emphasis on industry practice. The purpose of this paper is to study whether TVET in oil palm industry can produce a competent trainee in Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) harvesting and collecting. A competent trainee must have knowledge and skill to do job successfully. A qualified harvester cuts the ripe FFB to maximize Oil Extraction Rate (OER) and prunes the optimum frond number. Same goes to a trained collector picks FFB as well as loose fruit within 24 hours to minimize Free Fatty Acid (FFA). By studying National Occupational Skills Standards (NOSS) used, Pusat Latihan Sawit Malaysia (PLASMA) standard practice, and analysing trainee’s examination results, this study shows PLASMA capable and able to train skilled workers in oil palm industry. Several recommendations and suggestions have been highlighted in ensuring the improvement of the PLASMA quality and maintain its value and standard in the future as well as to the oil palm plantation company to take serious action for hiring the TVET trainee as their skilled workers.

Improving Sustainability of Palm Oil Production by Increasing Oil Extraction Rate: a Review

Palm oil is the world’s most-produced vegetable oil that is serving as an important source of food and energy for many developing and underdeveloped countries. The global demand for palm oil will continue to rise, owing to the growing population and economy. Presently, tremendous efforts have been devoted to improving the sustainability of palm oil production. One strategy is to improve the oil extraction rate (OER) during the milling process. The average OER in Malaysia has remained stagnant between 19 and 21% for the past 40 years. Based on the world production of palm oil in 2018, approximately 3 million tonnes of additional palm oil can be produced globally with a 1% increase in OER. In this paper, the current status of the palm oil milling process and the factors affecting the OER are discussed. Subsequently, the methods to improve the OER are reviewed. Furthermore, the importance of producing good quality oil whilst improving the OER is emphasised. In conclusion, some of the methods reviewed have the potential for industrial application and they warrant further investigation.

Complementing assisted pollination with artificial pollination in oil palm crops planted with interspecific hybrids O × G (Elaeis guineensis × Elaeis oleifera): Is it profitable?

A total of 70 000 hectares have been dedicated to the cultivation of the interspecific hybrid O × G in Colombia as of 2020. There was a need to introduce what is known as “assisted pollination” for these O × G crops. In 2018, the Colombian Oil Palm Research Center (Cenipalma) released artificial pollination, which consists of applying naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) as a complement to assisted pollination, with the goal of promoting the formation of oil in parthenocarpic fruits. Given the recent introduction of artificial pollination, a research study was proposed with the objective of analyzing the cost-benefit relationship from introducing artificial pollination, both during the cultivation and oil extraction stages. From a methodological point of view, the costs per unit were estimated based on the outcome from plantations in the Colombian Urabá region using two different treatments: the first consists of carrying out assisted pollination during anthesis (applying E. guineensis pollen when the flowers are receptive); the second consists of complementing assisted pollination with NAA application at 7 and 14 days after anthesis. The results indicate that the use of NAA increases net income by 7.7% per hectare of crop. Furthermore, the production costs of a metric ton of palm oil decreases by −9% mainly due to the increase in the oil extraction rate.

Implementation of Four Terminal Fruit Battery With Charge Switching

Palm oil sector is considered one of main economical contributions in countries such a Malaysia where approximately 6.1% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is contributed. Low Oil Extraction Rate (OER) from poor quality fresh fruit bunches have led to a decrease the oil palm production. The traditional method of using human naked eye to inspect the Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) during reception process is one of common methods that is still being practiced which eventually would lead to inaccuracy in grading and harvesting. This paper presents a new approach to identify the maturity of oil palm fruit using fruit-based maturity sensor and the electronic circuit. The study utilizes multiple terminals to evaluate the sensitivity of the sensor by analyzing the relation between the load voltage and the moisture content in the oil palm fruit. The sensitivity of the sensor increased by three-fold when four terminal fruit battery was used compared to single terminals with 47.61% for the moisture range of 50-80% value. This proposed approach significantly improved the accuracy in grading the oil palm fruit which is the most common challenge posed during the reception process.

