Oil Demand Shocks Research Articles

Oil price shocks, global economic policy uncertainty, geopolitical risk, and stock price in Malaysia: Factor augmented VAR approach

This article examines the impacts of the geopolitical risk, global economic policy uncertainty, and oil price shocks on stock prices in Malaysia using factor augmented SVAR approach. The findings show that while geopolitical risk has no significant direct impacts on the overall stock market, its indirect impacts are significant and transmitted through the global economic policy uncertainty and oil shocks channels. Global economic policy uncertainty exerts negative effects on the overall stock market and its impacts are magnified by geopolitical risk. Oil related shocks exhibit asymmetric effects on both the aggregated and sectoral stock price. The impacts of oil demand shock on stock price are amplified by global economic uncertainty factor whereas oil supply shocks impacts are amplified by the geopolitical risk factor. At sectoral level, the impacts of all the global shocks vary across different sectors and time. The overall findings imply that global economic policy uncertainty and oil demand shock factors are systematic risk factors that can be employed to forecast stock market returns. The findings also provide implications for policymakers to regulate markets in maintaining financial stability and investors to react to future shocks in these global economic factors with regard to the risks and opportunities.

Tracing the Genesis of Contagion in the Oil-Finance Nexus

A new procedure to trace the sources of contagion in the oil-finance nexus is proposed. We do this by consolidating veteran rules derived from the empirical oil literature to filter oil supply, global demand, and oil demand shocks into discrete typical and extreme conditions. We show how these identified conditions can then be used to determine the stable and extreme sub-samples for comparing market relationships in the construction of contagion tests. Our original approach is useful for systemic risk assessment in countries vulnerable to oil market shocks. We illustrate the procedure using the dynamic relationships between the international crude oil market and the financial markets of a small oil-exporter.

Oil Supply and Demand Shock under Model Uncertainty

Oil Supply and Demand Shock under Model Uncertainty

Global crude oil market shocks and global commodity prices

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between shocks to the global crude oil market and commodity prices, and whether recent changes in US renewable energy policy have altered this relationship. Although other papers have studied the effect of oil price shocks on commodity prices (particularly agricultural commodity prices), this paper contributes to the literature in that it accounts for endogenous oil price shocks as in Kilian (). We find asymmetric responses in commodity index prices to endogenous oil price shocks, with oil demand shocks leading to higher energy and non‐energy commodity index prices for the full sample period and oil supply shocks producing less of an impact. We also find evidence of heterogeneity after changes in US energy policy in 2006, with a stronger relationship between oil and other commodity prices. Specifically, oil‐specific demand shocks lead to responses of greater magnitude and statistical significance for non‐energy commodity indexes.

Real exchange rate and asymmetric shocks in the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ)

This paper examines real effective exchange rate (REER) responses to shocks in exchange rate determinants for the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) over the period 1980–2015. The analysis is based on a country-by-country VECM, and oil price, supply and demand shocks are identified using long run restrictions in a structural VAR model. We report significant differences in the response of REER to real oil price, productivity (supply) and demand preference shocks across these economies. In addition the relative contribution of these shocks to REER movements in the short and long run appears to be different across economies. Our findings suggest that the WAMZ countries are structurally different, and asymmetric shocks with inadequate adjustment mechanisms imply that a monetary union would be costly.

Crude oil contango arbitrage and the floating storage decision

We investigate charterers’ ability and willingness to exploit floating storage arbitrage opportunities. Using time-series and fixtures data on time-charter rates, we find that arbitrage opportunities were present during the Financial Crisis and the recent Oil Glut. An investigation of storage profits across storage horizons suggests that positive oil supply shocks favour longer storage horizons than negative oil demand shocks. Evidence from spatial ship-tracking data suggests charterers are reluctant to exploit the arbitrage opportunity when the implied value of transportation from Forward Freight Agreements (FFAs) exceeds the storage profit. Our findings are of interest to maritime economists and oil market participants.

The Response of U.S. Investment to Oil Price Shocks: Does the Shale Boom Matter?

After an unprecedented decline from 2014 to 2016, the real price of oil more than doubled, renewing interest in the effects of oil price fluctuations on the U.S. economy. The oil sector has become increasingly important to the U.S. economy over the past decade, and total U.S. business fixed investment appears to have followed oil investment’s pattern in recent years. This positive correlation between oil prices and U.S. investment growth may be related to the surge in U.S. oil production known as the shale boom. {{p}} Nida Cakir Melek explores the effect of unexpected oil price changes (or “shocks”) on U.S. investment and examines whether this effect changed after the shale boom. She finds that U.S. investment has become more responsive to demand shocks and less responsive to oil supply shocks since the shale boom. In addition, she finds that oil investment has become more responsive to oil supply and demand shocks since the boom. Her results suggest that the shale boom led to greater spillovers from the oil sector to the aggregate economy.

Oil Prices and Personal Consumption Expenditures: Does the Source of the Shock Matter?

