Oil Change Intervals Research Articles

Analysis of Tribological Properties of Engine Lubricants Used in Hybrid Vehicles.

A problem has been noted regarding the admixture of fuel to a low viscosity lubricant in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This is very detrimental to the wear and tear of engine operating components. In this study, the operating conditions of HEVs were analysed. Using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), engine oils of two different viscosity classes were compared after the operating process and these data were compared with fresh reference samples. Attention was paid to the content of elements such as Ca, Zn, Mo, Sn, Cd, Fe Pb, Si, Cu, and Ni. The depletion of anti-wear additives, as well as the higher content of metallic wear products relative to the operated 5W30 (engine oil), contributed to the overall assessment of the lubricity of the 0W30 oil, as well as to the tribological results. Then, under laboratory conditions, oil samples contaminated with up to 1 to 8% fuel were subjected to rheological (mini AV-X viscometer) and tribological (four-ball tester) tests. The dependence of the local pressure at the metal-to-metal contact point in the kinematic node on viscosity showed the dissimilar nature of the used and fresh oil and the divergence of the domains for the two groups of samples. Increasing the fuel contamination of used oil above 4% drastically reduces the pressure responsible for maintaining the oil film. In order to improve lubricant performance during HEV operation in urban conditions, it was proposed to carry out extra-urban traffic driving in order to evaporate the fuel from the engine oil. A shorter oil change interval is also recommended.

Laivų vidaus degimo variklių tepimo alyvos keitimo intervalų optimizavimas: algoritmo tyrimas ir sudarymas

This study investigates an algorithm for optimal oil change intervals in the marine engine fleet, which reduces the costs due to the recommendations of ship engine manufacturers, which may have a large margin of error. At the same time, the algorithm provides measures to avoid exceeding the limits of sustainable operation of the installation. The main objective of the algorithm is to reasonably extend the service life of the lubricating oil in accordance with the recommendations of the engine manufacturers and while maintaining a reminiscent operating condition of the machinery. The variation of lubricating oil quality parameters during engine operation is a very important factor which, if ignored, can lead to high costs associated with ship idling. The obtained theoretical algorithm can be applied in the optimization process, but it is necessary to check and compare it with the results of the laboratory experiments and, if necessary, make corrections to the algorithm. These published results of the algorithm research and design are the first phase of the optimization of the lubrication oil change intervals for marine internal combustion engines, which must be verified by the results of applied research, mathematical analysis and, if necessary, adjusted as needed. Keywords: lubricating oil, marine engines, fleet exploitation.

Pashukevich Motor oil performance analysis due to water and coolant contamination

Introduction. During the operation of heavy-duty diesel equipment in areas with a low-temperature climate, engine oils are contaminated by coolant and water. The ingress of these substances into the lubricant leads to a deterioration in its quality indicators, which subsequently leads to problems in the nodes of the internal combustion engine.Relevance. The deterioration of the values of engine oil quality indicators is directly related to the presence of water and coolant in it. It is not always possible to objectively track the ways of leakage of these pollutants, and this, in turn, leads to serious consequences in the form of wear of the contacting surfaces of engine parts, corrosion. It is also important to evaluate the resource of lubricant additive packages due to its dilution with water and antifreeze.Materials and methods. This paper presents the results of a literature review aimed at studying the ways of coolant and water ingress during the operation of diesel engines, their influence on the physical and chemical properties of motor oils. The brief information about the composition of the coolant is indicated.Conclusions. The ingress of water and coolant into the engine oil leads to an increase in the kinematic viscosity of the lubricant, as well as to the formation of deposits on the surfaces of the engine friction pairs. In addition, spherical compounds appear in the crankcase of the engine, which are a combination of destroyed additive packages and glycol. Oil change intervals must be monitored at an increased rate of water and coolant entering the engine oil.Scope of the study / possibility. This type of study will help to determine the causes of penetration of water and coolant into the crankcase space, to understand the consequences of using engine oil contaminated with water and coolant.Originality / value. The conducted research can be the basis for the development of recommendations for improving the maintenance of internal combustion engines for enterprises that have at their disposal cars with diesel engines in order to increase the resource of power units and reduce operating costs.

