Oil Bodies Research Articles

Authentication and Quality Control of the Brazilian Traditional Herb ‘Carquejas’ (Baccharis Species) Using Morpho-Anatomy and Microscopy

This research investigates the morpho-anatomical characteristics of seven Baccharis species, namely B. articulata, B. milleflora, B. myriocephala, B. pentaptera, B. riograndensis, B. sagittalis and B. trimera. Commonly called carquejas, these species have aerial photosynthetic winged stems known as cladodes and are widely used traditionally to treat digestive and diuretic disorders. This study aimed to characterize these commonly misidentified species using morphological and microscopic techniques, including light and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Trichomes, the presence or absence of oil bodies, and a subepidermal collenchyma layer at the wing edge were identified as primary anatomical markers that can help differentiate the studied species.

New Data on the Distribution and Systematic Position of Marsupella minutissima, a Poorly Known Species from Gymnomitriaceae (Marchantiophyta)

Marsupella minutissima was recorded for the first time outside of Japan in Jeju-do in the Republic of Korea. The new data significantly improve the knowledge of the species distribution. An analysis of the phylogenetic affinities of the species based on nuclear ITS and plastid trnL-trnF regions showed that it is resolved within the clade corresponding to Marsupella sect. Ustulatae, which is where the most morphologically similar M. funckii and M. sprucei are placed. These tree taxa are well delimited geographically. When found within the same region, such as a mountain chain, they occupy different altitudinal belts. Our results showed clear molecular delimitation; however, we failed to estimate the affinities of M. minutissima within the section based on the available molecular data. A description, line-art illustrations and photographs of the collected materials are provided; data on the oil bodies of the species were obtained for the first time.

Novel method to improve oxidative stability of safflower oil: An artificial oil body loaded with curcumin coupled rosmarinic acid

Safflower oil is easily oxidized; therefore, its oxidative stability can be improved using artificial oil bodies (AOBs). AOBs were assembled using safflower oil, phospholipids, and a conjugate comprising safflower caleosin (Ctcaleosin) and rosmarinic acid. AOBs coupled with rosmarinic acid exhibited better physical and thermal stability. The conjugate comprising safflower caleosin and rosmarinic acid was obtained by forming stable C-N covalent bonds. Circular dichroism spectroscopy analysis revealed that α-helix levels increased in safflower caleosin in the conjugate, which could be ascribed to the improvement in the stability and flexibility of safflower caleosin anchored by rosmarinic acid. Rosmarinic acid covering the surface of the AOBs and curcumin (Cur) located in the core of the artificial oil bodies significantly improved the physical and lipid oxidation stabilities of the artificial oil bodies. In vitro, release assay confirmed that curcumin in safflower caleosin-rosmarinic acid conjugate-modified AOBs loaded with curcumin (RAOBC) had a slower release efficiency than the free curcumin solution. The hemolysis assay confirmed the biological safety of RAOBC. The assembly of RAOBC can prevent the oxidation and deterioration of safflower oil, broadening its application in industry.

Preliminary selection of excellent provenances of Handeliodendron bodinieri L. based on oil content and morphological/anatomical characteristics of oil bodies

Preliminary selection of excellent provenances of Handeliodendron bodinieri L. based on oil content and morphological/anatomical characteristics of oil bodies

The fabrication, microstructure, rheological properties and interactions of soft solid oleogels of hazelnut oil body

