Oil Blends Research Articles

Prediction of Viscosity of Blends of Heavy Oils with Diluents by Empirical Correlations and Artificial Neural Network

Prediction of Viscosity of Blends of Heavy Oils with Diluents by Empirical Correlations and Artificial Neural Network

Numerical investigation on spray, combustion and emission characteristics of marine engine for polyol solution-heavy fuel oil blend fuels

HFO is the fuel that marine engines utilize the most frequently due to its cost-effectiveness and high energy density, but it releases many harmful pollutant emissions. With increasingly stringent regulations for marine vessels, exploring fuel optimization method for HFO to reduce pollutant emissions is essential. This study concerned the exploration of spray, combustion and emission characteristics of different polyol (ethylene glycol, glycerol, glucose) solution-HFO blends. Both CVCC spray model and marine engine combustion model were established and validated. This research indicated that introduce polyol resulted in increased evaporation mass and SPL, and reduced SMD for HFO. Polyol solution-HFO blends exhibited lower cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature and HRR compared with HFO yet were higher compared to W–HFO. In addition, polyol solution-HFO blends reduced NOX emissions, but increased HC and soot emissions compared to HFO. Conversely, increased NOx emissions and decreased HC and soot emissions for polyol solution-HFO blends compared to W–HFO. At 100 % load, NOX emissions of polyol solution-HFO blends were reduced by 1.89%–56.58 % compared with HFO, and the HC emissions and soot emissions decreased by 6.55%–50.61 % and 17.63%–60.16 % respectively, compared to W–HFO.

An Overview of Physicochemical Properties and Engine Performance Using Rubber Seed Biodiesel–Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Blends in Diesel Engines

Rubber Seed Biodiesel (RSB) and Plastic Pyrolysis Oil (PPO) deserve to be considered as alternative fuels for diesel engines, because of their advantages such as large raw material resources, derived from free or waste feedstock and the use of plastic waste as fuel can prevent environmental pollution. Due to their almost identical densities, RSB and PPO can be mixed homogeneously. In general, the use of a mixture of RSB and petroleum diesel in diesel engines shows positive performance, both engine performance and emissions, as well as the use of mixed PPO and diesel fuel. Although RSB has a good cetane number and flash point, on the other hand, RSB also has disadvantages in its physiochemical properties, such as low oxidation stability, high acid value, low heating value, and high viscosity. Likewise, PPO has good oxidation stability, acid value, and viscosity, but the flash point, CO, and HC emissions are also bad. This article tries to describe the opportunity to mix RSB and PPO, to find the best composition between RSB and PPO which shows the best fuel physiochemical properties and engine performance.

Actions Of Fresh Red Palm And Cow Fat Blend Oil On The Hemogram Status Of Treated Wistar Rats

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that blend oil could be more beneficial to health than the individual use of the oils. The red palm and cow fat oil are local dietary cooking oils commonly consumed as blend oil in Nigeria. Aim and Objective: The present study was conducted to assess the effect of the consumption of fresh red palm and cow fat blend oil on the hematological profile of treated wistar rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 rats weighing 150-250g were randomly divided into groups of 15 rats each. Group A served as normal control and were fed with pelleted growers feed. Group B were fed with pelleted feed mixed with 2ml/kg b.wt of red palm oil by oral gavage. Group C were fed with pelleted growers feed mixed with 2ml/kg b.wt of cow fat oil while Group D were fed with pelleted growers feed mixed with 2ml/kg b.wt of a blend of red palm oil and cow fat oil (1:1) by oral gavage. Animals were sacrificed after 28 days by euthanasia using chloroform. Three (3mls) of blood were collected by cardiac puncture into ethylene diamine tetra cetic acid container for the estimation of the hematological profile using automated cell counter (Coulter Electronics, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK). Data was analyzed with one-way analysis of variance in the statistical package for social science version 22(IBM Incorporated, Armok, NY). Results were presented as mean + standard deviation from the mean with p<0.05 considered significant. Results: There was a significant decrease in the white blood cell count (p = 0.001) of the rats treated with cow fat oil and those treated with a blend of red palm oil and cow fat oil compared to the normal rats and those treated with red palm oil. Similar result was recorded for the red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume (p=0.024, 0.033 and 0.019 respectively) for the rats treated with cow fat oil compared to those treated with red palm oil or a blend of red palm oil and cow fat oil as well as the normal rats. Conclusion: The consumption of cow fat oil may have a deleterious effect on the hematological profile of treated rats. This study therefore recommends the consumption of red palm oil instead of the blend of cow fat oil and red palm oil or cow fat oil alone which is a common practice in our daily diets.

