Oil Extraction Process Research Articles

Analytical Compatibility between Various Techniques for Determining Dissolved Manganese in Produced Water

Petroleum-produced water is the primary effluent generated during the oil extraction process, presenting high flow rates, and containing a series of chemical components that are harmful to the environment, such as dissolved manganese. The proof of metrological compatibility between laboratories and different test methods or techniques is an analytical challenge when complying with environmental laws and regulations, which is the aim of this study. The first step of this study was to compare the results of manganese content in real test samples of produced water between some laboratories that used different test methods, that is, flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Based on one-way analysis of variance, systematic errors were found. The following step was to visit a specific lab, where one could confirm the relevance of the wavelength parameters, operating conditions for the view configuration, and effects of the saline matrices. Finally, a compatibility assessment between the reference laboratory and a new laboratory, which implemented and validated its analytical methodology based on these analytical adjustments, and the experiences and lessons learned in the previous step, was undertaken by a paired t-test.

Optimization of Bear Oil Extraction Process and Hair Growth Activity.

According to ancient Chinese books, bear grease has the effects of strengthening muscles and bones, which is beneficial for weakness, but there is relatively little research on it. Thus, the extraction of it is beneficial for compensating for research in this area. In this study, a uniform experimental design method was used to optimize the extraction process of bear grease by enzymatic hydrolysis extraction, and the extraction rate can reach 81.89% under optimized extraction conditions. Furthermore, the components of bear grease obtained by this study were analyzed by GC-MS, and the results showed that ursolic oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acids (67.51%), which was higher than that of the traditional method (66.92%). The composition of bear grease extracted by the enzymatic method was also better than that extracted by the traditional method. In addition, bear grease obtained in this study had the obvious activity of promoting hair growth. The length, weight, and number of hair follicles in the depilation area of mice in the high-dose group were significantly different from those in the blank group (p < 0.01). This study optimized the extraction process of bear grease and conducted a preliminary analysis of its fatty acid composition, which is expected to provide some reference for the development of the medicinal value of bear grease.

Effects of screw pressing conditions on fodder radish seed oil yield, throughput, and fatty acid profile

AbstractThis study aims to explore the influence of screw frequency, nozzle diameter, and press head temperature on critical crude fodder radish seed oil (FRSO) yield, throughput, and fatty acid composition. A quadratic equation, developed using response surface methodology, fitted the experimental data for oil yield. It was substantiated by a non‐significant lack‐of‐fit, commendable coefficient‐of‐determination (R2 = 0.782), and a modest mean relative percentage deviation (±7.27%). The analysis of variance pinpointed the statistical significance of press head temperature, nozzle size, and the squared term of press head temperature. The highest FRSO yield (17.61%)—corresponding to an extraction efficiency of 51.3% was found with a screw frequency of 50 Hz, at 80°C, and an 8 mm nozzle. A linear model highlighted that all three pressing factors significantly influenced the FRSO throughput. FRSO consists of C18:1 (30.9%), C22:1 (20.8%), C18:2 (14.9%), and C18:3 (11.9%), aligning with the compositions reported in other studies on fodder radish oils.Practical applicationsEffective control of cold pressing parameters is paramount to maximize oil yield and throughput during the oil extraction process and to ensure the appropriate oil quality. A comprehensive understanding of the intricacies of this process, while carefully considering key parameters, which is essential to ensure efficiency, is achieved through a combination of experimental and statistical methods. This study marks the inaugural attempt to optimize screw pressing for fodder radish seeds while conducting a comparative analysis with hydraulic pressing and the Soxhlet extraction method, focusing on oil yield, throughput, and fatty acid composition within the system by employing a modeling approach for oil extraction. Through the utilization of the response surface methodology coupled with various experimental designs, the processing conditions are successfully optimized. The valuable data gathered can aid equipment design for an efficient, eco‐friendly oil extraction process. Furthermore, the oil extracted under the optimized conditions met the quality standards.