Trans and saturated fatty acids in dietary solid fats have negative effects on human health, such as chronic diseases, making the development of a fat substitute an urgent matter. The plant derived oil body-hazelnut oil body (HOB) as the oil droplets, and the hydrogel formed by xanthan gum (XG) and type B gelatin (GEL) as the outer layer were used to encapsulate HOB and construct the oleogel. The OBC, microstructure, and rheological results indicated that the XG-GEL formed a sponge-like, tightly packed three-dimensional network structure on the surface of HOB, effectively preventing oil leakage. The hazelnut oil body oleogel exhibited 100% OBC, excellent deformation resistance, and thixotropic recovery ability. FTIR spectroscopy results revealed that changes in the amide I, II, III, and A bands indicated the formation of hydrogen bonds, with pronounced hydrogen bonding occurring between the amino/hydroxyl groups of HOB and the hydroxyl/carboxyl groups of XG-GEL. Raman spectroscopy results suggested that HOB-XG-GEL likely exhibited stronger hydrophobic interactions, while XG-GEL had no significant impact on the unsaturation level, membrane composition, or lipid acyl chain disorder of HOB. XRD results showed a single broad diffraction peak at 2θ = 19.6°, corresponding to π-π stacking interactions between HOB and XG-GEL. Interfacial characterization and zeta potential results demonstrated that HOB-XG-GEL had stronger surface activity and electrostatic repulsion. XRD and DSC results confirmed that the hazelnut oil body oleogel displayed an amorphous structure and good thermal stability. This study provides a new strategy for fabricating oil bodies to produce edible oleogels instead of solid fats.

Study on the foam properties of peanut oil body (POB)-based oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) foamed emulsion gel: The key role played by the interface between the water phase and the outer oil phase

A novel POB-based O/W/O foamed emulsion gel was constructed. The mechanism by which POB strengthens the foamed emulsion gel was preliminarily explored by studying the microstructure and rheological properties, and the applications of POB in decoration and 3D printing were analyzed. The adsorption of POBs and their fragments might strengthen the interface between the water and internal oil phases, thereby increasing the yield stress of the system, which protected the O/W/O structure from being damaged during whipping, and formed a special foam structure where air-in-oil (A/O) structures and O/W/O structure coexist. Besides, adding POB promoted the overrun of the emulsion gel, and the maximum overrun rate was 68.6 %. Finally, POB-based O/W/O foamed emulsion gel exhibited good decoration and 3D printing performance and is expected to become a healthy and higher-quality foamed food in the future.

Exploring the allergenic potential of sesame oleosins: Isolation and bioinformatics analysis

This study examined two oleosins of 17 kDa and 15 kDa isolated from Yuzhi white sesame seeds through oil body extraction. The allergens were identified as oleosin H1 (Ses i 4) and oleosin L (Ses i 5) using SDS-PAGE, dot blot analysis, and LC-MS/MS. PCR analysis revealed high sequence homology for the oleosin proteins in the sesame seeds. Utilizing AlphaFold2, bioinformatics tools, and protein-protein docking, the structure and function of these oleosins were analyzed. Ten potential B cell epitope peptides were predicted and mapped onto the α-helix and random coil-dominated oleosome membrane conformation. IgE binding simulations identified key epitopes, B3 (FLTSGAFGL) and B4 (KRGVQEGTLY) for oleosin H1, and B8 (GGFGVAALSV) and B9 (DQLESAKTKL) for oleosin L. Mutational analysis highlighted Glu135, Phe102, Tyr128, Tyr139, Gly136, and Gly132 in oleosin H1, and Leu120, Lys119, and Leu113 in oleosin L as critical residues for binding stability, providing insights into the sensitization mechanism of these epitopes. The integration of bioinformatics and immunoinformatics in this study has contributed to a deeper understanding of the allergy properties of sesame oleosins.

Endosperm-specific expressed transcription factor protein WRINKLED1-mediated oil accumulative mechanism in woody oil peony Paeonia ostii var. lishizhenii

Paeonia ostii var. lishizhenii exhibits superiority of high α-linolenic acid in seed oils, yet, the low yield highlights the importance of enhancing oil accumulation in seeds for edible oil production. The transcription factor protein WRINKLED1 (WRI1) plays crucial roles in modulating oil content in higher plants; however, its functional characterization remains elusive in P. ostii var. lishizhenii. Herein, based on a correlation analysis of transcription factor transcript levels, FA accumulation rates, and interaction assay of FA biosynthesis associated proteins, a WRI1 homologous gene (PoWRI1) that potentially regulated oil content in P. ostii var. lishizhenii seeds was screened. The PoWRI1 exhibited an endosperm-specific and development-depended expression pattern, encoding a nuclear-localized protein with transcriptional activation capability. Notably, overexpressing PoWRI1 upregulated certain key genes relevant to glycolysis, FA biosynthesis and desaturation, and improved seed development, oil body formation and oil accumulation in Arabidopsis seeds, resulting an enhancement of total seed oil weight by 9.47–18.77 %. The defective impacts on seed phenotypes were rescued through ectopic induction of PoWRI1 in wri1 mutants. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of PoWRI1 in controlling oil accumulation in P. ostii var. lishizhenii, offering bioengineering strategies to increase seed oil accumulation and enhance its potential for edible oil production.