TRIBOLOGICAL IN METAL FORMING PROCESS AND THE USE OF BIO LUBRICANT AS METAL FORMING LUBRICANT: A REVIEW

Due to its low scrap, high production rates, and higher yield strength of cold-formed products following forming operation, cold metal forming methods stand out as the most beneficial method of metal forming. The use of metal forming process is one of the major aspects in manufacturing process and the utilised of lubricant is extremely vital. When referring to lubricants, the term "bio-lubricant" refers to a stock that is both renewable and biodegradable. Fats and oils, which are derived from fatty acids, may be reacted with alcohols to create esters. It is crucial for the economy, people, and the environment that lubricants be developed and used efficiently. For this article, we scoured the literature and analyzed the most up-to-date research on the topic of metal forming process improvement and the use of vegetable oil as a metal forming lubricant. This research intends as a case study and demonstrating the tribological analysis in metal forming process and the potential of using bio lubricant in the metal forming. Future manufacture of new oil blends from new and conventional oil sources will be offered to the market for a variety of economic and health concerns.

Stabilization of multi-source edible oils from palm olein and sunflower oil using clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extract and powder during accelerated storage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of clove buds ethanolic, hexanic extracts and powder in inhibiting 50/50 and 30/70 palm olein/sunflower oil blends during accelerated storage. Clove ethanolic and hexanic extracts were tested for their total phenolic content and antioxidant activities. Clove ethanolic, hexanic extracts and powder were individually added to 100 g of each oil mixture at concentrations 500–2000 ppm. Oil blends with butylated hydroxytoluene served as positive control while the same samples without additives served as negative ones. All oil samples were stored in an electric-air dried oven at 60 °C for 20 days (8 h heating /day). Samples were collected after every 10 days for quality analysis. The peroxide, p-anisidine, TOTOX and thiobarbituric acid values were evaluated. Results showed total phenolic content of 11.80 and 10.77 mg GAE/g respectively for the ethanolic and hexanic extracts. The ethanolic extract exhibited antioxidant activities ranged between 20.29 % and 89.79 % while that of the hexanic extract ranged between 17.12 % and 81.06 %. The effect of clove extracts and powder on the oxidative stability disclosed that the extracts and powder significantly (p < 0.05) delayed the oxidation of the 50:50 and 30:70 palm olein/sunflower oil blends during storage at 60 °C for 20 days. Generally, the Total oxidation value range was 22.85–120.60 for the control and 22.85–101.29 for the oils supplemented with antioxidants.

Radiocarbon (14C) accelerator mass spectrometry as a convenient tool for differentiation of flavor chemicals of synthetic origin from biobased sources and their in-vivo toxicity assessment

Plants are known to be the natural factory for the production of flavor chemicals. Essential oils comprised of aldehyde as a functional group are potent in deciphering flavor effects in beverages and fresh and prepared food products. In the majority, these are manufactured through synthetic routes, resulting in high product carbon footprints or CO2 equivalents in total greenhouse gas emission. FDA has banned some of the synthetic flavor chemicals due to the health hazards associated with them. However, consumer's preference for natural is at stake due to the absence of quantitative traceability tools. The accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) analysis revealed a distinction between natural and fossil-derived citral and its blends in Cymbopogon essential oils. The plant-derived citral contained a percent modern carbon (pMC) value in the range of 99–100 %. In contrast, the fossil fuel-derived citral showed zero pMC. Similarly, blends of Cymbopogon oils with 30–50 % (w/w) of fossil origin citral contained pMC equivalent to the proportions of modern carbon. These results showed the usefulness of AMS in quantifying the amount of 14C associated with flavor ingredients. Besides, acute oral toxicity data revealed Cymbopogon oils as the safe flavoring substance at the highest 2000 mg/kg body weight dose in Swiss albino mice.

