Soybean Oil Content Research Articles

Omega-3 and unsaturated Fatty Acid Enrichment of Shrimp Oil: Preparation, Characterization, and its Application in Salad Dressings

The effect of various lipase hydrolytic conditions on DHA/EPA and unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) enrichment of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) oil (SO) extracted from hepatopancreas was investigated. DHA/EPA and USFAs levels increased (40.96/22.61 and 27.83%, respectively) under optimized hydrolytic conditions of 20 U lipase, DMSO as a solvent (0.2:0.5), DMSO to water for the substrate mixture (SM), and water to SM (0.4:1) for 2 h at 50 °C. n3FAs and USFAs enriched shrimp oil (n3SO) were added to salad dressing (SD) at various concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15%) (CON, SD5, SD10, and SD15, respectively) to offset the concentration of soybean oil. The addition of n3SO imparted an attractive orange color, enhancing the organoleptic properties of the SD, as indicated by higher likeness scores for color and appearance attributes than CON and commercial SD (CM). Samples added with n3SO exhibited a more uniform pattern and distribution of oil droplets, suggesting the formation of a stable emulsion system. The result was also supported by its enhanced viscoelastic and flow properties than the CON and CM. Overall, DHA/EPA enriched SO could be potential supplement or functional ingredient in SDs or other emulsion related products with superior health benefits.

Quality traits drive the enrichment of Massilia in the rhizosphere to improve soybean oil content

BackgroundSoybean seeds are rich in protein and oil. The selection of varieties that produce high-quality seeds has been one of the priorities of soybean breeding programs. However, the influence of improved seed quality on the rhizosphere microbiota and whether the microbiota is involved in determining seed quality are still unclear. Here, we analyzed the structures of the rhizospheric bacterial communities of 100 soybean varieties, including 53 landraces and 47 modern cultivars, and evaluated the interactions between seed quality traits and rhizospheric bacteria.ResultsWe found that rhizospheric bacterial structures differed between landraces and cultivars and that this difference was directly related to their oil content. Seven bacterial families (Sphingomonadaceae, Gemmatimonadaceae, Nocardioidaceae, Xanthobacteraceae, Chitinophagaceae, Oxalobacteraceae, and Streptomycetaceae) were obviously enriched in the rhizospheres of the high-oil cultivars. Among them, Oxalobacteraceae (Massilia) was assembled specifically by the root exudates of high-oil cultivars and was associated with the phenolic acids and flavonoids in plant phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, we showed that Massilia affected auxin signaling or interfered with active oxygen-related metabolism. In addition, Massilia activated glycolysis pathway, thereby promoting seed oil accumulation.ConclusionsThese results provide a solid theoretical basis for the breeding of revolutionary soybean cultivars with desired seed quality and optimal microbiomes and the development of new cultivation strategies for increasing the oil content of seeds.7196FtKvsnPuUrhB77D9vLVideo

The influence of planting density on the oil and fatty acids content of soybean in hydroponic and soil conditions of the Ararat Valley

Background: Plant seed oils are major renewable resources from nature that can be used in multiple applications. Oils and fats are a vital component of human diets. About 1/3 of the daily energy requirements of a healthy diet come from fats. Each branch of the food industry has its own demands for the fatty acid composition of seed oils. High amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids are a requirement of healthy diets. However, food manufacturers need highly saturated fatty acids because they need oil that is resistant to high temperatures and oxidation. Soybean oil is second only behind palm oil as the most commercially abundant plant oil globally. Soybean has been recognized for its agricultural importance and their various positive effects on human health. Objective: to identify the quantitative changes of soybean fatty acids depending on the planting density and growing conditions in the Ararat Valley of Armenia. Methods: Soybean was grown in hydroponic and soil conditions of the Ararat Valley. The seeds were sown in the middle of April. Experiments were carried out in hydroponic equipment and soil with different planting densities (30, 50, 70 and 90 plants/m2). The oil content was measured by using the pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance method. The composition of fatty acids in seed oil was analyzed by chromatographic method on "Chromatec Crystal 5000" GC. Results: Oil content ranged from 19.6% to 24.4% in all variants. The maximum content was registered in soil with 30 plant/m2 planting density. Linoleic acid content ranged from 46.35 to 51.28% of the total fatty acid content, regardless of planting density and growing media. The content of linolenic acid ranged from 4.13 to 5.11% in all variants. The maximum content of ω-3 and the minimal content of ω-9 was recorded in hydroponics at 30 plants/m2 planting density. The highest percentage of stearic acid was observed in the soil variant with a planting density of 30 plants/m2. Interestingly, the variants did not differ in the total content of the 5 main fatty acids (98.84-98.95%). Growing medium had no significant effect on the total saturated fatty acids content; in all variants it ranged from 14.29% to 14.83%. Total unsaturated fatty acids content ranged from 85.2% to 85.7%. The hydroponic variant with a planting density of 30 plants/m2 had the lowest ratio of ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids (10:1). Conclusion: Planting density and growing media had a significant influence on the content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Under hydroponic conditions the lowest content of monounsaturated and the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed at the lowest planting density (30 plants/m2), which can be used as a functional food for daily consumption. Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soilless culture, ω-3, ω-6, ω-9, saturated acids.