KERANGKA KERJA SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT INDUSTRI KELAPA SAWIT DI INDONESIA

Abstract This paper combines three main concept including supply chain management, sustainability and risk management which is put palm oil Industry in Indonesia as an object. It explores sustainability-related supply chain risk from principle and criteria of roundtable sustainable palm oil (RSPO) and Indonesian sustainable palm oil (ISPO), distinguishes them from common supply chain risks and develop framework for their management. 45 risks across the three main pillars of sustainability (environmental, social, economic/financial) are identified from extensive review from principle and criteria of RSPO and ISPO. The fuzzy failure mode and effect analysis (fuzzy FMEA) approach is utilized to assess the relative importance of 45 risks. Based on the findings of the study, risks response and treatments are proposed for each sustainability-related supply chain risks. The findings show generally three most important risks are low OER (oil extraction rate), FFB (fresh fruit bunch) looting, un-fulfill palm oil mill capacity, respectively. Finally, integrated sustainable supply chain risk management approaches need to implement by the management of palm oil industry.

Effect of moisture content on the extraction rate of coffee oil from spent coffee grounds using Norflurane as solvent

Recently, vegetable oils have been widely used in several industrial fields as food additives, biofuels, cosmetic ingredients, packaging materials, or pharmaceutical compounds. In this study, we investigated the extraction of lipids from spent coffee grounds using an innovative system and the hydrofluorocarbon Norflurane, as solvent. Extraction experiments were performed on matrices at different levels of moisture under a recirculating solvent flow in the pressure range 5−11 bar.The results confirmed the effectiveness of the novel extraction process on wet, dried and partially dried matrices, and the oil yields and the extraction times (approximately 92% in 75, 90 and 285 min respectively) were comparable with those obtained using the more expensive supercritical CO2 process. A kinetic approach was used to model the extraction rates of wet, dry and partially dried samples. It showed that a partial drying of the SCG promoted the solubilization of oil in Norflurane during the first extraction stage and improved the contact between Norflurane and the oily solute.The fatty acid profiles of the extracts were determined and the results revealed the presence of palmitic (C 16:0) and linoleic (C 18:2) acids, as major components, and stearic (C 18:0) and oleic (C 18:1) acids, as minor components.

Влияние литолого-фациальных зон на эффективность пароциклических обработок (на примере пермокарбоновой залежи сверхвязкой нефти Усинского месторождения Республики Коми)

The influence of lithologic facies zones on the development of the Permian-Carboniferous reservoir of the Usinskoye oil field was evaluated. To meet the objective, reservoir porosity and permeability of each lithologic facies zone were addressed, the facial zoning influence on the rate of oil extraction in the Permian-Carboniferous reservoir of the Usinskoye oil field was analyzed, and the performance was evaluated after cyclic steam injection. The research deals with the Permian-Carboniferous reservoir of the Usinskoye oil field in the Komi Republic. In accordance with a developed format, a database of core analysis results and a base on cyclic steam simulation efficiency for the period of 5 years were collected. To determine the belonging of facies, we used the classification system for carbonate rocks suggested by Robert J. Dunham with the additions proposed by A.F. Embry and J.E. Klovan (based on the prevalence of structure components in limestone, the grouting agent type, as well as their interrelation in the rock). Based on the material composition of the rock and on the structural parameter, the following three main facies zones were identified: shallow-water carbonates (internal ramp zone), organogenic buildup (middle ramp zone), shallow-water offshore plain (middle ramp zone, external ramp zone in part). In addition, among the facies, it is possible to single out a moderately deep-water offshore plain (external ramp zone). In accordance with the research results, curves of the displacement coefficient distribution related to porosity were obtained and guidelines on determining the priority drilling sites within the area were given. As per the core analysis results, in the eastern part of the field, a zone of organogenic buildups was clearly determined; such buildups were formed mainly in the middle and late Carboniferous Period and Early Permian period. In the north-western part of the field, the existence of an internal ramp with shallow-water carbonate facies was assumed. The location of the priority drilling wells was chosen with regard to the fact that each cluster of development drilling wells is to penetrate facies of organogenic buildups having the best reservoir properties and oil displacement efficiency.