AbstractThis paper studies the effect of structural oil shocks on personal consumption expenditures (PCE). First, we estimate a nonlinear simultaneous equation model, compute impulse responses by Monte Carlo integration, and conduct a test of the symmetry of the impulse response functions. We find that aggregate PCE responds asymmetrically to positive and negative oil‐specific demand shocks. Second, we find that aggregate PCE responds negatively to positive oil demand shocks, while adverse oil supply shocks are of limited effect. Third, we find important heterogeneity in the magnitude, sign and timing of the disaggregate PCE responses to structural shocks in the crude oil market. Our results clearly indicate that the response of PCE to an unexpected oil price increase depends on the source of the oil price shock. Our findings are robust to different nonlinear transformations for the real price of oil.

Impact of Oil Price Shocks on Stock Market Prices Volatility in Nigeria: New Evidence from a Non-linear ARDL Cointegration

This study examined the impact of oil price shocks on stock market prices volatility in Nigeria using non-linear cointegration approach labelled as Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) which represents one of the major important contribution to the literature on the subject matter. The study was carried out using a quarterly data for the period of 1986 to 2016. The oil price shocks impact was disentangled or decomposed into oil supply shocks, oil demand shocks and oil specific demand shocks and the results from the empirical analysis revealed that, there is long run relationship among the variables and positive oil price shocks in its various forms which exert positive and significant impact on the volatility of stock prices in both long run and short run except for oil supply shock that have negative impact in the long run, while negative oil price shocks exert negative impact on the volatility of stock prices in both short and long run. However, the asymmetric result using Wald test shows that, the positive impact of these shocks on volatility of stock prices differs in both short run and long run. Therefore, the findings from the study affirmed the presence of nonlinear relationship between oil price shocks and stock prices volatility in Nigeria which is an indication that positive and negative oil price shocks affect stock prices volatility differently and this must be taking into consideration when formulating policy

The impact of oil-market shocks on stock returns in major oil-exporting countries

The impact that oil-market shocks have on stock prices in oil exporting countries has implications for both domestic and international investors. We derive the shocks driving oil prices from an oil market model that explicitly identifies speculative trading in the crude oil market. We study the nonlinear relationship of oil price shocks with stock market returns in major oil-exporting countries in a multi-factor Markov-switching framework. Flow oil-demand shocks have a statistically significant impact on stock returns in Canada, Norway, Russia, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. Idiosyncratic oil-market shocks affect stock returns in Norway, Russia, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and UAE. Speculative (oil-inventory) shocks impact stock returns in Canada, Russia, Kuwait and the UAE. Flow oil-supply shocks matter for the UK, Kuwait, and UAE. Mexico is the only country where stock returns are unaffected by oil-market shocks. A portfolio that uses the Markov-switching probabilities to switch between equities in the low volatility state and T-bills in the high volatility state outperforms a buy and hold strategy for some countries.

The Effects of Oil Supply and Demand Shocks on U.S. Consumer Sentiment

AbstractThis paper investigates how the University of Michigan's Index of Consumer Sentiment responds to oil price shocks. While oil supply shocks play only a limited role, the effect of aggregate demand shocks is positive for the first few months and negative thereafter. A typical other oil demand shock has a significant negative impact for up to 2 years. By studying the responses of individual survey questions, we find that expectations of future inflation and a change in real household income as well as perceived vehicle and house buying conditions are the main transmission channels of oil supply and demand shocks.

International remittances, migration and primary commodities

AbstractThis paper documents the global crude oil market as a key driver of international migration and remittances. Structural estimation documents that crude oil supply and demand shocks induce sizeable remittances flows. The sign and magnitude of remitter outflows differ across countries and structural shocks. A multilateral global general equilibrium model is used to show how oil‐exporting remitters generate international remittance and migration spillovers from crude oil price movements. Remittees’ economic outcomes from remittances and migration channels are found to be dominated by terms of trade channels for shocks to the global market for crude oil. Due to this, studies of remittance flows need to account for the source of the commodity price movement if using the correlation between remittee real GDP and remittance inflows.

Asymmetric impacts of disaggregated oil price shocks on uncertainties and investor sentiment

This paper aims to examine short- and long-run asymmetries in the impacts of disaggregated oil price shocks on economic policy uncertainty, stock market uncertainty, treasury rates, and investor (bullish and bearish) sentiment in the US. To this end, we use a nonlinear auto-regressive distributed lag cointegration approach, which allows us to capture both positive and negative disaggregated oil shocks. We find that oil demand shocks are the main drivers of both measures of uncertainty, while oil supply shocks affect treasury rates. However, both oil demand shocks and oil supply shocks affect investor sentiment, with certain differences in the effects of positive and negative shocks. The overall effects of both oil demand and supply shocks—whether positive or negative—are stronger in the long-run than in the short-run. Additionally, we apply rolling causality and reveal evidence of a rather homogenous causal flow from disaggregated oil shocks to the variables studied, particularly around global stress periods. Our findings have implications for asset pricing and portfolio risk management and suggest policy formulations that differentiate between disaggregated positive and negative oil price shocks.