Studies on Engine Oil Degradation Characteristics in a Field Test with Passenger Cars

Nowadays, a car’s engine oil change interval is an essential factor in reducing wear. The correct choice depends on various factors. This study analyzes the changes in the composition of three different engine oils (0W30, 5W30, and 5W40) during the generally accepted oil change interval (15,000 km) in gasoline and diesel cars during the post-warranty period. Commercially available low-level biofuel blends (B7 and E10) were used to power test vehicles in a field test. Engine oil samples were taken every 3000 km for more detailed analysis and tested in an accredited laboratory. The contaminants in the engine oil were determined using several testing methods: spectrometric analysis, gas chromatography, etc. Studies have shown that all used cars have an increase in the number of iron particles, an increased concentration of silicon, and also an increase in the number of nickel particles above 12,000 km. Tests also showed a sharp drop of molybdenum anti-friction additives 4.5 times and a gradual increase in fuel concentration for the Opel Insignia over 12,000 km, but over 9000 km, a significant increase in the concentration of chromium particles. Based on this research results, it is preferable to choose a maintenance interval of no more than 12,000 km for cars during the post-warranty period. In this way, the intensity of engine wear can be reduced due to the loss of adequate protective properties of the engine oil.

Heavy metal content in used engine oils depending on engine type and oil change interval

Heavy metal content in used engine oils depending on engine type and oil change interval

Improving sustainability by enhanced engine component lifetime through friction modifier additives in fuels

Engine test rig runs with a standard and a friction modifier containing premium fuel using an artificially altered close to end-of-life oil were conducted. Friction modifier and antiwear additives were completely degraded in the oil at the start of the test. Radioisotope activated piston rings were utilized in the engine, which allowed wear determination via radioisotope concentration measurements. Additionally, 3D topography of the piston rings and determination of the iron content in the engine oil were performed to determine wear that occurred during the test.The engine test runs resulted in comparable fuel dilution with standard and premium fuels, namely 0.84–0.98 m% and 0.69–0.80 m% respectively, which indicates comparable physical interactions between the engine oil and the two fuel formulations.All 3 independent methods for wear measurement confirmed that the premium fuel containing friction modifier results in an overall superior wear protection compared to standard fuel. Mass spectrometry of oil aliquots from the engine test rig runs showed an accumulation of friction modifier in the end-of-life engine oil, which explains the better tribological characteristics observed in this case. Accordingly, application of friction modifier in fuels can lead to increased oil change intervals since the wear protection is acceptable even in case of an end-of-life oil condition and potentially improved engine component lifetime. Both factors offer economic and environmental benefits.

Assessment of oil change intervals in urban buses based on the selected physicochemical properties of used engine oils

The paper presents the results of the analysis of selected physicochemical parameters of engine oils after their use. The oils were obtained both from urban buses belonging to the fleet of a municipal transport company in Lublin, Poland but also from the city of Pardubice in the Czech Republic. Five samples of 10W/40 semi-synthetic oil and four samples of 5W/30 synthetic oil were tested. Kinematic viscosity at 40°C and 100°C, oxidation, nitration, sulfonation, total acid number (TAN), total base number (TBN), remaining antiwear additives, water content, and glycol content, were assessed using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The tests were performed on the basis of the ASTM E2412-10 standard. The article also presents the exceedance of the limit values results for the selected parameters. The results of the research can be used in optimizing the engine oil change interval so that the decision to replace the oil is justified both in economic and technical terms, taking into account the need to maintain the service life of the bus.