Effect of Charging Parameter on Fruit Battery-Based Oil Palm Maturity Sensor.

Oil palm is one of the key industries highly observed in Malaysia, due to its high demand both whether locally or internationally. The oil extraction rate (OER) in palm oil production is used as an element to identify the performance of the mills, estates and producers. In view of this, there are specific instrument or sensor needs to be implemented at the mills especially during the reception of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) transported from the field for oil content processing. This paper aims to study and propose the use of a fruit battery-based oil palm maturity sensor to analyse the effect of the sensor to various parameters. The study utilizes a charging method with different parameters, including a moisture content test on the palm oil samples. Three types of parameters are tested along with the different grades of oil palm fruit from different bunches, such as the load resistance, charging voltage and charging time. The repeatability data of the samples are obtained with the used list of values in each parameter. The results show that the parameters tested for the unripe, under ripe and ripe samples can affect the sensor sensitivity.

Simulation and exploration of cavitation process during microalgae oil extracting with ultrasonic-assisted for hydrogen production

Microalgae is promising to be used as feedstock resources for hydrogen production due to its high oil and grease contents. This promotes the development of extraction technology of microalgae oil. In this study, based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation, the effects of temperature, pressure, ultrasonic power and frequency on the bubble motion of ethanol ultrasound cavitation are investigated. Subsequently, the effects of different process parameters on the extraction rate are studied using Schizochytrium sp. as raw material by stirring or ultrasonic-assisted extraction. And the composition of algae extraction oil is analyzed. The results show that the amplitude of cavitation bubbles increases with the increase of ultrasonic power and decrease of ultrasonic frequency. The extraction rate of algae oil reaches 93.76 ± 0.48% when the ultrasonic power is 150 W, the reaction time is 30 min, the temperature is 50 °C and the liquid-solid ratio is 10:1.

Factors Contributing to Oil Losses in Crude Palm Oil Production Process in Malaysia: A Review

One of the key performance indicators of the palm oil mill is the oil extraction rate (OER), indicating the amount of oil that can be extracted from the fresh fruit bunches (FFB). The OER currently fluctuates throughout the years. Thus, this paper reviews the technical factors contributing to the fluctuation of OER in terms of oil losses in the crude palm oil (CPO) production process in Malaysia. The sources of oil losses could be attributed to oil palm planting materials, loose fruits, ripe bunches and unstripped bunches (USB) andprevention actions have been reported by several researchers. High oil losses also occur at the waste streams during processing, such as steriliser condensate, pressed mesocarp fibre and sludge from clarification process.Moreover, oil losses have a significant impact on CPO revenue. The future outlook of Malaysian CPO is promising for CPO export, import and revenue in the year 2020 due to the implementation of biodiesel (B7, B10 and B20) in the industrial and transport sectors. All relevant parties in the palm oil industry should understand the factors contributing to oil losses for necessary actions taken to improve OER and reduce oil losses as well as achieve a sustainable palm oil industry.
 Keywords; palm oil, oil loss, oil extraction rate, sustainable

Performance assessment and metagenomic analysis of full-scale innovative two-stage anaerobic digestion biogas plant for food wastes treatment

Food waste (FW) is an impending issue, and its resource recovery and energy recycling have become a hotspot in the academic community. This paper presents an innovative integrated two-stage anaerobic digestion process that can enhance anaerobic digestion of food waste. The new technology is an attractive solution to resolve difficulties related to productivity and system optimization in traditional single and double-stage FW digestion processes. The study revealed that the oil extraction rate increased from 2% to 3%–4% after process improvement, and the specific biogas production of the integrated two-stage biogas plant (50.2 m3/t) was 10.54% higher than single-stage biogas plant. Metagenome data analysis indicated that aceticlastic methanogenesis was the main route for methane production in the integrated two-stage biogas plant. Considering the short payback time (1.5 years), high net present value (11.49 million) and internal rate of return (36.97%), this biogas project was economically viable. In this context, this innovative process got through the recycling bottleneck of food waste and promoted the industrialization of anaerobic treatment of food waste.

