Oil Content Research Articles

Ability of Genomic Prediction to Bi-Parent-Derived Breeding Population Using Public Data for Soybean Oil and Protein Content.

Genomic selection (GS) is a marker-based selection method used to improve the genetic gain of quantitative traits in plant breeding. A large number of breeding datasets are available in the soybean database, and the application of these public datasets in GS will improve breeding efficiency and reduce time and cost. However, the most important problem to be solved is how to improve the ability of across-population prediction. The objectives of this study were to perform genomic prediction (GP) and estimate the prediction ability (PA) for seed oil and protein contents in soybean using available public datasets to predict breeding populations in current, ongoing breeding programs. In this study, six public datasets of USDA GRIN soybean germplasm accessions with available phenotypic data of seed oil and protein contents from different experimental populations and their genotypic data of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to perform GP and to predict a bi-parent-derived breeding population in our experiment. The average PA was 0.55 and 0.50 for seed oil and protein contents within the bi-parents population according to the within-population prediction; and 0.45 for oil and 0.39 for protein content when the six USDA populations were combined and employed as training sets to predict the bi-parent-derived population. The results showed that four USDA-cultivated populations can be used as a training set individually or combined to predict oil and protein contents in GS when using 800 or more USDA germplasm accessions as a training set. The smaller the genetic distance between training population and testing population, the higher the PA. The PA increased as the population size increased. In across-population prediction, no significant difference was observed in PA for oil and protein content among different models. The PA increased as the SNP number increased until a marker set consisted of 10,000 SNPs. This study provides reasonable suggestions and methods for breeders to utilize public datasets for GS. It will aid breeders in developing GS-assisted breeding strategies to develop elite soybean cultivars with high oil and protein contents.

Process optimization of deep-fat frying variables and effects on some quality characteristics of akara Ogbomoso snacks produced from cowpea

This study investigated the effect of process variables of frying temperature (150-190℃) and time (11-19 mins) on the moisture content, oil content, colour difference, texture, and shrinkage of akara Ogbomoso using the Central Composite Design of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and regression analysis. The moisture content ranged between 7.41% and 7.89%, fat content (12.80– 13.79%), colour difference (38.63–48.80), breaking force (47.66–151.5 N) and shrinkage (7.00–8.33 abs). The combination of 170℃ frying temperature and 11 mins frying time was found to be the most suitable frying condition. The optimum conditions gave 7.52% moisture content, 12.91% oil content, 38.63 change in colour, 90.4 N breaking force and 7.07 shrinkage. A desirability of 0.78 was obtained for optimization. All dependent variables were significantly influenced by frying conditions at p<0.05. The generated models of the coefficients of determination (R2 ) ranged from 0.90 to 0.98. The high R 2 indicated that the variables were adequately fitted to the regression equation and could precisely predict the quality characteristics of akara Ogbomoso. This study has provided helpful information on improving the frying conditions of akara Ogbomoso.

Influence of maize (Zea mays L.) moisture content stored in various compacted multi-layer hermetic bags on seed quality and mycotoxins contamination

The current study was carried out to evaluate the ability of recently developed seed-quality preservation bags. These bags include 3 hermetic (Spanish with anti-fungal material hermetic (SAHB), Spanish hermetic (SHB), and Egyptian hermetic (EHB) bags) and one non-hermetic bag (jute bag (JB)). The bags were filled with 25 kg of maize, sealed, and stored over 12 months or less, depending on seed moisture content. Then, samples were taken out monthly to measure the moisture content, acid value, electric conductivity (EC), oil content, germination, bulk density, and the relative humidity, temperature, CO2, and O2 within the bags. Different mycotoxin strain contamination was measured as well. The results revealed that in the hermetic bags, the O2 concentration decreased to only 7%; the moisture content in EHB was <14% throughout the storage period, whereas it rose above 14% in the other bags. The EC, acidity, and bulk density were lower in EHB and SHB than in the other bags. The relative humidity was higher in the SAHB than in the EHB and SHB, while germination after 12 months was higher in SHB and EHB (>50 %) than in SAHB (<45%) and remained unaltered during the first few months of storage in EHB when compared with pre-storage seeds. The seeds from SAHB had lower Fumonisin and aflatoxin concentrations than seeds from the other bags. These results suggest that EHB is the best among the tested bags in preserving the quality of maize at different moisture contents. However, in the face of mycotoxin contamination, SAHB, despite suppressing mycotoxins, significantly reduced seed quality and so would not be suitable for maize storage.