Experimental study on the evolution process of hydrate deposition, blockage and decomposition in reducing pipeline

BackgroundIn the process of deep-water oil and gas extraction, due to the special structure of the reducing pipeline, the flow field of the pipeline changes here, making it easier for hydrates to form and accumulate at reduced-diameter zone and increasing the risk of pipeline blockage. MethodsAiming at the problem of hydrate deposition and blockage in reducing pipeline, an experimental study was carried out through the self-designed and reduced-diameter transparent flow loop to investigate the hydrate deposition and blockage and decomposition evolution of hydrate at reduced-diameter zone under different conditions of flow velocities and initial cyclopentane volume contents. Significant FindingsThe study found that the flow field formed at reduced-diameter zone was the main reason affecting the distribution of hydrate particles, and the flow velocity and the initial hydrate volume fraction were the main controlling factors affecting the blockage in reducing pipeline. The flow velocity of 1.6 m/s was determined as the safe boundary for cyclopentane hydrate in reducing pipeline. Based on the experimental results, the mechanism of cyclopentane hydrate deposition and blockage in reducing pipeline was revealed, and targeted prevention and control methods for hydrate blockage at reduced-diameter zone were proposed. It is of great significance to ensure the safe flow of hydrate in reducing pipeline.

Determinación de la actividad antimicótica de los aceites esenciales de eucalipto, molle y romero sobre (Fusarium sp; Pythium sp; Rhizoctonia sp), agentes causales del mal de almacigo en condiciones de laboratorio

Introduction: The proliferation of a large number of fungi, diseases, and pests, due to the imbalance of soil mycostasis, is due to the irrational use of pesticides, fungicides, and the use of inefficient agronomic practices, such as monoculture, traditional sowing, and deforestation. Factors that have caused serious problems in environmental balance and human health. One of the possible alternatives to regulate this imbalance is the application of extracts of plant origin to control fungi, pests, and diseases in crops. Objectives: “The objective of this research was to determine the antifungal activity and the inhibition capacity of the extraction process of the essential oils of Eucalyptus, molle and rosemary, on fungi (Fusarium sp. Pythium sp. Rhizoctonia sp. and Sclerotium sp.), causal agents of almacigo disease Damping off. Applying the Methodology: isolation, analysis of variance, Completely Randomized Design (DCA),” separation of means and 5% Tukey test, Determination of effective dose 50, Inhibition capacity, Linear regression analysis; obtaining the following. Results: “The fungi under study are slow growing, no pathogen was able to populate the surface of the Petri dish from 24 to 120 hours, the radial growth rate being presented in the following order: Pythium sp. with 32mm, Rhizoctonia sp. with 30.82 mm, Fusarium sp. with 23.42mm and finally Sclerotium sp with 19 mm. The best treatments were the distillates of Eucalyptus, Molle and Rosemary and the wastewater fraction of Rosemary, which managed to inhibit 91.46%; 93.48% and 94.26% on Fusarium Sp., Phytium Sp., Rhizoctonia sp. and Sclerotium sp. respectively. Conclusions: “The use of essential oils is efficient for pest control, so making a comparison with the Benomyl fungicide by determining the effective dose of 50%, it is advisable to use extracts and distillates to avoid causing health problems. and environmental effects. General study area: Phytopathology. Specific study area: Antifungal Activity.

Analysis of the oil extraction process and prospects of automation of screw press operation

Over the last few years, vegetable oils have become an integral food part of the vast majority of the planet's population. In order to preserve all valuable substances in vegetable oils, it is necessary to correctly choose the rational parameters of the oil extraction process. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of various factors on the quantitative and force parameters of the oil extraction process and substantiate the prospective directions of automation of the screw press operation. The research methodology is focused on mathematical modeling of the pressing process and analyzing the stress-strain characteristics of the pressed material (sunflower seeds and cake) at different operational conditions and design parameters of the screw. The obtained results are presented in the form of analytical dependencies of the press output (productivity), extraction pressure, and consumed power on the screw rotational frequency and screw flight pitch. The corresponding graphical dependencies are plotted for visualization of the obtained results with reference to the existing household press LiangTai LTP200. The conclusions on the prospective directions of automation of the screw press operation are drawn. Particularly, the necessity of regulating the temperature of the pressing chamber and extracted oil by means of applying additional heating and cooling devices is substantiated. As well, the sensors that monitor the mass of the extracted oil and the consumed current of the electric motor are proposed to be installed. The rotational frequency of the screw is suggested to be adjustable by applying the frequency converter controlled by the additional electronic system based on the data obtained from the sensors. The paper may be used by scientists and engineers working on designing screw presses and improvement of their performance characteristics. Further investigations on the subject of this research may be focused on experimental verification of the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the extracted oil depending on the type of the seeds or kernels to be pressed, and operational parameters of the press (screw rotation frequency, temperature of the pressing chamber, etc.).