Effects of soybean-oil and emulsifiers mixture on rheological properties of oil-in-water emulsions

The effects of soybean-oil and emulsifiers mixture on rheological properties of oil-in-water emulsions were investigated. Polysorbate-80 and sorbitan-monooleate in the ratio 1:3 were added to stabilize a soybean-oil emulsion by high-pressure homogenization at 50 and 100 MPa. Particle size and rheological properties were measured. The z-average size value showed all the droplets ranging from 295.5 to 302.3 nm. The emulsions were Newtonian and non-Newtonian pseudoplastic at 50 MPa, although at 100 MPa exhibited a Newtonian behavior, preferably. The highest concentrations of soybean-oil and emulsifiers mixture showed semi-solid emulsions (at 50 MPa), and the lower concentrations of soybean-oil and emulsifiers mixture, showed semi-solid emulsions (at 100 MPa), however, elastic character predominated over viscous character (G’>G’’), for both pressures. In conclusion, the emulsion systems were nanoemulsions and their droplet size distribution was bimodal. The nanoemulsions had a non-Newtonian behavior for both pressures, although at 100 MPa the emulsions were Newtonian.

UV‐cured epoxy‐acrylate interpenetrating polymer networks with different contents of epoxidized soybean oil

AbstractThis work aims to study the effect of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) concentration on the process of formation and characteristics of UV‐cured ternary epoxy‐acrylate interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). Whereas the amount of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) keeps constant, the one of ESO incorporated to substitute the respective quantity of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) is equal to 10, 20, and 30 parts by weight (pbw). A total of 30 pbw of ESO is found to be the most effective content for altering the conversion degree of epoxy groups and for enhancing the impact resistance of cured materials while providing their transparency. The addition of ESO induces the decrease in cross‐linking density and in the values of glass transition temperature. The samples exhibite good water and chemical resistance with some variations dependent on their composition. Thermooxidative stability of the specimens gradually reduces as the content of aromatic epoxy decreases. Overall, the introduction of ESO into epoxy‐acrylate IPNs not only lessens the fraction of synthetic epoxide but also facilitates the photopolymerization process of DGEBA and diminishes its brittleness. Considering fine atmospheric resistance testified by accelerated weathering test, given materials may be purposed as transparent films or protective coatings for both indoor and outdoor applications.

Key co-expressed genes correlated with blood serum parameters of pigs fed with different fatty acid profile diets.

This study investigated how gene expression is affected by dietary fatty acids (FA) by using pigs as a reliable model for studying human diseases that involve lipid metabolism. This includes changes in FA composition in the liver, blood serum parameters and overall metabolic pathways. RNA-Seq data from 32 pigs were analyzed using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). Our aim was to identify changes in blood serum parameters and gene expression between diets containing 3% soybean oil (SOY3.0) and a standard pig production diet containing 1.5% soybean oil (SOY1.5). Significantly, both the SOY1.5 and SOY3.0 groups showed significant modules, with a higher number of co-expressed modules identified in the SOY3.0 group. Correlated modules and specific features were identified, including enriched terms and pathways such as the histone acetyltransferase complex, type I diabetes mellitus pathway, cholesterol metabolism, and metabolic pathways in SOY1.5, and pathways related to neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease in SOY3.0. The variation in co-expression observed for HDL in the groups analyzed suggests different regulatory patterns in response to the higher concentration of soybean oil. Key genes co-expressed with metabolic processes indicative of diseases such as Alzheimer's was also identified, as well as genes related to lipid transport and energy metabolism, including CCL5, PNISR, DEGS1. These findings are important for understanding the genetic and metabolic responses to dietary variation and contribute to the development of more precise nutritional strategies.