Soot formation and effect on engine oils

Introduction. During the combustion of diesel fuel in a diesel engine with an increased fuel supply, as a result of its incomplete combustion, soot particles are formed, which are either released into the atmosphere or inevitably enter the engine oil. Soot, polluting the engine oil, causes a change in its quality indicators. Soot is very small particles formed by a complex reaction mechanism in the flame of a fuel-rich region during the combustion of hydrocarbons in the absence of air, mainly consisting of a mixture of amorphous carbon and organic matter.Materials and methods. This paper presents the results of a literary review aimed at studying the ways of soot occurrence during the operation of diesel engines, its effect. The mechanical properties of diesel soot are also discussed on the surfaces of friction pairs and engine components.Conclusions. The soot content in engine oil will increase sharply in engines with exhaust gas recirculation, which leads to an increase in temperature in the friction zones and viscosity of the lubricant, as well as to the formation of deposits on hot parts. These processes occur due to the discharge in the crankcase space and the intensification of the intake of gases from the combustion chamber. Oil change intervals should be monitored at an increased rate of soot entering the engine oil.Scope of the study / opportunity. This type of study will help determine the causes of soot in a diesel engine, understand the consequences of using engine oil contaminated with soot particles.Originality / value. The conducted research can be the basis for the development of recommendations for improving the maintenance of internal combustion engines for enterprises that have cars with diesel engines at their disposal in order to increase the resource of power units and reduce operating costs.

Vibration Diagnostic Methods of Automatic Transmission Service Requirement Prediction

Automatic transmission is a key factor for autonomous driving. The transmission condition is highly affected by the quality and quantity of transmission oil in the system. However, the oil condition is not monitored in the system, and the oil change interval and method are still a subject of discussion. This paper analyzes the effects of oil changes in automatic transmissions. The measurements were carried out before and after the oil change with the same external conditions. With the vibration measurement method, data can be collected without disassembling the parts and during operational conditions. Furthermore, time- and frequency-based analyses were conducted to compare different transmissions’ operations. The results have shown that the effect of oil degradation is measurable on the amplitude of the signals and, therefore, predictable with vibration diagnostics. During the evaluation, the maximum values were compared on measurements with at least a 2-s length.

Istraživanje i evaluacija radnih karakteristika korišćenog brodskog motornog ulja korišćenjem metode matrice procesnih parametara

The marine engine circulating oil change interval suggested by manufacturers is a guideline based on general scale statistics and laboratory testing. At the same time, the actual remaining oil life can significantly correct the time and money spent by the chief mechanic service on system maintenance. In the present work, a method has been developed that makes it possible to increase the service life of mechanisms and the reliability of ship equipment under operating conditions. The effect is achieved by identifying and analyzing the most significant and influential parameters of the lubricant used. An array of physical and chemical data on lubricants, taking into account the equipment's time to failure, is processed by a special computer program for monitoring the state of a marine engine in operating mode. The developed software package allows more accurate and timely maintenance of the SPP (ship power plant).

Application of Condition Monitoring for Hydraulic Oil Using Tuning Fork Sensor: A Study Case on Hydraulic System of Earth Moving Machinery.

In this study, we focus on the correctness of oil condition monitoring, specifically of a tuning forks sensor in hydraulic systems. We also aim to analyze the correlation between the online monitoring sensor signal and offline oil analysis by periodically sampling the hydraulic oil. In recent years, condition-based monitoring (CBM) of hydraulic oils has played a key role in extending earthmoving machinery uptime and reducing maintenance costs. We performed rig test and field test to develop a condition monitoring system based on oil analysis for construction equipment. Using the rig test, a reference line for the diagnosis of viscosity and dielectric constant for the new hydraulic oil was derived, and the characteristics of each sensor parameter for artificial contamination and oxidation were confirmed. In order to affirm the validity of oil diagnosis using oil sensors, the oil sensors were applied to four excavators to detect changes in oil conditions over 12 months. It was found that monitoring hydraulic oil with an oil sensor detecting the change in oil properties and contamination can provide reliable information for establishing diagnostic criteria. The finding allows us to predict the remaining oil life and to determine the oil change intervals based on the diagnosis of the oil condition.