Time-varying effects of oil supply and demand shocks on China's macro-economy

In this paper we determine oil supply shock, oil aggregate demand shock, and oil specific demand shock from global crude oil market using a SVAR model. We find that there are great differences in oil supply, oil aggregate demand, and oil specific demand shocks. Furthermore, we develop a TVP-SVAR-SV model based on monthly world crude oil production, global real economic activity index, real oil price, and China's real IAV (or CPI), and apply this model to analyze the time-varying effects of the above-named oil shocks on China's macro-economy. The empirical results show that the effects of oil supply, oil aggregate demand, and oil specific demand shocks on China's output and inflation are time-varying, and even change the direction of the effects over the period from 1995 to 2015.

Oil Price, Bond Return, and Breakeven Inflation

Compared with stocks, bonds are more directly affected by fluctuations in oil prices through the expected inflation component in nominal bond yields. Surprisingly, prior literature finds little predictive power of oil price changes on bond excess returns. This finding is counter intuitive, especially given the strong predictive relationship between oil price changes and equity risk premium. Using oil supply, global demand, and oil-specific demand shocks, estimated from a structural VAR model of oil price changes, this paper provides new empirical evidence - the oil price changes driven by global demand shocks predict negative real bond risk premium and positive inflation risk premium. Since these two effects offset each other, we observe insignificant effect on the bond risk premium. A two-sector New Keynesian model shows theoretically that real bond yield, breakeven inflation, and nominal bond yield respond differently to oil supply and demand shocks.

Oil price shocks and OECD equity markets: distinguishing between supply and demand effects

With the recent changes in international financial markets, investors and policy-makers are paying special attention to the relationship between oil price shocks and equity markets. This paper investigates how oil supply and oil demand shocks interact with OECD countries and macroeconomic variables within a cointegration vector error correction framework, which provides extreme flexibility with a parsimonious specification. By defining oil supply and oil demand shocks as endogenous variables, our proposed model allows us to gauge the shock transmission among the system variables through time and investigate the direct and indirect connections between oil price shocks and stock returns. We are also able to observe the long-run relationship between real stock prices and real oil prices measured by world and local prices. Our empirical findings show that the impact of oil price shocks substantially differs among the countries and that the significance of the results differs among the oil price specifications (real national oil price, world oil price, supply shocks and demand shocks).

Structural Interpretation of Vecor Autoregressions with Incomplete Identification: Revisiting the Role of Oil Supply and Demand Shocks

Structural Interpretation of Vecor Autoregressions with Incomplete Identification: Revisiting the Role of Oil Supply and Demand Shocks

Structural Interpretation of Vector Autoregressions with Incomplete Information: Revisiting the Role of Oil Supply and Demand Shocks: Comment

Recently, Baumeister and Hamilton (henceforth: BH) have argued that existing studies of the global oil market fail to account for uncertainty about their identifying assumptions. They recommend an alternative econometric approach intended to address this concern by formulating priors on the structural model parameters. We demonstrate that in practice BH are unable to parameterize identification uncertainty without falling back on ad hoc prior specifications. They are also unable to show that earlier studies did not impose all relevant identifying information. In fact, to the extent that BH’s substantive conclusions differ from earlier studies, these differences do not reflect their use of a superior econometric methodology, but mainly the imposition of a highly unrealistic prior for the global impact price elasticity of oil supply. Once identification uncertainty about the global price elasticity of oil supply is accounted for by specifying a prior more in line with extraneous evidence and economic theory, the substantive results of earlier oil market studies are reaffirmed. We also refute BH’s claim that existing oil market studies are invalid or not robust. Finally, we explain why the BH method is not a strict generalization of existing methods. It is, in fact, not designed to be applied to state-or-the-art oil market models because key assumptions of the proposed approach are not met in these models.

Structural Interpretation of Vector Autoregressions with Incomplete Identification: Revisiting the Role of Oil Supply and Demand Shocks

Traditional approaches to structural vector autoregressions (VARs) can be viewed as special cases of Bayesian inference arising from very strong prior beliefs. These methods can be generalized with a less restrictive formulation that incorporates uncertainty about the identifying assumptions themselves. We use this approach to revisit the importance of shocks to oil supply and demand. Supply disruptions turn out to be a bigger factor in historical oil price movements and inventory accumulation a smaller factor than implied by earlier estimates. Supply shocks lead to a reduction in global economic activity after a significant lag, whereas shocks to oil demand do not. (JEL C32, L71, Q35, Q43)

The Impact of Oil-Market Shocks on Stock Returns in Major Oil-Exporting Countries: A Markov Switching Approach

The impact that oil shocks have on stock prices in oil exporting countries has implications for both domestic and international investors. We derive the shocks driving oil prices from a fully-identified structural model of the oil market. We study their nonlinear relationship with stock market returns in major oil-exporting countries in a multi-factor Markov-switching framework. Flow oil-demand shocks have a statistically significant impact on stock returns in Canada, Norway, Russia, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. Idiosyncratic oil-market shocks affect stock returns in Norway, Russia, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and UAE. Speculative oil shocks impact stock returns in Canada, Russia, Kuwait and the UAE. Flow oil-supply shocks matter for the UK, Kuwait, and UAE. Mexico is the only country where stock returns are unaffected by oil shocks. These results shed important light on investor sentiment toward the relationship between oil shocks and stock markets in oil exporting countries.