Effects of Starter Diet Energy Concentration on Nutrient Digestibility and Subsequent Growth Performance and Meat Yields of Broilers under Two Coccidiosis Control Programs.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the live performance, processing characteristics, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients and energy (IDE) in broilers under two coccidiosis control programs (CCP) and fed three starter diet energy levels. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of CCP [in-feed diclazuril (ACD) or vaccinated after hatch (VAC)] and three starter diet energy levels [3008 (standard), 3058 (moderate), and 3108 (high) kcal/kg apparent MEn] achieved with different soybean oil concentrations. Birds were reared in floor pens (12 per pen) and received experimental starter diets from 0 to 18 d and common grower and finisher diets to 43 d. At d 11, VAC birds had higher (p < 0.05) excreta oocyst counts and lower (p < 0.05) plasma carotenoids, nutrient AID, and IDE than ACD birds. From 0 to 18 and 0 to 31 d, VAC decreased (p < 0.05) body weight gain and increased (energy × CCP, p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio of birds fed the moderate and high-energy diets but not for those fed the standard energy diet. From 0 to 43 d, VAC only increased the feed conversion ratio of birds fed the moderate-energy starter diet (energy × CCP, p < 0.05). Carcass yields were lower (p < 0.05) for VAC birds than for ACD birds, and interactive effects (p < 0.05) were observed for wing yield. In summary, increasing dietary lipid concentration to account for Eimeria-induced reductions in lipid digestibility during the starter period of coccidiosis-vaccinated broilers may exacerbate, rather than ameliorate, these impacts on bird performance.

GWAS and WGCNA Analysis Uncover Candidate Genes Associated with Oil Content in Soybean.

Soybean vegetable oil is an important source of the human diet. However, the analysis of the genetic mechanism leading to changes in soybean oil content is still incomplete. In this study, a total of 227 soybean materials were applied and analyzed by a genome-wide association study (GWAS). There are 44 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) that were identified as associated with oil content. A total of six, four, and 34 significant QTN loci were identified in Xiangyang, Hulan, and Acheng, respectively. Of those, 26 QTNs overlapped with or were near the known oil content quantitative trait locus (QTL), and 18 new QTNs related to oil content were identified. A total of 594 genes were located near the peak single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from three tested environments. These candidate genes exhibited significant enrichment in tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesiss (ko00960), ABC transporters (ko02010), photosynthesis-antenna proteins (ko00196), and betalain biosynthesis (ko00965). Combined with the GWAS and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), four candidate genes (Glyma.18G300100, Glyma.11G221100, Glyma.13G343300, and Glyma.02G166100) that may regulate oil content were identified. In addition, Glyma.18G300100 was divided into two main haplotypes in the studied accessions. The oil content of haplotype 1 is significantly lower than that of haplotype 2. Our research findings provide a theoretical basis for improving the regulatory mechanism of soybean oil content.

Effect of Soybean Oil on the Improvement of the Functionality of Edible Membrane-Type Food Packaging Films Based on Caseinate-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Compositions.

Edible film biopolymers are gaining attention to tackle problems of plastic waste and food safety to alleviate environmental problems associated with plastic products in food packaging. In this study, caseinate-carboxymethyl chitosan (CA-CMCH) composite films were made with the incorporation of soybean oil (SO) using a casting technique. The influence of different soybean oil concentrations at 0, 0.5, and 1% (w/w) on physical, mechanical, barrier, and surface characteristics of films composed of caseinate-carboxymethyl chitosan (CA-CMCH) was evaluated. The brightest film (L* value of 95.95 ± 0.30) was obtained with the edible film made from the control group of samples with sodium caseinate (NaCA-100; 100% NaCA). The results also indicated that samples with 1% SO in NaCA-75 and CaCA-75 had lower water vapor permeability (WVP), while those with NaCA-50 and CaCA-50 showed higher values of WVP. For mechanical properties, this study found that incorporating soybean oil into the caseinate-carboxymethyl (CA-CMCH) composite films led to an enhancement of both tensile strength and elongation at break. The morphological structures, determined using SEM, of control and composite films showed compact and homogenous surfaces. Overall, the addition of soybean oil contributed to the improvement of the functional properties of the edible films, offering potential solutions to the environmental issues associated with plastic packaging and enhancing the safety and performance of food packaging.