Enhancement of the performance of solar chimneys using associated petroleum gas

ABSTRACT In this article, an idea has been presented that utilizes the heat produced from the petroleum gas burning accompanying the process of oil extraction to enhance the solar chimney performance. The simulation software tool ANSYS Fluent 2020R1 was used to know the possibility of exploiting this waste energy of gas and combining it with a solar chimney. Seven gas channel configurations were tested on the solar chimney to determine which can produce the most electricity. The simulation results showed that this idea could be exploited to produce higher electric energy, and the efficiency of the solar chimney was increased so that the electric energy production process continues for 24 hours instead of production during the sunshine period only. Different designs were considered for the channels inside the solar collector. Case1 and Case2 were meant for validation purposes only. Good agreement was achieved with the previous research with a maximum error of 2%. The results showed that the circular design of the two-ring burner was the best choice which gave the optimum electric power from the system of about 121.1 kW. It was noted that the circular design of the two-ring burner achieved the highest thermal efficiency, which amounted to 0.523%.

Opportunities for Camelina Meal as a Livestock Feed Ingredient

Camelina sativa is an annual oilseed crop that requires low inputs. Recently, interest in camelina oil for both human use and biofuel production has increased. Camelina oil extraction is performed through two main methods, namely, mechanical expulsion and solvent extraction. The resulting meals from the oil extraction process show promise as an animal feed due to their high crude protein content. Solvent extraction removes more oil from the seed, which results in a meal that is lower in fat and higher in crude protein concentration than expelled meal (3.52 vs. 13.69% and 41.04 vs. 34.65%, respectively). Solvent-extracted camelina meal has a similar chemical composition to canola meal but less crude protein and more fiber than soybean meal. Camelina meal is also limited by its anti-nutritional factors, mainly glucosinolates. Camelina meal contains 23.10 to 44.90 mmol/kg of glucosinolates, but processing methods may be able to decrease the total glucosinolates. Heat-treating the camelina meal can decrease glucosinolates and remove residual solvent in the solvent-extracted meal. The fungal fermentation of canola meal has also decreased glucosinolates, which could be used in camelina meal as well. The selective breeding of camelina varieties to decrease glucosinolates in the plant is also a solution to the high glucosinolates found in camelina meal. Current feed regulations in the US and Canada limit camelina meal to 10% inclusion in broiler chicken, laying hen, and cattle diets.

The use of small diameter nozzles in temperature-controlled hemp oil extraction allows high oil yields and good quality residual hemp cake feed.

The use of two nozzle diameters (6 and 8 mm) in a cold (50°C) hemp seed oil extraction process was evaluated in terms of extraction efficiency, and chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of the residual cake. Seeds of the varieties Futura 75 and Uso 31 were pressed using a mechanical press with a cooling device. Five pressings were carried out for each variety and nozzle size, the functional parameters of the extraction processes were recorded, and sample of the residual cakes (n = 20) were analyzed. The 6 mm nozzle determined a higher oil yield (+4%) with a limited increase in temperature in the pressing chamber and in the oil (on average + 3°C compared to the 8 mm nozzle). A lower oil yield and consequently a higher fat content in the corresponding cake was observed when using the 8 mm nozzle. Despite the similar fat content, the two varieties had different oil yields and different residual cake compositions. The gas production kinetic of cakes was influenced by variety but little by nozzle size. Overall, the use of a smaller nozzle in a temperature-controlled extraction process can be a useful option to increase hemp oil yield while maintaining good fermentation characteristics of the residual cakes as ruminant feed.