Oil Change Interval Evaluation of Gearbox Used in Heavy-Duty Truck E-Axle with Oil Analysis Data

Regular lubricating oil change in the gearbox is desirable for improving vehicle reliability and reducing operating costs. To achieve this objective, evaluating the oil change interval is necessary. However, due to the complex and dynamic properties of oil degradation, oil change interval evaluation has been a bottleneck in practice. Therefore, a solution strategy is proposed in this paper that utilizes the oil physicochemical properties derived from oil analysis data to determine the optimal oil change interval. With a large amount of oil analysis data collected, the iron (Fe) debris, kinematic viscosity (100 °C), and total acid number (TAN) are considered to be the oil change indicators of lubricating oil. By monitoring the changes in the selected oil change indicators, linear regression is firstly applied to the original oil analysis data to reveal the dynamic degradation process. Then, the Wiener-based stochastic process is used to describe the first hitting time and the increasing trends of the selected oil change indicator. Finally, the oil change interval can be obtained under the concept of the first hitting time. Compared with the planned maintenance time, the proposed method seems reasonable considering the dynamic property of oil degradation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated using a case study with an oil analysis dataset from an E-axle with a two-shift gearbox. The results show that the oil change interval increased by approximately 10,000 km (50%) compared with the planned maintenance interval. This will reduce vehicle maintenance time and save maintenance costs.

Effective use of motor oil resources of the tractor of the company “Claas” in the conditions of Uzbekistan

AnnotationThe article describes in detail the reliable operation of modern high-performance and complex “CLAAS” techniques, the correct selection of lubricants and compliance with the optimal operating procedure, as well as the results of the analysis of friction elements of motor oils. It is necessary to compare the quality indicators determined on the basis of research and the concentration of friction elements in the oil with standard values. In order to determine the recommended engine oil change intervals in the engines of CLAAS tractors, it is necessary to determine their quality indicators and the concentration of friction elements in the oil. In order to maintain the performance of the oil, it is recommended to add additives during operation. Study of wear conditions of oils used in internal combustion engines. Determination and justification of the limit working life of oils used in internal combustion engines. Study and justification of properties of interchangeable oils used in internal combustion engines. It is necessary to develop scientific justification and recommendations for increasing the service life of the oils used in internal combustion engines.

Experimental Investigation into the Effects of Fuel Dilution on the Change in Chemical Properties of Lubricating Oil Used in Fuel Injection Pump of Pielstick PA4 V185 Marine Diesel Engine

The engine oil contamination caused by various chemical elements and fuel is an important problem. As a consequence, the engine oil loses its tribological properties, engine lubrication worsens and may lead to potential problems such as excessive wear, corrosion, etc. For that reason, the study of oil degradation and contamination due to the replacement strategies is of special interest to the engine operators and engine manufacturers. In this paper, the chemical elements and fuel dilution of engine oil are analyzed under real engine operating conditions. This research is focused on the fundamental question: how is the chemical performance of lubricant components impacted by diesel dilution? Various tribological tests were performed on regularly collected samples from the fuel injection pump of a Pielstick PA4 V185 marine diesel engine. These tests assessed the influence of fuel on the lubricating oil chemistry performance and useful residual life. Tests included variations in lubricant density, viscosity, flash point temperature and chemical components for 10 samples taken in the following hours of engine operation. Results suggest that diesel dilution only slightly affects chemical additive performance. Most of the examined chemical elements remained at a negligible level (below 1 ppm) in the case of elements whose content was greater, and the changes were either negligible (Al, Fe, MG, Si) in the grits from 1 to 5 ppm or higher (Ca, P, Zn, C), ranging from tens to several hundred ppm. On the other hand, the kinematic viscosity changed significantly from 89.8 to 12.0 cSt at 40 °C or from 9.8 to 2.9 cSt at 100 °C. The change in flash point, although significant from 236 (for fresh oil) to a value below 100, does not exceed the limit values. To sum up, the study concluded that the reduction in oil change intervals for this engine is worth considering under the given operating conditions.

Обоснование потенциала увеличения интервала замены моторного масла двигателя КАМАЗ Р-6