Ability of Genomic Prediction to Bi-Parent-Derived Breeding Population Using Public Data for Soybean Oil and Protein Content.

Genomic selection (GS) is a marker-based selection method used to improve the genetic gain of quantitative traits in plant breeding. A large number of breeding datasets are available in the soybean database, and the application of these public datasets in GS will improve breeding efficiency and reduce time and cost. However, the most important problem to be solved is how to improve the ability of across-population prediction. The objectives of this study were to perform genomic prediction (GP) and estimate the prediction ability (PA) for seed oil and protein contents in soybean using available public datasets to predict breeding populations in current, ongoing breeding programs. In this study, six public datasets of USDA GRIN soybean germplasm accessions with available phenotypic data of seed oil and protein contents from different experimental populations and their genotypic data of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to perform GP and to predict a bi-parent-derived breeding population in our experiment. The average PA was 0.55 and 0.50 for seed oil and protein contents within the bi-parents population according to the within-population prediction; and 0.45 for oil and 0.39 for protein content when the six USDA populations were combined and employed as training sets to predict the bi-parent-derived population. The results showed that four USDA-cultivated populations can be used as a training set individually or combined to predict oil and protein contents in GS when using 800 or more USDA germplasm accessions as a training set. The smaller the genetic distance between training population and testing population, the higher the PA. The PA increased as the population size increased. In across-population prediction, no significant difference was observed in PA for oil and protein content among different models. The PA increased as the SNP number increased until a marker set consisted of 10,000 SNPs. This study provides reasonable suggestions and methods for breeders to utilize public datasets for GS. It will aid breeders in developing GS-assisted breeding strategies to develop elite soybean cultivars with high oil and protein contents.

Fertilizer Management Strategies of Glycine max L. (Soybean) in Northcentral and North-Western North Dakota

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a new cash crop grown in north central and northwestern North Dakota (ND). Soils and climate in these new soybean areas differ from current fertilizer guidelines. A three-year study to evaluate soybean fertility best management practices was initiated in the spring of 2016 and concluded in 2018. Each year had two sites and twelve treatments. One site was acidic (pH &lt; 6.2) and the other was alkaline (pH &gt; 7.2). Both site treatments were: untreated check, inoculated with rhizobia (Bradyrhizobium japonicum L.), broadcast urea (55 kg ha−1), broadcast MAP (110 kg ha−1), In-furrow 10-34-0 (28 L ha−1), in-furrow 6-24-6 (28 L ha−1), foliar 3-18-18 (28 L ha−1) at V5 and R2, and foliar 3-18-18 (28 L ha−1) with sulfate (1.1 kg ha−1) at V5 and R2. The acidic site had two treatments of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) waste lime (4411 kg ha−1 and 8821 kg ha−1). The alkaline site received treatments of iron ortho-ortho-EDDHA (7.1 L ha−1), and naked ortho-ortho-EDDHA (7.1 L ha−1). An in-furrow treatment of cobalt (2.9 kg cobalt-sulfate ha−1) was added in 2018. Fertilizer treatments did not impact soybean yield, protein content and oil content at the 0.05 significance level.

Integrative omics analysis elucidates the genetic basis underlying seed weight and oil content in soybean.

Synergistic optimization of key agronomic traits by traditional breeding has dramatically enhanced crop productivity in the past decades. However, the genetic basis underlying coordinated regulation of yield- and quality-related traits remains poorly understood. Here, we dissected the genetic architectures of seed weight and oil content by combining genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) using 421 soybean (Glycine max) accessions. We identified 26 and 33 genetic loci significantly associated with seed weight and oil content by GWAS, respectively, and detected 5,276 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) regulating expression of 3,347 genes based on population transcriptomes. Interestingly, a gene module (IC79), regulated by two eQTL hotspots, exhibited significant correlation with both seed weigh and oil content. Twenty-two candidate causal genes for seed traits were further prioritized by TWAS, including Regulator of Weight and Oil of Seed 1 (GmRWOS1), which encodes a sodium pump protein. GmRWOS1 was verified to pleiotropically regulate seed weight and oil content by gene knockout and overexpression. Notably, allelic variations of GmRWOS1 were strongly selected during domestication of soybean. This study uncovers the genetic basis and network underlying regulation of seed weight and oil content in soybean and provides a valuable resource for improving soybean yield and quality by molecular breeding.