Transcriptome analysis of lipid biosynthesis during kernel development in two walnut (Juglans regia L.) varieties of ‘Xilin 3’ and ‘Xiangling’

BackgroundWalnut is an oilseed tree species and an ecologically important woody tree species that is rich in oil and nutrients. In light of differences in the lipid content, fatty acid composition and key genes expression patterns in different walnut varieties, the key gene regulatory networks for lipid biosynthesis in different varieties of walnuts were intensively investigated.ResultsThe kernels of two walnut varieties, ‘Xilin 3’ (X3) and ‘Xiangling’ (XL) were sampled at 60, 90, and 120 days post-anthesis (DPA) to construct 18 cDNA libraries, and the candidate genes related to oil synthesis were identified via sequencing and expression analysis. A total of 106 differentially expressed genes associated with fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, triglyceride assembly, and oil body storage were selected from the transcriptomes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), correlation analysis and quantitative validation confirmed the key role of the FAD3 (109002248) gene in lipid synthesis in different varieties.ConclusionsThese results provide valuable resources for future investigations and new insights into genes related to oil accumulation and lipid metabolism in walnut seed kernels. The findings will also aid future molecular studies and ongoing efforts to genetically improve walnut.

Cyanide content, nutrient composition, physicochemical properties and sensory quality of flaxseed oil bodies prepared from flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) treated with different heat treatment methods

Flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) were pre-treated with different heat treatment methods including steaming (100 °C for 10 min, 20 min or 30 min), roasting (120 °C for 10 min, 20 min or 30 min) and microwave (560 W for 1 min, 2 min or 3 min). Flaxseed oil bodies were prepared from the flaxseeds with and without heat treatment, and the cyanide content, yield rate, nutritional composition, physico properties, rheological behavior, and sensory characteristic were evaluated. These three types of heat treatment methods could effectively reduce the content (1.87–13.98 mg/kg) of toxic cyanide in flaxseed oil bodies. In addition, compared with the flaxseed oil bodies in steaming and roasting treated groups, the flaxseed oil bodies in microwave treated group exhibited higher yield rate (36.37–39.71 %), lower level of lipid oxidation (peroxide value, 6.10–7.10 mmol/kg lipid; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, 1.99–2.20 mg MDA/kg lipid), higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, 63.33–64.22 %), better viscoelasticity, and better appearance color. Therefore, microwave treatment at 560 W with less than 3 min is a suitable preheating method of flaxseeds, thus improving the quality of the obtaind oil bodies.