Examining the methods used to extract various grades of Argan oil sold on the Moroccan market: Implications for quality and safety

The present study focused on the comparison of Argan oil extraction processes and their influence on oil and cake quality and safety. A survey was conducted among Argan oil producers in the Essaouira region of Morocco. The responses revealed that the quality of Argan products is influenced by several factors, the main one being the quality of the fruit. For 25% of responses, representing the women selling Argan oil in the souks, Argan fruits “AQAY” are soaking in water to facilitate the crushing stage. However, this maceration can lead to fermentation and mold. Besides, the quality of the mixing water is different from one response to another. Just 50% of responses came from cooperatives use high microbiological quality water. Eventually, poor-quality water affects the composition and shelf life of Argan products besides consumer health and safety. Furthermore, there is also significant variation in roasting time and temperature, roaster type, and storage conditions. Indeed, these factors have the greatest influence on the quality of Argan products. Consequently, the present investigation has shown that the extraction process from raw material to final product varies considerably between the obtained results. Therefore, extraction processes and storage conditions need to be standardized. This will improve the quality of Argan oil and cake.

Oilfield Reservoir Parameter Inversion Based on 2D Ground Deformation Measurements Acquired by a Time-Series MSBAS-InSAR Method

Time-series ground deformation monitoring and reservoir parameter inversion are crucial for the dynamic assessment of oilfield resources and sustainable exploitation in oilfields. As some of the regions with the richest oil reserves in China, the oilfield areas in the western Qaidam Basin were selected as a typical study area. Firstly, we used SAR images collected by the Sentinel-1A satellite from January 2021 to December 2022 and applied the multidimensional small baseline subset (MSBAS) method to obtain vertical and east–west deformation measurements. On this basis, a nonlinear Bayesian inversion method was applied to model the shallow reservoir in a series of complex deformation areas, based on a single-source model and a multi-source model, respectively. As a result, the ground deformation monitoring results obtained by long time-series InSAR clearly reflect the uneven ground deformation caused by the oil extraction and water injection operation processes. There was slight subsidence in the Huatugou oilfield, while significant uplift deformation occurred in the Ganchaigou oilfield and the Youshashan oilfield, with a maximum uplift rate of 48 mm/year. Further analysis indicated that the introduction of the 2D deformation field helps to improve the robustness of oilfield reservoir parameter inversion. Moreover, the dual-source model is more suitable than the single-source model for inverting reservoir parameters of complex deformation. This study not only fills the gap of InSAR deformation monitoring for the oilfields in the western Qaidam Basin but also provides a theoretical reference for the model and method selection of reservoir parameter inversion in other oilfields.

Overview of Oil Sludge Combustion/Pyrolysis Utilization

With the development of society, the demand for energy is increasing day by day. Today, fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas are still the main energy sources in the world. During the process of oil extraction, refining, transportation, and wastewater treatment, a large amount of oil sludge is generated, which contains a lot of harmful substances that are difficult to degrade automatically. Therefore, international scholars have conducted certain research on the combustion/pyrolysis utilization of oil sludge and have achieved certain research results.

Vidalı Sistem ile Fındık Yağı Ekstraksiyonunda Sıcaklığın Proses Verimi ve Yağ Rengi Üzerine Etkisi

This study was carried out in order to determine the color values of the oils obtained by the oil extraction machine at different temperatures, and the press and energy efficiency of the device. For this purpose, the oils were extracted from Giresun Quality (GQ) and Levant Quality (LQ) hazelnuts by pressing at 5 different temperatures (i.e. cold pressed, 50 °C, 100 °C, 150 °C and 200 °C). The color values of the obtained oils were measured with the HunterLab Color Flex EZ colorimeter device. According to the results, while the oil amount increased with an increase in temperature up to 100 °C in GQ, the extracting time decreased. For LQ, on the other hand, while the extracting time increased with the increase in temperature, the amount of oil obtained decreased. In terms of energy efficiency, the most suitable pressing temperature was determined as 100 oC for GQ and room temperature (20 0C) for LQ. Also, a significant decrease was observed in L* (brightness), b* (yellowness) and color intensity (C*) values with increasing temperature, and a serious color difference (ΔE) emerged in relation to this decrease. In addition, no significant change was observed in a* (redness) and H° (color tone) values (p&amp;gt;0.05). When the change of the efficiency of Giresun quality and Levant quality hazelnuts with temperature in the oil extraction process by the helix method was examined, different results were obtained. While the efficiency increased with higher temperature in Giresun quality hazelnuts, the efficiency increasement with temperature in Levant quality was not observed.