Essential Oil Blends with or without Fumaric Acid Influenced In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Greenhouse Gas Emission, and Volatile Fatty Acids Production of a Total Mixed Ration

The growing interest in improving rumen fermentation and mitigating methane emissions necessitates the use of essential oil blends (EOB) and fumaric acid (FA). This study evaluated the synergistic effect of four EOB with or without FA supplementation on in vitro dry matter digestibility, greenhouse gas emission, and total volatile fatty acid production using inoculum from three rumen-cannulated Black Angus beef cows. The study was arranged in a 4 × 2 + 1 factorial design to evaluate the effects of the four EOB and two FA levels on a total mixed ration (TMR). The EOB dosage was 100 µL while FA was added at 3% of total mixed ration. The EOB × FA interaction (p &lt; 0.05) influenced the dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, and hemicellulose degradabilities. All the EOB and FA (EFA) treatments decreased (p &lt; 0.001) the dry matter degradability compared to the control (TMR substrate only). The EFA4 treatment reduced the neutral detergent fiber and hemicellulose degradabilities compared to the control. The ruminal pH was influenced (p &lt; 0.001) by both the EOB and FA inclusion, and the EOB × FA interaction was significant. The microbial mass was higher (p &lt; 0.001) in the EFA1, EFA4, and EOB4 compared to the control and the EOB3 treatments. The EFA1 and EOB1 produced less (p &lt; 0.001) gas than the control by 29.1 and 32.1%, respectively. Compared with the control, the EFA1 and EOB1 treatments decreased (p &lt; 0.001) methane gas by 90.8% and 86.4%, respectively, while the carbon dioxide was reduced (p = 0.004) by 65.7 and 57.9%, respectively. The EOB × FA interaction was significant (p &lt; 0.001) for the total and individual volatile fatty acid concentrations. The inclusion of FA increased the propionate concentration by 9.5% and decreased (p = 0.02) the acetate concentration by 4%. In summary, the synergistic effect of the EOB and FA offers an effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emission and enhance total volatile fatty acids.

Compositional and metabolic responses of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to a dietary gradient of long-chain (≥ C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids

Decrease in the inclusion of fish oil (FO) in current aquafeed formulations reduces the availability of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) to marine fish like the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax. Here we investigated the compositional and physiological responses of European seabass to a dietary gradient of n-3 LC-PUFA. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets (D1-D6) were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile seabass (23 g), containing blends of FO and vegetable oil (VO) that resulted in a gradient of n-3 LC-PUFA varying from 0.23 to 3.40% of diet as fed. Sampling was carried out after four months feeding and biochemical composition, as well as lipid metabolic gene expression in liver and mid-intestine analysed. The only effect of diet on proximate composition was a decrease in hepatic lipid content as dietary n-3 LC-PUFA increase whereas, in contrast, fatty acid (FA) compositions of both tissues were substantially modified by diet. Concentrations of LC-PUFA biosynthesis intermediates decreased in both tissues as dietary n-3 LC-PUFA increased with some preference detected towards n-6 FA. Two genes, namely fads2 and igf1, were moderately influenced by dietary VO in liver while genes involved in lipogenesis (srebp1, srebp2 and fas) and LC-PUFA biosynthesis (fads2 and elovl5) were markedly down-regulated, in mid-intestine of seabass in response to increasing dietary n-3 LC-PUFA. The expression of genes of β-oxidation (ppara, cpt1a and fabp1) did not vary among treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that the nutritional regulation of key lipid metabolic genes in European seabass was more pronounced in mid-intestine than in liver. Overall, when compared to a previous study of similar design in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), the European seabass seems less sensitive to a dietary gradient of vegetable oil.

Synergism Between Essential Oils and Evaluation of Their Activities with a Focus on Malassezia furfur Control.

Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by Malassezia yeast species that affects the regions of the body where the sebaceous glands are present. The combined use of different essential oils (EOs) can increase their spectrum of action. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the action of EOs alone and in combination with each other on M.furfur, in planktonic and biofilm form, and their anti-inflammatory and mutagenic potential, in addition to the effects on the viability of cells lines. Of the 40 evaluated EOs, 22 showed activity against M.furfur at 0.5 - 2.0 mg/mL concentrations. Among the most active species, a blend of essential oils (BEOs) composed of Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Will. Watson (MIC = 0.5 mg/mL) and Mentha × piperita L. (MIC = 1.0 mg/mL) was selected, which showed a synergistic effect against yeast when evaluated through the checkerboard assay. The fungicidal activity was maintained by the addition of anti-inflammatory oil from Varronia curassavica Jacq. to BEOs. The BEOs also showed activity in the inhibition of biofilm formation and in the eradication of the biofilm formed by M.furfur, being superior to the action of fluconazole. Furthermore, it did not show mutagenic potential and did not interfere with the cell viability of both evaluated cell lines (HaCaT and BMDMs). TNF-α levels were reduced only by C. martini; however, this property was maintained when evaluating BEOs. BEOs had no effect on IL-8 levels. Thus, the BEOs may be indicated for alternative treatments against seborrheic dermatitis.

PSXIII-16 Selected Feed Additives to Improve Diet Digestibility and Carcass Quality of Feedlot-Finished Angus Crossbred Steers

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation using different feed additives on the apparent digestibility and carcass traits of feedlot-finished steers fed a diet consisting of 35% forage and 65% concentrate. This study was a randomized block experimental design with two treatments: Diet containing sodium monensin + virginiamycin (MO+VM, 20 ppm and 15 ppm, respectively); and Diet with a blend of essential oils (Crina Ruminants, 90 ppm) + exogenous α-amylase (Ronozyme Rumistar, 560 ppm) + 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 (Hy-D, 0.1 ppm), (EO+ENZ+HYD), with nine repetitions each (pens), where each experimental unit was represented by a pen (with two animals each). Thirty-six 50% Angus blood steers with an average initial weight of 400 kg were evaluated along an experimental period of 112 days, with 28 adaptation days and 84 evaluation days, divided into 3 periods of 28 days each. The digestibility evaluation was carried out at the end of the first and third experimental periods, both in a continuous time of 48 hours. For this, daily intake and leftovers were measured, total feces were collected, diets and leftovers from each pen were sampled for laboratory analysis. At the beginning and end of the experiment, using ultrasound, carcasses were analyzed for loin eye area, marbling ratio, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), and rump fat thickness (RFT). Means were compared by ANOVA using the GLM procedure (SAS, 1993), adopting a significance level of 5%. Fecal output (kg· day-1), both in dry matter and natural matter, and fecal DM content were similar between treatments (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Feeding EO+ENZ+HYD reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) fecal starch percentage by 20% and improved (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the apparent digestibility of DM and starch (5.16%, 67.40% and 95.50%) compared with the use of MO+VM (6.41%, 66.47% and 94.27%). These better results suggest an effect of a more favorable fermentation of the diet caused by modulation of the ruminal microbiota, optimization in the use of starch and increase in microbial protein synthesis caused by supplementation with EO+ENZ+HYD. Animals supplemented with EO+ENZ+HYD had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) RFT (12.22 mm) at slaughter compared with those supplemented with MO+VM (10.42 mm), and greater marbling and RFT gain over the finishing period (0.58 points and 7.50 mm) than those supplemented with MO+VM (0.32 points and 5.93 mm) after 112 days of feedlot. In conclusion, the blend of essential oils + exogenous α-amylase + 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 was effective in replacing the combination sodium monensin + virginiamycin, improving the apparent digestibility of DM and starch, as well as increasing marbling and carcass cover fat deposition of feedlot-finished steers.

Synthesis and characterization of alkyd resins from rubber seed/soybean oil blends

The polymerization and properties of environmentally friendly resin binders applicable in the surface-coating industry were studied. Rubber seed oil (RSO) and RSO blended with 10% and 20% soybean oil (SBO)-based alkyd resins were synthesized by alcoholysis- polyesterification of the oil with glycerol and phthalic anhydride. Physicochemical properties (such as colour, specific gravity, acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and drying schedule) of the alkyd resins were determined to establish the possible industrial potential of the resins. The saponification value and iodine value ranged from 250.19 mgKOH/g to 279.55 mgKOH/g and 29.58 gI2/100g to 33.77 gI2/100g respectively. The drying schedule and chemical resistance of the blended alkyd resins to water, salts, acids, and alkalis were also studied. The blended resins were found to be resistant to water, salt, and acid media, except for alkali media. The colour properties were enhanced as the percentage of the blend increased. FT-IR spectroscopic study of the oil and alkyd resin samples further corroborates our findings. Therefore, the potential of rubber seed oil blended with soybean oil to produce light-coloured alkyd resins could be exploited as raw materials for the Nigerian surface coating industry.