Application of Cinnamomum burmannii Essential Oil in Promoting Wound Healing.

Skin wounds, leading to infections and death, have a huge negative impact on healthcare systems around the world. Antibacterial therapy and the suppression of excessive inflammation help wounds heal. To date, the application of wound dressings, biologics and biomaterials (hydrogels, epidermal growth factor, stem cells, etc.) is limited due to their difficult and expensive preparation process. Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume is an herb in traditional medicine, and its essential oil is rich in D-borneol, with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. However, it is not clear whether Cinnamomum burmannii essential oil has the function of promoting wound healing. This study analyzed 32 main components and their relative contents of essential oil using GC-MS. Then, network pharmacology was used to predict the possible targets of this essential oil in wound healing. We first proved this essential oil's effects in vitro and in vivo. Cinnamomum burmannii essential oil could not only promote the proliferation and migration of skin stromal cells, but also promote M2-type polarization of macrophages while inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study explored the possible mechanism by which Cinnamomum burmannii essential oil promotes wound healing, providing a cheap and effective strategy for promoting wound healing.

Analysis of the level of effectiveness of using a simple spinner machine to drain oil in pothils

Pothil is a common regional dish from the Magelang region prepared with cassava. The peeling and frying of the cassava is the first step in the process of manufacturing pothil. People still utilize manual cooking oil drainers during the pothil frying process, which makes them ineffective at draining the oil. Using a dynamo, which is a device that transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy, one can create a basic spinner machine to assist with oil draining. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of a basic spinner machine for draining oil from pots and to ascertain the correlation between rotation duration and oil production volume. This study used a quantitative experimental design, where oil volume was the dependent variable and rotation duration was the independent variable. An efficacy test utilizing oil paper to view the oil beams on the pothil was used to gauge how efficient utilizing a spinner machine would be. The study's findings indicate that when compared to turning the spinner machine for one or two minutes, a spinner machine that is rotated for three minutes can create the most oil—21 milliliters. Consequently, the longer the spinning period, the more oil is generated and the more successful the spinner machine is in lowering the oil content of the pothil

Comparative effects of pectin and hydrolyzed pectin coating as pre-frying treatments on acrylamide formation in potato chips

This study aimed to compare the effects of pectin and hydrolyzed pectin coating as pre-frying treatments on acrylamide content and quality characteristics of fried potato chips. The hydrolyzed pectin with molecular weight (Mw) of 8.81 ± 0.49 kDa was obtained through partial degradation of pectin (Mw: 747.57 ± 6.73 kDa) using pectinase. Results showed that both pectin and hydrolyzed pectin coating significantly inhibited acrylamide formation and inhibition rates exceeded 90 %. Hydrolyzed pectin had stronger inhibitory activity against acrylamide formation than pectin, especially when the concentration of hydrolyzed pectin was >2 %, its inhibitory rate exceeded 95 %. Compared to pectin coating, hydrolyzed pectin coating endow fried potato chips with smaller browning, higher crispness, less moisture but higher oil content. Overall, hydrolyzed pectin had better application prospects than pectin in inhibiting acrylamide formation of fried potato chips.

Shoots and Turions of Aquatic Plants as a Source of Fatty Acids.

Fatty acids are essential for human health. Currently, there is a search for alternative sources of fatty acids that could supplement such sources as staple crops or fishes. Turions of aquatic plants accumulate a variety of substances such as starch, free sugars, amino acids, reserve proteins and lipids. Our aim is to see if turions can be a valuable source of fatty acids. Overwintering shoots and turions of aquatic carnivorous plants were collected. The plant material was extracted with hexane. The oils were analyzed using a gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer. The dominant compound in all samples was linolenic acid. The oil content was different in turions and shoots. The oil content of the shoots was higher than that of the turions, but the proportion of fatty acids in the oils from the shoots was low in contrast to the oils from the turions. The turions of Utricularia species were shown to be composed of about 50% fatty acids. The turions of Utricularia species can be used to obtain oil with unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, the high fatty acid content of turions may explain their ability to survive at low temperatures.

Enhanced Aquathermolysis of Water-Heavy Oil-Ethanol Catalyzed by B@Zn(II)L at Low Temperature.