A Review of the Utilization of Canola Protein as an Emulsifier in the Development of Food Emulsions.

Canola is the second-largest cultivated oilseed crop in the world and produces meal consisting of about 35-40% proteins. Despite this, less than 1% of the global plant-based protein market is taken up by canola protein. The reason behind such underutilization of canola protein and its rapeseed counterpart could be the harsh conditions of the industrial oil extraction process, the dark colour of the meal, the presence of various antinutrients, the variability in the protein composition based on the source, and the different properties of the two major protein components. Although academic research has shown immense potential for the use of canola protein and its rapeseed counterpart in emulsion development and stabilization, there is still a vast knowledge gap in efficiently utilizing canola proteins as an effective emulsifier in the development of various emulsion-based foods and beverages. In this context, this review paper summarizes the last 15 years of research on canola and rapeseed proteins as food emulsifiers. It discusses the protein extraction methods, modifications made to improve emulsification, emulsion composition, preparation protocols, and emulsion stability results. The need for further improvement in the scope of the research and reducing the knowledge gap is also highlighted, which could be useful for the food industry to rationally select canola proteins and optimize the processing parameters to obtain products with desirable attributes.

Efficient treatment of oily wastewater, antibacterial activity, and photodegradation of organic dyes using biosynthesized Ag@Fe3O4 nanocomposite.

A significant waste (e.g., high oil content and pollutants such as heavy metals, dyes, and microbial contaminants) in water is generated during crude oil extraction and industrial processes, which poses environmental challenges. This study explores the potential of Ag@Fe3O4 nanocomposite (NC) biosynthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Laurus nobilis for the treatment of oily wastewater. The NC was characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectroscopies. The crystalline structure of the NC was determined to be face-centered cubic with an average size of 42 nm. Ag@Fe3O4 NC exhibited significant degradation (96.8%, 90.1%, and 93.8%) of Rose Bengal (RB), Methylene Blue (MB), and Toluidine Blue (TB), respectively, through a reduction reaction lasting 120 min at a dye concentration of 10 mg/L. The observed reaction kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order model, with rate constants (k-values) of 0.0284 min-1, 0.0189 min-1, and 0.0212 min-1 for RB, MB, and TB, respectively. The fast degradation rate can be attributed to the low band gap (1.9 eV) of Ag@Fe3O4 NC. The NC elicited an impressive effectiveness (99-100%, 98.0%, and 91.8% within 30 min) in removing, under sunlight irradiation, several heavy metals, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and total suspended solids (TSS) from the oily water samples. Furthermore, Ag@Fe3O4 NC displayed potent antibacterial properties and a good biocompatibility. These findings contribute to the development of efficient and cost-effective methods for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.

Optimization of essential oil extraction process from Piper nigrum L. by-products and investigation of its biological activities

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is an industrial crop commonly grown in Vietnam. Besides its economic value, its processing released large amounts of by-products into the environment including leaves, flatterned seeds, and seed-bearing branches. The objective of this study was to optimize the extraction of essential oil from the mixture of three black pepper by-products and evaluate its biological activities in order to exploit the potential value of the by-products. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation in which the extraction conditions including extraction time, water to feed ratio, and ultrasonic pretreated time were optimized. The results showed that the highest essential oil yield was achieved after 4 h of extraction at a water to feed ratio of 10:1, and 10 min of ultrasonic pre-treament. Isospathulenol, β-selinene, caryophyllene, α-pinene, and α-copaene were identified as the main components of the essential oil as a result of chemical composition analysis using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The essential oils exhibited 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity with an IC50 value of 4.205 mg/mL and antibacterial capacity against four strains of bacteria, including Bacillus spizizenii, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica with the diameters of inhibition zone of 11.37 mm, 4.12 mm, 7.75 mm, 5.37 mm, respectively.