DACTYLOGRAPHY: The Scientific Study of Fingerprint

Fingerprint analysis has become important because of its reliability and scientific explanation in the courts. Fingerprint has three principles classification, uniqueness and identification. Now there are digital biometric scanner has the ability to access by fingerprint within a minute. This Automated Fingerprint Identification System has made easier to accessible. But the reliability would be little less than other ways to identify fingerprints. Because due to the malfunction of the scanner database can be manipulated or hacked by anyone to access the security. There are various types of fingerprints which needed to know for analyzing it. These types are 1. Patent Fingerprint(visible) 2. Latent Fingerprint(invisible) 3. Plastic/3d; to developing fingerprints there are different methods for different types of fingerprint. Fingerprint experts tend to develop fingerprint in crime scene for solving the crime. Whereas fingerprint become most important physical evidence in matter of solving crime. For developing to analyzing fingerprint expertise would be necessary for establishment. But there are various challenges for forensic experts which are distort prints, smudge prints, contaminated crime scene, database error, partial prints, etc. for the recording of the fingerprint on the wall also be challenging for experts which only can be recorded by photography. Henry classification system would be time consuming to evaluate the recorded fingerprints. Then there is chemical method to develop fingerprint due to the secretion of sweat, oil and other body fluids which make an invisible print. The outermost skin layers have various pores through where body fluid tend to secrets which is responsible for making fingerprints. To make it visible various chemical need to apply so that the secreted body fluid will react with chemical and its visibility will appear. There are some pattern types which tend to administer the individuality such as Arch, Loop and Whorl. Every pattern in itself is unique which can’t be match with any other person. Another way is ridge characteristics which is also valuable way to identify fingerprint. Because of its unique characteristics which tend to differ for every person and not only one characteristics but also 14 ridge characteristics are possible to identify through fingerprint. Porescopy and Edgescopy these are other ways to identify fingerprints but it is not practicable in India right now. There are basic two ways to develop latent fingerprints powder method and chemical methods. Through powder method, various powder and brushes will be need to develop fingerprints but it need to be know the surface where fingerprints are found. In chemical method there would be various chemical compound which needed to apply for the development of the latent fingerprints

Enhancing the physicochemical stability and bioaccessibility of curcumin-loaded soybean oil bodies emulsions in the in vitro elderly model

Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol, provides numerous health benefits, but its limited water solubility, stability and bioavailability hinder its applications in the food and pharmaceutical products, while its biological fate in elderly is unclear. In this study, a natural soybean oil bodies-curcumin (SOB-C) emulsion was fabricated using a pH-driven method without the use of organic solvents to minimize environmental impact. The digestive properties, curcumin bioaccessibility, free fatty acids (FFA), and microstructural changes of SOB-C were investigated using an in vitro elderly digestion model. The findings indicated that curcumin was successfully encapsulated within SOB with an efficiency of up to 90%. Compared to free curcumin, the curcumin encapsulated within SOB demonstrated a significant enhancement in the light, storage stability, and an extension of the curcumin's half-life up to 74 days. The in vitro elderly digestion findings demonstrated that SOB-C significantly improved the bioaccessibility of curcumin, increasing it from 14.30% to 38.98%, surpassing the efficacy of the two commercial curcumin. The reduced FFA release rate from SOB-C supports its potential utility in low-fat food formulations. The results indicated the SOB play a significant role in encapsulating and stabilizing hydrophobic bioactives, which are promising curcumin delivery system to be used in food products for the elderly.

Study on interfacial regulation in real food system: Cellulase-induced steady-state reconstruction of flaxseed-based plant milk and its molecular mechanisms

Cellulase is commonly used for the better release of phytonutrients due to its destructive coordinate effect on plant cell walls. In this study, cellulase hydrolysis showed a new feature: it significantly increased the physicochemical stability of flaxseed-based plant milk (FPM) due to interfacial modification of the oil bodies. Multispectroscopy and rheological measurement were performed to evaluate the stability of FPM, while the mechanical and oxidation stability of flaxseed oil bodies (FOBs) were characterized by rheological and induction period analysis, respectively. Additionally, Cryo-SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis were used to provide structural information of FOBs' interface. Results revealed that cellulase treatment reduced the particle size and TSI of FPM, and significantly increased the adsorption of total polysaccharides at the FOBs’ interface, with an increase of 20.25 ± 3.77% (P < 0.05). Furthermore, FOBs with enzyme treatment (EN-FOBs) possessed higher elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″) at 90 °C than untreated ones. Meanwhile, the induction period of the EN-FOBs was prolonged by 10.47 ± 2.10% (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that cellulase promoted steady-state reconstruction of FPM by contributing to formation of complex interfaces with high mechanical strength. These results offer insight into innovation in plant-based milk processing technology towards green, clean labeling, and high-quality.

Transcriptome analysis of the common moss Bryum pseudotriquetrum grown under Antarctic field condition.