Effect of Stirring Rate and Freezing Time on the Percentage of Recovery of Residual Oil from Palm Oil Mill Effluent via a Stirred Freeze Crystallizer

In palm oil industries, treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) is still problematic due to both technologies sustainability and management will. In conjunction with the POME problem, increasing the oil extraction rate (OER) is also the most crucial task for these palm oil production community. The most promising method to address these two challenges is by direct recovering of lost oil in the POME. Among the popular separation processes for recovery of residual oil from POME are by using evaporation, adsorption and reverse osmosis as process media generated a good amount of percentage recovery of residual oil from the effluent. However, these methods require high amount of energy and the process itself are complex where it can affect the quality of the residual oil. The goal of this project is to extract and recover the residual oil in POME using an advanced approach called progressive freezing, in order to meet the standard quality discharged of effluent and improve oil extraction rate (OER). In this research, a cylindrical stirred freeze crystallizer was designed and fabricated, where the crystallizer was immersed in a refrigerated water bath for cooling purpose. The effect of stirring rate and freezing time on the percentage of recovery of residual oil was investigated. It was found that higher stirring rate resulted in a lower percentage oil recovery, which translated into low efficiency. On the other hand, higher percentage of oil recovery was monitored as the freezing time is prolong from 20 to 60 minutes. The highest percentage oil recovery of 76.5% was obtained at coolant temperature of 2°C, freezing time of 40 minutes and the stirring rate of 150rpm.

Planting density of Perilla frutescens PA-type

Two medicinal PA type Perilla germplasms were planted at five planting densities(D1,2 500 plants/Mu;D2,5 500 plants/Mu;D3,8 500 plants/Mu;D4,11 500 plants/Mu;D5,14 500 plants/Mu;1 Mu≈667 m~2). A total of 17 traits, including leaf shape, plant type, yield, volatile oil content and composition, were recorded and studied. With the planting density increased, the leaves appeared narrow, plants small, the deciduous leaves increased, and the leaf yield per plant was low, but the leaf yield per Mu increases significantly with the planting density, and was basically stable after reaching D4. The extraction rate of volatile oil from leaves at planting density D2-D5 was about 0.1% higher than that of D1, and there was no significant difference in the relative content of perillaldehyde, among 5 density. In order to achieve high leaf yield, it is recommended to plant at a density of D4, 11 500 plants/Mu(plant spacing is 15 cm, and row spacing is 40 cm); while comprehensive leaf yield and leaf morphology are recommended to be planted at a density of D2, 5 500 plants/Mu(plant spacing is 30 cm, and row spacing is 40 cm). At the same time, dense planting resistance of two germplasms were different. Number of secondary branches, first section with leaves and plant types were most important feature for the evaluation of the density tolerance of PA-type Perilla. This study provided a reference for the suitable density of PA-type Perilla, and laid a foundation for further study of the tolerance characteristics of different Perilla.

Essential oils from three kinds of fingered citrons and their antibacterial activities

Fingered citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle, Foshou in Chinese) is well known as an excellent and popular Chinese herbal medicine and functional vegetable. Fingered citron is rich of essential oil, which exhibits antioxidant, antiradical, and antimicrobial properties. In order to improve the extraction rate of essential oil from three kinds of fingered citrons and understand their activities, the optimal auxiliary extraction conditions of essential oils and their antibacterial activities were analyzed in this work. Fingered citron essential oil (FEO) extracted by the reflux method was analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), and their antimicrobial activities were detected by the disc diffusion method. The results showed that the best auxiliary condition for FEO extraction was ultrasonic combined with 9 % NaCl. The extraction rate of 9 % NaCl combined with ultrasonic was the highest (1.80 %) compared with the control (1.15 %). The compositions of FEOs extracted from three kinds of fingered citrons were mainly composed of alkenes, such as d-limonene and γ-terpinene. However, contents of the compositions were significantly different in three kinds of fingered citrons. The Gold fingered citron essential oil possessed the highest content of d-limonene which close to 50 %, and that in the Cantonese fingered citron essential oil was only 27.60 %. A certain amount of ethanol contained in the Sichuan fingered citron essential oil and aldehyde contained in the Cantonese fingered citron essential oil. Moreover, the three FEOs had different antibacterial effects. In three kinds of fingered citron, the antibacterial effect of the Gold fingered citron essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus was the strongest. The Cantonese citron essential oil had the strongest antibacterial effect on Enterococcus faecalis, and the Sichuan citron essential oil had the strongest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. These findings could help us to develop citron essential oils as natural antibacterial agents, new drugs, food additives and other products.