Unravelling the Fat Composition of Soybeans: Insights from Scientific Inquiry

This article explores the analysis of the oil content in soybeans, providing a detailed examination of recent scientific research conducted by experts. The study offers valuable insights into the variations and determinants of fat content in different soybean cultivars through a systematic review of published literature and empirical data. The study examines different methods and strategies used by researchers to measure the oil content of soybeans, which helps enhance our knowledge of the nutritional composition and agricultural importance of soybeans. This article aims to clarify the complex dynamics that control the oil content of soybeans and its implications for different industries and research areas by combining important findings and methodologies.

Effects of the Oil and Fat Feeding Period on the Nutritional Composition and Functional Properties of Eggs

Lipids are commonly incorporated into the diets of laying hens at a rate of 1% to 2% during production. However, the effects on egg quality can vary based on the source and timing of lipid addition. Hence, this experiment was conducted to investigate the impacts of adding the same concentration of soybean oil, lard, and mixed oils (1.5%) to the daily feed of layer during two feeding periods. This study aimed to assess the changes in nutritional composition and functional properties and offer valuable insights to determine suitable types of oils and fat. In this study, the experiment was conducted in two test periods, 7 days and 21 days after the addition of the lipids, to assess the effects on the nutritional composition and functional properties of eggs. The study revealed the following results: (1) Changes in the yolk’s nutritional composition. Compared to the 7-day addition period, the inclusion of lard significantly increased the unsaturated fatty acids after 21 days; (2) Changes in the albumen’s nutritional composition. Compared to the 7-day addition period, the inclusion of lard and mixed oils significantly reduced the essential and nonessential amino acids after 21 days; (3) Changes in the functional characteristics of the eggs. After 21 days of addition, the eggs from the soybean oil group exhibited significantly higher foaming and emulsifying properties compared to the groups supplemented with lard and mixed oils; (4) Changes in the antioxidant capacity of the eggs. Compared to the 7-day addition period, the inclusion of all oils and fat significantly increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) content in egg yolk after 21 days. The aim of this experiment was to provide valuable scientific data to assist producers in making informed decisions regarding the utilization of feeding oils.

The acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases GmFATA1 and GmFATA2 are essential for fatty acid accumulation and growth in soybean.

Acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases (FAT) hydrolyze acyl-ACP complexes to release FA in plastids, which ultimately affects FA biosynthesis and profiles. Soybean GmFATA1 and GmFATA2 are homoeologous genes encoding oleoyl-ACP thioesterases whose role in seed oil accumulation and plant growth has not been defined. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing mutation of Gmfata1 or 2 led to reduced leaf FA content and growth defect at the early seedling stage. In contrast, no homozygous double mutants were obtained. Combined this indicates that GmFATA1 and GmFATA2 display overlapping, but not complete functional redundancy. Combined transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis revealed a large number of genes involved in FA synthesis and FA chain elongation are expressed at reduced level in the Gmfata1 mutant, accompanied by a lower triacylglycerol abundance at the early seedling stage. Further analysis showed that the Gmfata1 or 2 mutants had increased composition of the beneficial FA, oleic acid. The growth defect of Gmfata1 could be at least partially attributed to reduced acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, reduced abundance of five unsaturated monogalactosyldiacylglycerol lipids, and altered chloroplast morphology. On the other hand, overexpression of GmFATA in soybean led to significant increases in leaf FA content by 5.7%, vegetative growth, and seed yield by 26.9%, and seed FA content by 23.2%. Thus, overexpression of GmFATA is an effective strategy to enhance soybean oil content and yield.