In Situ Transesterification from Soybean Seed Using Mechanochemical Methods toward Producing Biodiesel.

The research and development of new routes of biodiesel synthesis have been increasingly in line with the principles of green chemistry. In this sense, mechanochemistry is a promising technique, able to ally the energetic potential with reductions in the use of solvents and steps of treatment of the sample and the purification of the product. To date, this is the first work using mechanochemistry directly in extracting soybean oil from its seed and the in situ transesterification reaction by applying a reactive soybean oil extraction process. The presence of n-hexane was studied in different molar proportions (relative to the oil content), and a low solvent consumption in a 3:1 ratio was adopted. Mechanochemistry favored oil diffusion in the n-hexane solvent, resulting in a mean triglyceride content equal to 90%, against 66% obtained in the tests without spheres in the planetary ball mill. The catalyst content was also evaluated, and 4% NaOH (weight, concerning the oil) was the concentration that presented less residue of nontransesterified glycerides in the samples for ethyl ester preparation. Additionally, the protein content was determined on the residual soybean cake, with no loss of nutritional potential when subjected to the mechanochemical process.

Optimization of the Traditional Process of Oil Extraction from Sardine Viscera (Sardina pilchardus) in the Far North Region-Cameroon by the Response Surface Methodology

Aims: Sardina pilchardus is a fish highly found in rivers and lakes in the Far-North region of Cameroon. This work aimed at optimizing the traditional extraction parameters in order to improve the quality and yield of oil.&#x0D; Methodology: A central composite design was used to study the effect of processing (cooking time, viscera/water ratio and settling time) on the extraction yield and quality of oil. The yield and quality of the oil obtained were compared to the traditional extraction method.&#x0D; Results: It appears that the cooking and the settling times increased the extraction yield. The cooking time, the viscera/water ratio and their interactions reduced the acid value. The viscera/water ratio contributed to the reduction of the peroxide value. Optimal condition was found to be at cooking time of 17.02min, viscera/water ratio of 100:152.86g/mL, settling time of 95.59 min, at the temperature of 95°C. The optimized processing conditions improved the extraction yield by 10 to 25%, an increase of 2.3 times compared to the traditional process and preserved the quality of the oil (acid value of 1.35 mg KOH /g oil and peroxide value of 1.20 meq O₂/kg oil).&#x0D; Conclusion: The relationship between the actual and predicted data indicates that the response model was adequate to reflect the expected optimization. This will therefore help fish oil producers in the Far North region of Cameroon.

Modeling of Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Nanofluid

AbstractNanofluid flow in porous media was modeled for enhanced oil recovery. The effects of parameters such as the matrix porosity, nanoparticles, and diffusion coefficients on the oil recovery factor were reported. The velocity, temperature, and oil saturation contours were examined. The study showed that the oil recovery and heat transfer were enhanced by the use of a nanofluid. A 30 % and 10 % increase in the oil recovery factor were found using the Al2O3‐water nanofluid as compared to water and the polystyrene‐water nanofluid, respectively. The temperature in the porous matrix was significantly reduced by the Al2O3‐water nanofluid as compared to the polystyrene‐water nanofluid and water. In the future, this model could be used to screen the performance of other chemical agents and eventually lead to a more efficient and sustainable oil extraction process.

WITHDRAWN: Response of chemical and biochemical soil properties to the spreading of biochar-based treated olive mill wastewater

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is the effluent derived from the oil extraction processes from olives. Despite the polluting potential OMW can be a useful source of nutrients and organic compounds to improve soil properties. OMW could negatively affect soil and water quality as this waste is rich in phenolic compounds and has high COD and BOD5. Biochar-based treatment could be an efficient method to remediate OMW. In this study poplar biochar (BP) was more effective than conifer biochar (BC) in terms of adsorbing phenols and reducing phytotoxicity at different biochar rates (5 and 10 %). BP-treated OMW was used in soil amendment and induced an increase in chemical properties, especially in organic carbon after 30 days of incubation. In soil amended with 10 % BP-treated OMW microbial biomass, enzymatic activities, and cress seed germination were significantly enhanced after 30 and 90 days.