In order to study the synergistic effects of exogenous catalysts and in situ minerals in the reservoir during heavy oil aquathermolysis, in this paper, a series of simple supported transition metal complexes were prepared using sodium citrate, chloride salts and bentonite, and their catalytic viscosity reduction performances for heavy oil were investigated. Bentonite complex catalyst marked as B@Zn(II)L appears to be the most effective complex. B@Zn(II)L was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. Under optimized conditions, the viscosity of the heavy oil was decreased by 88.3%. The reaction temperature was reduced by about 70 °C compared with the traditional reaction. The results of the group composition analysis and the elemental content of the heavy oil indicate that the resin and asphaltene content decreases, and the saturated and aromatic HC content increases. The results of TGA and DSC of the heavy oil show that the macromolecular substances in the heavy oil were cracked into small molecules with low boiling points by the reaction. GC-MS examination of water-soluble polar compounds post-reaction indicates that B@Zn(II)L can diminish the quantity of polar substances in heavy oil and lower the aromatic nature of these compounds. Thiophene and quinoline were utilized as model compounds to investigate the reaction mechanism. GC-MS analysis revealed that C-C, C-N and C-S bonds were cleaved during the reaction, leading to a decrease in the viscosity of heavy oil.

Extraction of Essential Oil from Moringa Oleifera Leaves Using Steam Distillation and Soxhlet Extraction Method

Essential oil is one of Indonesia's agro-industrial export commodities, one of which is essential oil from Moringa oleifera leaves. This study aims to study the results of the yield and analyze the essential oil content of Moringa oleifera leaves using the steam distillation method and Soxhlet extraction using ethanol and isopropyl alcohol as a solvent. The fresh feed was either directly extracted or pre-treated using an oven and then followed by several stages of extraction. The pre-treatment of fresh feed was carried out in the oven at 70°C for 1 hour. Atmospheric steam distillation was carried out at 100°C for 6 hours using 500 ml of distilled water. In the case of soxhlet extraction, the temperature was set at the boiling point of the solvent for 6 hours. Once soxhlet extraction was complete, the essential oil was separated from the solvent by distillation. After various extraction processes, the essential oils were analyzed for their compound content using GC-MS. Based on the results of the study, the highest yield of 29.04% was obtained from the treated feed using two stages of soxhlet extraction variable with ethanol as solvent.

Deciphering variations, identification of marker-trait associations and candidate genes for seed oil content under terminal heat stress in Indian mustard (Brassica junceaL. Czern & Coss) germplasm stock.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03985-w.

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Seed Quality Traits in Two Early-Maturing Soybean Populations

In Canada, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is primarily cultivated in three provinces (Ontario, Quebec, and Manitoba). Canadian breeders want to expand the current cultivation range to more northern agro-environments by developing early-maturing elite lines while maintaining good seed quality traits. To examine quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in 100-seed weight and seed protein, oil, and fatty acid (oleic, linolenic, and linoleic acids) contents, we generated an early-maturing recombinant inbred line population (QS15544RIL) and an F2:F3 (QS15524F2:F3) population adapted to cultivation zones MGs 00 and 000, and phenotyped them for three and one years, respectively. Using two mapping algorithms (Inclusive composite interval mapping and Genome-wide composite interval mapping), we identified a total of 12 major regions that were either associated with QS15544RIL (five loci), QS15524F2:F3 (four loci), or both (three loci) populations. Of the 12 identified regions, three (RIL_GM12, RIL_GM16, and F2_GM04.2) were not previously identified and might respectively serve as novel sources of regulation for oil content, seed weight, and oleic acid. For the RIL_GM05 locus, we identified two novel variants in Glyma.05G244100/MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1, a gene with a confirmed role in the regulation of oleic and linoleic acid contents. Two of the major loci (RIL_GM04 and RIL_GM16) associated with the 100-seed weight trait and one locus (F2_GM04.2) associated with oleic acid were found to be overlapping three loci (E8-r1, GM16:5,680,173-5,730,237, and E8-r2) involved in early-maturity and/or shorter pod-filling that were previously identified by our group, suggesting possible breeding bottlenecks due to linkage drag or pleiotropic effects.