Optimization of soybean oil content in a soybean oil-based aquafeed for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) to achieve optimal growth performance, proximate and fatty acid compositions, and lipid metabolism

Soybean oil (SO), an important plant-derived lipid, is routinely used in aquafeed as a partial substitute for fish oil. However, the effect of various contents of SO in a SO-based aquafeed on specific aquatic animals and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, five isonitrogenous diets containing different SO contents (0 %, 3 %, 6 %, 9 %, and 12 %, named as S0, S3, S6, S9, and S12, respectively) were prepared with SO as the predominant lipid source, and 12-week feeding experiments were conducted on juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (initial weight: 12.54 ± 0.08 g). Apart from lower feed conversion ratio in the S6 and S9 groups (P < 0.05), no obvious changes were observed in other growth indices (e.g., final weight and weight gain rate) in grass carp fed on diets with 0–9 % SO (P > 0.05). The S12 group exhibited significant decrease in the final weight and weight gain rate and increase in the viscerosomatic index (P < 0.05). Unlike gradual decrease in moisture, ash, and saturated fatty acid contents, muscle crude fat and unsaturated fatty acid (particularly polyunsaturated fatty acid) contents significantly increased with the increasing SO contents (P < 0.05). Serum triglyceride contents continuously increased with the increasing SO amounts, exhibiting the maximum value in the S12 group (P < 0.05). Similarly, the S12 group displayed the highest levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol in serum (P < 0.05). Only the S12 group exhibited scanty lymphocytic infiltration in some areas of the hepatopancreas. However, other groups exhibited no obvious histopathological abnormalities. Lipogenic genes (dgat, fad, elovl1, elovl6, elovl7, lpcat, and pla2), ACSL family members (acsl1a, acsl1b, acsl3, acsl4, acsl5, and acsl6), lipolytic genes (atg1, cpt1a, cpt1b, hsl, and lpl), fatty acid transport-related genes (cd36, fabp, and fatp), and transcription factor involved in lipid metabolism (ppar α) were gradually upregulated as dietary SO content increased (P < 0.05). However, the transcript levels of srebp1 and its target gene acc1 exhibited decreasing trend under the same conditions, and significant downregulation of ppar γ was observed in the S12 group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the optimal content of SO as the main lipid source in a SO-based diet for juvenile grass carp ranged from 6 % to 9 %, at which growth requirements of grass carp were met and fish health and fillet quality were effectively maintained. Our data provided a scientific reference for developing more efficient aquafeed formulations and enhancing fish flesh quality in aquaculture, as well as provided basic information for further assessing the regulatory mechanism of lipid homeostasis in teleost fishes.

Digestible energy content and apparent digestibility coefficients of fish meal, soybean meal, corn, wheat middlings and soybean oil in paiche Arapaima gigas

A balanced feed will optimize the performance and nutrient utilization of the paiche according to its genetic potential. Information is required regarding the nutritive value of the ingredients and the bioavailability of the nutrients. For this reason, and given the limited information available, the objective of this research was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients and digestible energy of fish meal, soybean meal, corn, wheat middlings and soybean oil through the indirect method using chromic oxide as an inert marker. The apparent digestibility of dry matter ranged from 49 % -87 %, protein ranged from 68-90 %, lipids ranged from 73-93 % and energy ranged from 54-97 % for the different ingredients tested. The digestible energy of the fish meal was determined to be 4.34 Mcal.DE/kg. Soybean meal, corn, wheat middlings and soybean oil had values of 3.67 Mcal.DE/kg, 2.63 Mcal.DE/kg, 2.24 Mcal.DE/kg and 9.19 Mcal. DE/kg. Knowledge of the digestibility of nutrients will allow the development of feeds for the paiche with ingredients of greater digestibility, allowing to increase the productive performance of the paiche, the reduction of feeding costs resulting in the improvement of the profitability of fish farmers for a sustainable activity.

DETERMINING OIL AND FATTY ACID PROFILES OF SELECTED SOYBEAN (Glycine max L.) CULTIVARS UNDER SECOND CROP CONDITION IN EAST MEDITERRANEAN AGROECOLOGY

The objective of this study was to analyse the oil contents and composition of fatty acids (linolenic, stearic, oleic,&#x0D; palmitic and linoleic acids) of 20 distinct soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) cultivars cultivated as the second crop&#x0D; in Cukurova Delta in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Soybean cultivars Ilksoy, Traksoy maturity group&#x0D; II (MG: II), Atakisi, Arisoy, Cinsoy, Atem-7, Sa 88, Altinay, Asya, Bravo, Gapsoy, Kocaturk, Mitchell, Samsoy,&#x0D; Kristal, Umut-2002 (MG: III), Adasoy, ANP 2018, Nazlican, Lider (MG:3.8) were used. Field tests of this study&#x0D; were carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Eastern Mediterranean&#x0D; Agricultural Research Institute's Dogankent-Adana location in 2020-2021. Years, genotypes, and year x&#x0D; genotype interactions were all determined as significant in the variance analysis of the experiment's data. The&#x0D; fatty acid content of soybean cultivars varied between 10.00 and 12.64% for palmitic acid, 4.15 and 5.17% for&#x0D; stearic acid, 25.75 and 33.90% for oleic acid, 43.22 and 51.59% for linoleic acid, and 4.85 and 5.98% for linolenic&#x0D; acid, according to a 2-years average. Soybean cultivars' oil content ranged from 23.12 to 24.78 percent.