Mosses are distributed all over the world including Antarctica. Although Antarctic mosses show active growth in a short summer season under harsh environments such as low temperature, drought and high levels of UV radiation, survival mechanisms for such multiple environmental stresses of Antarctic mosses have not yet been clarified. In the present study, transcriptome analyses were performed using one of the common mosses Bryum pseudotriquetrum grown under an Antarctic field and artificial cultivation conditions. Totally 88205 contigs were generated by de novo assembly, among which 1377 and 435 genes were significantly up and downregulated, respectively, under Antarctic field conditions compared with artificial cultivation conditions at 15°C. Among the upregulated genes, a number of lipid metabolism-related and oil body formation-related genes were identified. Expression levels of these genes were increased by artificial environmental stress treatments such as low temperature, salt and osmic stress treatments. Consistent with these results, B. pseudotriquetrum grown under Antarctic field conditions contained large amounts of fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid. In addition, proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, which enhance membrane fluidity, to the total fatty acids was also higher in B. pseudotriquetrum grown under Antarctic field conditions. Since lipid accumulation and unsaturation of fatty acids are generally important factors for the acquisition of various environmental stress tolerance in plants, these intracellular physiological and metabolic changes may be responsible for the survival of B. pseudotriquetrum under Antarctic harsh environments.

MpR2R3-MYB2 is a key regulator of oil body formation in Marchantia polymorpha.

MpMYB02, a regulator of marchantin accumulation, also acts as a key regulator of oil body formation. MpMYB02 induces the expression of MpSYP12B and promotes oil body formation, subsequently leading to marchantin accumulation. The oil body observed in Marchantia polymorpha is a cellular organelle surrounded by a unit membrane, accumulating various secondary metabolites such as marchantins and terpenes. We observed that oil body formation is regulated by MpMYB02, a key regulator of marchantin accumulation. In the Mpmyb02 mutant, no oil bodies were observed, although idioblast-like cells were present in the gemma. We introduced MpMYB02-glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a steroid-inducible transcriptional activator, into Mpmyb02 and assessed the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on oil body formation. Following DEX treatment, transformed liverworts began forming oil bodies within 12h. During the initial stages of oil body development, we observed the aggregation of small globular structures. DEX treatment upregulated several genes implicated in oil body formation, including MpSYP12B. Our findings underscore that MpMYB02 plays a crucial role not only in marchantin accumulation but also in oil body formation.

Unlocking the potential of rice bran oil body as fat replacement in cookies: single and double crosslinked binary emulsion-filled gels based on lutein-loaded rice bran oil body emulsion.

Rice bran oil body is rich in nutritional value, which is a byproduct of rice processing. The aim of this study is to develop a novel emulsion-filled gel with lutein-loaded rice bran oil body and investigate its functionality as a fat replacer in cookies. The effects of incorporating structured oil body in the form of emulsion-filled gel instead of butter in cookies with a ratio of 0, 10, 20 and 50 wt% formulation were determined by measuring appearance, texture, thermodynamic properties, moisture distribution and microstructure. The results demonstrated the relationship between geometry, moisture and structure. The 20 wt% emulsion-filled gel substitution ratio yielded mobility and distribution abilities of melted fat and sugar in the cookies that were closest to those of butter. The addition of emulsion-filled gel increased the L* value and decreased the a* value, while the b* value of the cookie increased due to the advanced delivery of lutein by oil body. By controlling the addition ratio, the texture of the cookies can be adjusted. Starch granules were separated due to colloidal particles, reducing saturated fat content and decreasing cookie gelatinization enthalpy. The fat coating on starch particles enhanced the binding capacity of free water, improving air entrapment and forming a constrained gluten network structure. These findings provide a theoretical basis for rice bran oil body as a novel substitute for butter in the development of healthy, high-quality cookies. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Plant oil body as an effective improver for surimi-based 3D printing