Production of Moringa variety PKM-1’s seed and oil in the Subhumid Chaco, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. pterygosperma Gaertn.) is native to northwestern India. The goal was to study its adaptation to commercial cropping for seed and oil in the Bolivian Sub-humid Chaco. During the first six months of the trial, twenty rows of 61.5 m long placed 4 m apart were planted with Moringa. Irrigation was applied to half of them chosen at random. The seeds collected in periods I and II in the first year showed that the treatment with irrigation produced a significantly (P < 0.05) greater amount of seed in both cases, compared to the treatment without irrigation. This production meant 300 % and 213 % more for the first and second harvest respectively, and 211 % for the total of irrigated treatments. The oil content was 35.9 % and 35 % for the first and second year of the trial, which means 100 and 196 kg of oil/ha/year for the first and second year, respectively.

Oenothera biennis with strong copper toxicity resistance enriches trace copper in seeds under copper pollution soil

Excess copper (Cu) imparts negative effects on plant growth and productivity in soil. To develop the ability of O. biennis to govern pollution soil containing excessive Cu, we investigated seed germination, seedling growth, and seed yield. Furthermore, Cu content and the expression levels of Cu transport related genes in different tissues were measured under exogenous high concentration Cu. O. biennis seeds were sensitive to excess Cu, with an observed reduction in the germination rate, primary root length, fresh weight, and number of seeds germinated daily. Consecutive Cu stress did not cause fatal damage to evening primrose, yet it slowed down plant growth slightly by reducing the leaf water, chlorophyll, plant yield, and seed oil contents while increasing the soluble sugar, proline, malondialdehyde, and H2O2 contents. The Cu content in different organs of O. biennis was disrupted by excess Cu. In particular, the Cu content in O. biennis seeds and seed oil increased and subsequently decreased with the increase of exogenous Cu, reaching a peak under 600 mg·kg−1 consecutive Cu. Furthermore, the 4-month 900 mg·kg−1 Cu treatment did not induce the excessive accumulation of Cu in peels, seeds, and seed oil, maintaining the Cu content within the range required by the Chinese National Food Safety Standards. The treatment also resulted in an upregulation of Cu-uptake (ObCOPT5, ObZIP4, and ObYSL2) and vigorous efflux (ObHMA1) of transport genes, of which expression levels were significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) with the Cu content. Among all organs, the stem replaced the root as the organ exhibited the greatest ability to absorb and store Cu, and even the Cu transport genes could still function continuously in stem under excess Cu. This work identified a species that can tolerate high Cu content in soil while maintaining a high yield. Furthermore, the results revealed the enrichment of Cu to occur primarily in the O. biennis stem rather than the seeds and peel under excess Cu.

Durable Nano-Flower Structured Foam Coupled with Electrically-Driven in Situ Aeration Enable High-Flux Oil/Water Emulsion Separation with Dynamic Antifouling Ability.

The conventional membranes used for separating oil/water emulsions are typically limited by the properties of the membrane materials and the impact of membrane fouling, making continuous long-term usage unachievable. In this study, a filtering electrode with synchronous self-cleaning functionality is devised, exhibiting notable antifouling ability and an extended operational lifespan, suitable for the continuous separation of oil/water emulsions. Compared with the original Ti foam, the in situ growth of NiTi-LDH (Layered double hydroxide) nano-flowers endows the modified Ti foam (NiTi-LDH/TF) with exceptional superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity. Driven by gravity, a rejection rate of over 99% is achieved for various emulsions containing oil content ranging from 1% to 50%, as well as oil/seawater emulsions. The flux recovery rate exceeds 90% after one hundred cycles and a 4-h filtration period. The enhanced separation performance is realized through the "gas bridge" effect during in situ aeration and electrochemical anodic oxidation. The internal aeration within the membrane pores contributes to the removal of oil foulants. This study underscores the potential of coupling foam metal filtration materials with electrochemical technology, providing a paradigm for the exploration of novel oil/water separation membranes.

Efficient oil–water emulsion separation using chitosan hydrogel-coated aluminium electrodes

ABSTRACT The escalating consumption of crude oil, driven by rapid industrialization, poses a significant threat to terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Addressing the treatment of oily wastewater is imperative, given the environmental consequences and the loss of oil feedstock. Methods such as centrifugation, gravity separation, and chemical–physical membrane separation have limitations in handling stable emulsions, especially microemulsions present in water. In this study, we present an innovative approach utilizing electricity for the coagulation process. Electrocoagulation is employed, and the resulting oil particles are efficiently removed through low-tech physical methods such as sedimentation and filtration. To enhance efficiency and reusability, we introduce chitosan hydrogel-coated aluminium electrodes in the electrocoagulation process. The research demonstrates remarkable success, achieving a 99% efficiency in separating artificial oil–water emulsions. Optimal separation (95.85%) is achieved at a 10 mm inter-electrode distance, and efficiency increases with higher oil content, longer electrocoagulation time (up to 99.15% at 60 min), and increased voltage (up to 85% at 50 V). The chitosan-coated electrodes offer a sustainable and cost-effective solution by improving reusability and mitigating the need for frequent changes. These findings underscore the significance of electrocoagulation, particularly with chitosan-coated aluminium electrodes, as an efficient and eco-friendly method crucial for addressing oil removal in industrial processes.

Transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis of the differential pathway contribution to the incorporation of erucic acid to triacylglycerol during Pennycress seed maturation.

Thlaspi arvense (Pennycress) is an emerging feedstock for biofuel production because of its high seed oil content enriched in erucic acid. A transcriptomic and a lipidomic study were performed to analyze the dynamics of gene expression, glycerolipid content and acyl-group distribution during seed maturation. Genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis were expressed at the early stages of seed maturation. Genes encoding enzymes of the Kennedy pathway like diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (TaDGAT1), lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (TaLPAT) or glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (TaGPAT) increased their expression with maturation, coinciding with the increase in triacylglycerol species containing 22:1. Positional analysis showed that the most abundant triacylglycerol species contained 18:2 at sn-2 position in all maturation stages, suggesting no specificity of the lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase for very long chain fatty acids. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase2 (TaDGAT2) mRNA was more abundant at the initial maturation stages, coincident with the rapid incorporation of 22:1 to triacylglycerol, suggesting a coordination between Diacylglycerol acyltransferase enzymes for triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Genes encoding the phospholipid-diacylglycerol acyltransferase (TaPDAT1), lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (TaLPCAT) or phosphatidylcholine diacylglycerolcholine phosphotransferase (TaPDCT), involved in acyl-editing or phosphatidyl-choline (PC)-derived diacylglycerol (DAG) biosynthesis showed also higher expression at the early maturation stages, coinciding with a higher proportion of triacylglycerol containing C18 fatty acids. These results suggested a higher contribution of these two pathways at the early stages of seed maturation. Lipidomic analysis of the content and acyl-group distribution of diacylglycerol and phosphatidyl-choline pools was compatible with the acyl content in triacylglycerol at the different maturation stages. Our data point to a model in which a strong temporal coordination between pathways and isoforms in each pathway, both at the expression and acyl-group incorporation, contribute to high erucic triacylglycerol accumulation in Pennycress.

The Effect of Four Tillage Systems on Agronomic Properties and Soil Health Indicators in Southern Manitoba

Soil health encompasses the collective functioning of chemical, physical, and biological properties in soil. The extent to which soil management affects soil health and the links with agronomic outcomes remain unclear. This project aimed to understand the interrelations of tillage systems, soil health, and agronomic properties in Portage la Prairie, MB, Canada. Tillage systems were cultivation, deep tillage, raised beds, and vertical tillage. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr), corn (Zea mays L.), and canola (Brassica napus L.) were all grown in 2020, 2021, and 2022. Crop yield, seed protein content, and seed oil content were measured each year. Soil samples were taken in spring 2021, fall 2021, and fall 2022 and analyzed for nitrate-N, ammonium-N, total N, ACE protein, water extractable organic N, water extractable total N, water extractable ammonium N, soil organic matter, soil organic carbon, calcium carbonate equivalent, CO2 burst, permanganate oxidizable carbon, water extractable organic C, pH, salts, Olsen P, K, S, sand, silt, and clay. Tillage system had a significant impact on agronomic properties in seven crop by sampling combinations. Tillage system effected soil nitrate-N concentration at five crop by sampling combinations, three more than any other soil property. Soybean agronomic properties correlated with soil health indicators more frequently than for corn and canola. This suggests that the utility of soil health indicators may be crop specific. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms underpinning the ability of soil health indicators to predict agronomic outcomes and to benchmark soil health indicator values with time.