Soybean yield, seed protein and oil concentration, and soil fertility affected by off-season crops

The main cropping system in Brazil is soybean-maize off-season, particularly in tropical climate regions. However, there is a lack of information about the effects of alternative off-season crops on soybean performance and soil chemical fertility. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in a long-term experiment, the effects of off-season crops on soybean yield, seed protein and oil concentration, and soil chemical fertility under a no-tillage system. A seven-year experiment was conducted in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Treatments comprised six crop systems in the soybean off-season: (i) maize with nitrogen (N) fertilizer topdressing (80 kg N ha−1, (ii) maize without N fertilizer topdressing, (iii) wheat without N fertilizer topdressing, (iv) ruzigrass (Urochloa ruziziensis) without fertilizers, (v) showy rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis) without fertilizers, and (vi) unplanted fallow. Maize and wheat were used as cash crops and ruzigrass and showy rattlebox as cover crops. Ruzigrass had the highest straw production (average of 6.8 Mg ha−1 year−1) and improved soil fertility, especially organic carbon and potassium concentrations in the superficial soil layer. Ruzigrass and wheat off-season provided the highest soybean yields in succession (4311 and 4228 kg ha−1, respectively), whereas maize without N and fallow resulted in the lowest soybean yields (3841 and 3825 kg ha−1, respectively). Ruzigrass off-season provided the greatest yield stability of soybean and the fallow the lowest yield stability (coefficients of variation of 14.70 % and 23.78 %, respectively). The highest soybean seed protein concentration was observed with ruzigrass (368 g kg−1) and the lowest with fallow (353 g kg−1). The highest seed oil concentration was observed in maize with N and showy rattlebox (224 g kg−1 for both off-season crops) and the lowest with wheat (216 g kg−1). The ruzigrass provided the highest soybean seed protein and oil yields (1586 and 945 kg ha−1) and fallow the lowest (1352 and 845 kg ha−1). The ruzigrass used as soybean off-season cover crop improved the soil chemical fertility and soybean grain yield.

Gamma-rays induced mutations increase soybean oil and protein contents.

Mutation breeding is one of the effective techniques used for improving desired traits such as yield quality and quantity in economic crops. The present study aims to develop oil and protein contents in addition to high yield attributes in soybean using gamma rays as a mutagen. Seeds of the soybean genotypes Giza 21, Giza 22, Giza 82, Giza 83 and 117 were treated with gamma rays doses 50, 100, 200 and 300 Gy. Plants were then scored based on morphological parameters correlated with yield quantity including plant height, seed weight and valuable protein and oil contents. Mutant lines exhibiting the highest yield attributes were selected and used as parents for M2 generation. The M2 progeny was further assessed based on their ability to maintain their yield attributes. Twenty mutant lines were selected and used as M3 lines. The yield parameters inferred a positive effect of gamma irradiation on the collected M3 mutant lines compared to their parental genotypes. 100 Gy of gamma rays gave the highest effect on the number of pods, branches and seeds per plant in addition to protein content, while 200 Gy was more effective in increasing plant height, number of pods per plant, and oil content. Six mutant lines scored the highest yield parameters. Further assessment inferred an inverse relationship between oil and protein content in most of the tested cultivars with high agronomic features. However, four mutant lines recorded high content of oil and protein besides their high seed yield as well, which elect them as potential candidates for large-scale evaluation. The correlation among examined parameters was further confirmed via principal component analysis (PCA), which inferred a positive correlation between the number of pods, branches, seeds, and seed weight. Conversely, oil and protein content were inversely correlated in most of yielded mutant lines. Together, those findings introduce novel soybean lines with favorable agronomic traits for the market. In addition, our research sheds light on the value of using gamma rays treatment in enhancing genetic variability in soybean and improving oil, protein contents and seed yield.