Abstract. The article is devoted to solving the actual scientific and practical problem of substantiating at the design stage the potential for increasing the frequency of maintenance of an automobile diesel engine, which is distinguished by an improved design, improved indicators of reliability, efficiency, environmental friendliness and quality of the operating materials used. The general goal of scientific research is to reduce operating costs and increase the efficiency of using cars with high-tech engines by increasing the frequency of their maintenance. The solution of the problem within the framework of this article is to establish the factors that affect the potential for increasing the engine oil change interval, taking into account modern and future requirements for automotive diesel engines. The methodological apparatus for solving this problem consisted in an analytical study of many years of experience in designing, manufacturing, testing and operating engines of the KAMAZ V8 family, as well as engines from leading world manufacturers. It has been established that for modern high-tech automotive diesel engines, the potential for increasing the engine oil change interval is a combination of a set of factors, namely: the use of diesel fuel with a minimum sulfur content; reduction of heat stress of lubricated parts. The main results are that specific basic requirements have been formulated for engine oil, diesel fuel, design and manufacturing technologies for parts, assemblies, diesel engine systems to increase the frequency of maintenance and oil change intervals for engines of the new KAMAZ R6 family. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that a complex of factors has been identified, the combination of which affects the reduction in the rate of deterioration of the quality indicators of engine oil, taking into account which allows increasing the intervals for its replacement during the operation of a diesel engine. The theoretical value for the development of the branch of science “Operation of road transport” lies in the fact that the identified factors and relationships contribute to the study and improvement of the processes of organizing car maintenance, which helps to increase their operational reliability and operational efficiency. The direction of further research is the solution of the following complex task — bench and operational tests of the engine of the new KAMAZ R6 family to confirm the validity of the potential for increasing the frequency of maintenance.

Verification Measurement of Laboratory Test Equipment for Evaluation of Technical Properties of Automotive Oil Filters

By simulating the operating conditions, it is possible to verify and evaluate the technical properties of motor vehicle oil filters and the functionality of the designed equipment. Contaminated engine oil from operation was used with MANN W950/26 oil filter and a CNH Industrial 2992242 oil filter in the test circuit. Before use, the level of engine oil contamination in the test circuit was determined by evaluating the physicochemical properties. The laboratory test equipment also allows monitoring the technical life of oil filters, with variously contaminated engine oil, with the possibility of extending engine oil change service intervals depending on changes in the physicochemical properties of engine oil and filter efficiency. These laboratory tests can be performed in parallel in two hydraulic circuits, which can significantly reduce the testing time of the filter capabilities of oil filters, without the risk of engine damage, provided that the tests were performed under operating conditions. The results of the evaluation of the filtration capacity of oil filters can be used in the design of new filter materials, but also with a suitably determined methodology of oil filter replacement and engine oil change interval, it is possible to extend replacement intervals, which has a significant benefit not only from an economic but also ecological point of view. The result of the measurements is the confirmation of the functionality of the device with the possibility of simulating the operating conditions, at different degrees of oil contamination, at different operating temperatures and using different oil filters.

Prediction of oil dilution formation rate due to post injections in diesel engines by using Gaussian process

Post-injection strategies are commonly used in diesel engines for various purposes, such as cleaning diesel particulate filters from soot, heat-up and heat maintenance strategies. Usage of post injections in diesel engines with upcoming legislation is expected to be increased because of increasing regeneration frequencies, de-sulfation of catalysts and challenges in cold emission. Post injections with retarded timing and high quantity under certain charge conditions can cause oil dilution by creating liquid fuel impingement on lubricated cylinder walls and the fuel absorption into the oil film. Fuel contamination to engine oil can cause deterioration in oil properties. Engine components can only bear a certain level of degradation in oil properties. Thus, exceeding a certain level of oil dilution should be avoided not to harm engine durability. The engine oil must be replaced within a specific interval due to various mechanisms affecting engine oil lubrication performance such as ageing, soot content etc. Depending on the fuel rate going into the engine oil, oil dilution due to post injections can limit engine oil change intervals. Engine oil change interval is essential for the cost of ownership and environment. Parameters such as charge conditions at post-injection timing and post-injection configuration are effective over the formation rate of oil dilution due to post injections. Therefore, the formation rate of oil dilution due to post injections must be minimized and modelled not to exceed a specific limit in different cycles. With this study, a series of engine testing is conducted to investigate the correlation between empirical spray parameters and fuel in oil formation rate due to post injections. During the studies, various charge conditions and post-injection configurations were tested. In addition to fuel addition to oil, fuel evaporation from oil was also investigated. A correlation between penetration depth and the formation rate of oil dilution was observed. However, a correlation between Sauter means diameter and formation rate of oil dilution was only kept when penetration depth was filtered within a specific range in test results. Evaporation of fuel in oil has shown an asymptotic behaviour based on test duration and initial heavy fraction ratio under constant oil temperature conditions. A statistical modelling approach is applied to predict the formation rate of oil dilution as a function of normalized spray penetration depth, Sauter means diameter and engine speed. Moreover, such a model was validated over various transient cycles.