Plant oil body (POB) is a natural oil droplet in micron- or submicron-scale covered by a specific shell composed of proteins and phospholipids, it has arisen numerous research interests in food industry due to its excellent emulsifying ability and great safety as natural product. In this study, POB has been exploited as an effective textural enhancer in surimi-based 3D food printing, and the underpinned mechanisms were investigated. First, POB with great rheological and emulsifying properties was prepared from peanuts, which behaved as a high internal phase emulsion. Second, for the first time, POB was introduced into surimi-based inks, which was able to facilitate the rearrangement of myofibrillar proteins through emulsification, thus ensuring fidelity and stability of 3D-printed surimi structures. The best printing performance was achieved at 2 % POB addition without compromising the surimi gel properties. However, excessive POB addition resulted in decreased viscosity, printing failure, and deteriorated gel characteristics. Third, a new mechanism was proposed to elucidate the interaction between POB and surimi proteins. On the one hand, POB physically filled in the gaps between proteins to increase the continuity and integrity of the surimi inks, thus improving the printability. On the other hand, POB with active surface altered the surimi protein molecular structure to boost the formation of hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds, leading to improved gel properties. Overall, this study demonstrated that POB was an effective improver for surimi-based 3D printing, providing new insights on developing new application of POB in food industry.

Investigating viscoelastic properties and structural stability mechanisms of oil bodies emulsion gels: Role of non-intrinsic protein

This research aims to investigate the mechanism of the effect of intrinsic and non-intrinsic protein content on the stability of oil bodies (OBs) emulsion gels. We employed small amplitude oscillation shear (SAOS) and large amplitude oscillation shear (LAOS) to measure the linear and nonlinear rheological properties of the OBs emulsion gels. The SAOS test indicated that an increase in non-intrinsic protein content weakened the interaction between OBs, decreasing their storage modulus (G'). The LAOS test demonstrated that the increase in non-intrinsic protein content affected the structural recombination and destruction behavior of OBs emulsion gels under large strains. Overall, the content of non-intrinsic protein during the extraction process is a crucial factor affecting the stability of OBs emulsion gels. These findings provide insights into the potential strategies for improving oil extraction efficiency and offer a foundation for further investigation into the functional properties of OBs.

Improvement in Storage Stability and Physicochemical Properties of Whole-Grain Highland Barley Pulp Prepared by a Novel Industry-Scale Microfluidizer System in Comparison with Colloid Milling.

The aim of this study was to assess the advantages of an industry-scale microfluidizer system (ISMS) to prepare whole-grain highland barley pulp (WHBP) compared with colloid milling. Storage stability was evaluated by particle size, gravity separation stability, and rheological properties, as well as the microstructure observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS). The results showed that colloid milling failed to effectively homogenize the material, while ISMS sample surfaces were compact and smooth at higher pressures according to visual observation and SEM. The Turbiscan stability index of WHBP by ISMS was much lower as a result of colloid milling, demonstrating ISMS can improve WHBP stability. WHBP by colloid milling displayed a three-peak particle size distribution pattern, while a single-peak pattern was evident after ISMS treatment. A higher shear rate decreased the apparent viscosity, suggesting that WHBP was a shear-thinning fluid. According to CLMS, ISMS can successfully improve homogenization by disrupting the structures of oil bodies, proteins, and starches. The WHBP prepared by ISMS exhibited a higher β-glucan level than that prepared by colloid milling, and showed a significant increase in β-glucan level with ISMS pressure. These findings indicate that using ISMS to produce WHBP is viable for enhancing its storage stability and nutritional value.

Hexane defatting effects on rapeseed protein extractability and properties at neutral and mild pH 8.5

Rapeseed is a promising plant protein source yet to be fully explored. Traditionally, rapeseed proteins are extracted from hexane-defatted press cake at high alkaline conditions to maximise protein recovery. Instead of the traditional approach, this study explored the effects of extracting proteins from the whole-kernel seed, focusing on assessing the hexane defatting process followed by gentle protein extraction at neutral pH compared with pH 8.5. Extraction at neutral pH resulted in a napin-rich protein extract, while alkaline conditions favoured cruciferin extraction as expected. Hexane defatting destroyed the oil bodies's structure while detaching the cell membrane from the cell wall, causing dehydration, and enabling interactions between the seed constituents. Increasing cycles of hexane treatment greatly reduced the total protein recovery by 9 g/100 g under neutral pH and >60 g/100 g under mild alkaline conditions which affected the protein structure, leading to a more rigid structure with a slightly higher melting temperature.