Optical properties of oil palm Fresh Fruits Bunch (FFB) for optimum harvest-window prediction

Oil palm is among the strategic commodity of Indonesian agroindustry. The oil produced from the fresh fruits bunch through several steps of extraction process. The oil palm industry contributes to the advancement of country’s economy, development and human resource. It provides job for more than 50 million Indonesian, directly or through secondary activities. Today, the industry needs to improved its efficiency, to address market competition and global demand. In the upstream region, oil palm plantation still practices outdated method, particularly harvest. Improper harvest decision contributes to national production loss of 15%. This study aimed to identify the optimum time for harvesting the oil palm FFB. When harvested on prime and optimum ripe, the FFB can yield 25-28% of oil extraction rate (OER), much higher than the current 18-20% nation-wide OER. While the FFB is commonly harvest according to its physical properties (fruits’ colour and the number of loose fruits), the visual based observation is subjective and prone to influence by the mental state of the labour. Here, device which can identify the FFB true ripeness is needed to perform proper harvest when the FFB truly obtained its optimum ripe. Our previous studies suggest that, upon grading, the FFB quality can be identified by its optical properties. The same approach opens the possibility to be used when evaluating the FFB for harvest. In this study, the FFB colour model was established to identify the optimum harvest window of FFB under observation.

Fruit Battery Method for Oil Palm Fruit Ripeness Sensor and Comparison with Computer Vision Method.

Oil palm ripeness’ main evaluation procedure is traditionally accomplished by human vision. However, the dependency on human evaluators to grade the ripeness of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) by traditional means could lead to inaccuracy that can cause a reduction in oil palm fruit oil extraction rate (OER). This paper emphasizes the fruit battery method to distinguish oil palm fruit FFB ripeness stages by determining the value of load resistance voltage and its moisture content resolution. In addition, computer vision using a color feature is tested on the same samples to compare the accuracy score using support vector machine (SVM). The accuracy score results of the fruit battery, computer vision, and a combination of both methods’ accuracy scores are evaluated and compared. When the ripe and unripe samples were tested for load resistance voltage ranging from 10 Ω to 10 kΩ, three resistance values were shortlisted and tested for moisture content resolution evaluation. A 1 kΩ load resistance showed the best moisture content resolution, and the results were used for accuracy score evaluation comparison with computer vision. From the results obtained, the accuracy scores for the combination method are the highest, followed by the fruit battery and computer vision methods.

Removal of Oil from SZ36-1 Simulated Oil Sands Using Sophorolipid Biosurfactant

The sophorolipid biosurfactant was used to remove the oil from the SZ36-1 simulated oil sands. The effects of the sophorolipid concentration, the mass ratio of sophorolipid solution to oil sands (liquid/solid ratio), and the extraction time on the oil extraction efficiency were investigated. Based on the single-factor tests, the optimum results were obtained under the conditions of sophorolipid solution concentration to be 100 mg·L−1, the liquid/solid ratio to be 50:1 and the extraction time to be 2 h. The corresponding oil extraction rate from oil sands reached up to 42%, which was comparable to the result from 2.5 g·L−1 chemical surfactant of sodium dodecyl sulfate (the value of 2.5 g·L−1 was higher than its critical micelle concentration). The oil extraction rate of crude oil with sophorolipid solution was almost not affected by the existence of sodium chloride. The sophorolipid biosurfactant has high surface activity and good oil removing capacity, and is expected to replace the synthetic surfactants to be used in petroleum exploitation and crude oil pollution treatment.