Determination of engine oil change interval for patrol engines based on actual operating time

Introduction. This paper shows the results of a study of the frequency of maintenance of passenger cars in various operating conditions, and provides recommendations for replacing the engine oil of gasoline engines (category SN classification according to API) according to the actual engine operating time (moto-hours). The service book of passenger cars contains the regulations for car maintenance with a list of operations that must be performed. The oil change intervals specified in the Regulations on Maintenance and Repair of Rolling Stock of motor Transport and the factory instructions do not take into account the specifics of the operation of vehicles. Depending on the road and climatic conditions and the operating mode, the standard maintenance schedule can be adjusted, in particular, the frequency of engine oil changes. The scientific novelty of the work is to determine the intervals of car maintenance for specific operating conditions.Materials and methods. The paper presents an analysis of Russian and foreign car maintenance systems, in particular, the oil change intervals of gasoline engines in European countries, the United States and Japan.The results of operational and resource tests of motor oils of gasoline engines carried out by methods of measuring their physical and chemical properties are presented.Results. In this paper, based on the analysis of the problem, recommendations for changing oil in gasoline engines by motorcycle hours for the conditions of the Republic of Dagestan (RD) are developed.The use of external and built-in technical means for calculating the motor hours allows you to determine the recommended oil change interval.Discussion and conclusion. In this paper, on the basis of research on a certain number of vehicles operating in various (including difficult) conditions, recommendations are developed that allow you to determine the rules of car maintenance for various operating conditions.

Research on Testing Method of Oil Characteristic Based on Quartz Tuning Fork Sensor

There is increasing demand for the on-board diagnosis of lubricating oils. In this research, we consider various sensor principles for on-board diagnosis of the thermal aging of engine oils. One of the parameters investigated is the viscosity of the lubricating oil, which can be efficiently measured using a microacoustic sensor. Compared with conventional viscometers, these sensors probe a different rheological domain, which needs to be considered in the interpretation of measurement results. This specific behavior is examined by systematically investigating engine oils, with and without additive packages, that were subjected to a defined artificial aging process. This paper presents design strategies for the algorithm developed and applied for direct on-board diagnosis of engine oil conditions with a fluid property sensor; this enables prediction of remaining oil life and optimization of oil change intervals, thereby minimizing the likelihood of dramatic engine failure and reducing maintenance costs. After a general description of the principles of sensor measurement, different engine oil contaminants, aging phenomena, and associated sensor detection and measurement capabilities are discussed.

Theoretical aspects of assessing the residual engine oil resource

The article reflects issues related to changes in the properties of engine oil during operation. Proposals are considered for creating a methodology for assessing the residual resource of engine oil by the example of changing the kinematic viscosity. The operating conditions of cars vary greatly, which affects the change in the engine oil resource. Automotive manufacturers set the engine oil change interval in kilometers. The actual resource of the engine oil may differ significantly from that recommended by the manufacturer of the equipment and declared by the manufacturer of the oil. The article presents the factors that determine the resource of engine oil and theoretical aspects of assessing the residual resource of engine oil. To assess the residual life of the engine oil, it is proposed to select a diagnostic indicator that comprehensively evaluates the state of the operating oil, assign limit values for the diagnostic indicator, fix the values of the diagnostic indicator during daily maintenance of the car, replace the dependence by which the diagnostic indicator changes with an approximating straight line, determine the coefficients for the approximating direct based on the last and previous values of the diagnostic indicator and operating time, calculate the engine oil operating time to the limit state according to a linear relationship The results of testing and forecasting the residual resource of engine oil for a motor transport enterprise are presented. Calculations made it possible to establish that the frequency of engine oil change can be increased relative to that adopted at a motor transport company by 28.3%.