Inhibition of flowering by gibberellins in the woody plant Jatropha curcas is restored by overexpression of JcFT

Jatropha curcas (J. curcas) is a perennial oil-seed plant with vigorous vegetative growth but relatively poor reproductive growth and low seed yield. Gibberellins (GAs) promotes flowering in most annual plants but inhibits flowering in many woody plants, including J. curcas. However, the underlying mechanisms of GA inhibits flowering in perennial woody plants remain unclear. Here, we found that overexpression of the GA biosynthesis gene JcGA20ox1 inhibits flowering in J. curcas and in J. curcas × J. integerrima hybrids. Consistent with this finding, overexpression of the GA catabolic gene JcGA2ox6 promotes flowering in J. curcas. qRTPCR revealed that inhibits floral transition by overexpressing JcGA20ox1 resulted from a decrease in the expression of JcFT and other flowering-related genes, which was restored by overexpressing JcFT in J. curcas. Overexpression of JcGA20ox1 or JcGA2ox6 reduced seed yield, but overexpression of JcFT significantly increased seed yield. Furthermore, hybridization experiments showed that the reduction in seed yield caused by overexpression of JcGA20ox1 or JcGA2ox6 was partially restored by the overexpression of JcFT. In addition, JcGA20ox1, JcGA2ox6 and JcFT were also found to be involved in the regulation of seed oil content and endosperm development. In conclusion, our study revealed that the inhibitory effect of GA on flowering is mediated through JcFT and demonstrated the effects of JcGA20ox1, JcGA2ox6 and JcFT on agronomic traits in J. curcas. This study also indicates the potential value of GA metabolism genes and JcFT in the breeding of new varieties of woody oil-seed plants.

A Set of Artificial Pollination Technical Measures: Improved Seed Yields and Active Ingredients of Seeds in Oil Tree Peonies.

The tree peony, a novel woody oil crop extensively cultivated in China, necessitates further investigation into artificial pollination technology to enhance seed yield. In this study, we conducted artificial pollination experiments with 6-year-old Paeonia ostii 'Feng Dan' seedings for suitable pollen sources, pollen concentration, pollination timing, and pollination frequency. By evaluating seed yields, active ingredients, and oil quality, we derived the following significant conclusions. Firstly, compared to natural pollination, artificial pollination could significantly increase the fruit diameter by 13.94-27.58%, seed yields by 35.17-58.99%, and oil content by 6.45-7.52% in tree peonies. In active ingredients, seeds produced by pollen from Hantai County significantly enhanced starch content (by 48.64%), total phenols (by 41.18%) and antioxidant capacity (by 54.39%). In oil quality, seeds produced by pollen from Heyang County exhibited the highest α-linolenic acid and total fatty acid content with enhancements of 1.68%, 7.41%, and 8.48%. Secondly, hand pollination with pure pollen significantly increased seed yield by 58.99%, total phenol content by 40.97%, antioxidant capacity by 54.39%, and oil content by 1.53% compared to natural pollination. Thirdly, pollination at 2/3 bloom range significantly increased seed number by 63.08% and yield by 45.61% compared to natural pollination. Finally, the effect of one, two, and three pollination events had no difference in seed yield. So, to summarize, applying a 100% concentration of allochthonous pollen once is recommended when the bloom range is more than two thirds.

Influence of Type and Dose of Coagulants on Vehicle Wash Wastewater

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of the type and dosage of coagulant on changes in phosphate and fatty oil levels in liquid waste from motor vehicle wash. The independent variables in this study were the type of coagulant (Al2(SO4)3 and FeCl3) and the dosage of coagulant (0 ml, 3 ml, 5 ml, and 7 ml), while the dependent variables were the content of phosphate and fatty oil. The experiment was conducted in 3 stages; fast stirring, slow stirring, and precipitation. From the preliminary test, it was found that the phosphate content before processing was 12.9 mg/lt and the content of fatty oil was 1.9 mg/lt. The most significant decrease in phosphate content was found when 7 ml of FeCl3 was used as coagulant; it dropped to 0.11 mg/lt (efficiency: 99.2%). Meanwhile, the most effective coagulant for fatty oil was 3 ml of Al2(SO4)3; the fatty oil content dropped to 1.4 mg/lt (efficiency: 30.7%). The addition of Al2(SO4)3 gave the opposite effect on phosphate and fatty oil, making the process ineffective. Meanwhile, the data showed that FeCl3 could be used as an effective coagulant for phosphate and fatty oil. To determine the significance of the differences between the results of the Randomized Complete Block Design analysis, the researcher used Least Significant Design test. The results showed that the variation of the type of coagulant affected the decrease in phosphate and fatty oil levels, while the variation in dosage gave no significant difference.