Effects of Injection Pressure on Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI Engine using Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) Blend

For a long period of time, vegetable oil cannot be used directly in a direct injection diesel engine. The tolerance tests may indicate significant problems. The outcome of Injection Pressures (IP) on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine powered by waste cooking oil biodiesel were explored in this study. It is investigated and standard diesel results are compared to the performance characteristics and emission studies of a single cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection diesel engine fueled with used cooking oil in 20% (on a mass basis) blends. This study established the appropriateness of using cooking oil. The experiment consisted of running at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and then loaded gradually. The tests were conducted at 5 different loading are 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the load in kW, with compression ratios of 17.5:1. The result of adjusting the injection pressure to 185–235 bars with a gap of 25 bars, with the original IP set at 210 bar. Fuel injection pressure is critical in improving engine performance and emission characteristics. The diesel engine ran on Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) at various injection pressures, including 185 bars, 210 bars, and 235 bars. The engine tests were carried out to examine how a diesel engine operating on a WCO20 biodiesel blend performed and produced emissions at varied injection pressures. Except for NOx, biodiesel blends at 235 bars injection pressure performed better and had lower emissions than those at 185 bars injection pressure. Without any modifications, the optimal fuel blend can be considered for a compression ignition engine.

Variational mode decomposition unfolded partial least squares regression for ultraviolet–visible spectral analysis of edible oil blend, fuel oil and aqueous samples

To exploit the abundant information embedded amongst spectra, a novel regression model, named variational mode decomposition unfolded partial least squares regression (VMD-UPLSR), was developed for ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectral analysis of complex samples. In the method, variational mode decomposition (VMD) is firstly used to decompose each spectrum into K mode components (uk) with different frequencies. Then the mode components are unfolded to an extended matrix in variable dimensions. Finally, partial least squares regression (PLSR) is used to build a quantitative model between the extended matrix and target values. The performance of VMD-UPLSR is verified by three UV–Vis spectral datasets of edible oil blend, fuel oil and aqueous samples for quantification of sunflower oil, polyaromatics and chromium ion, respectively. The contents of the three analytes are in the ranges of 0–98.99 % (m/m), 0–0.9 % (V/V) and 5.01–73.12 mg/L, respectively. Root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of VMD-UPLSR is 6.96, 0.057 and 4.19 for edible oil blend, fuel oil and aqueous solution datasets, respectively. Compared with single PLSR and uk-PLSR, results show that the proposed method displays the best prediction accuracy in the three datasets. Therefore, VMD-UPLSR can be a valuable alternative method for the quantitative analysis of complex samples.

Research Outreach Interdisciplinary Activity to classify olive oil blends integrating multicolor imaging, image processing, and machine learning

Research Outreach Interdisciplinary Activity to classify olive oil blends integrating multicolor imaging, image processing, and machine learning

Environmental impact of fouling for crude oil flow in preheat pipes according to oil blends

Crude oil fouling is a complex process caused by multiple mechanisms. This study examined fouling's environmental impact on a distillation unit's heating tubes and heat exchangers, proposing optimal pollution levels to reduce emissions and achieve sustainability goals. The study evaluated five crude oil blends in terms of API, sulphur, salt content, and other physical properties. Contaminated water was analyzed through biological and chemical means, while CO2, NOx, and SOx emissions were calculated from actual fuel and power consumption. Solid and sludge sediments were observed throughout all plate heat exchangers, consisting primarily of iron hydroxides and manganese oxides. Rationalizing energy use reduced the burden on the environment and fuel consumption by 7 %, with a 2 % reduction in energy needed to refine crude oil feeding units when fouling is removed after maintenance. By optimizing pollution levels and reducing energy consumption, the environmental impact of fouling can be mitigated.

Dielectric breakdown analysis of ester-mineral oil blend dispersed with graphene oxide for transformers under thermal stress

Dielectric breakdown analysis of ester-mineral oil blend dispersed with graphene oxide for transformers under thermal stress

Kinetic study of thermal degradation of flaxseed oil and moringa oil blends with physico-chemical, oxidative stability index (OSI) and shelf-life prediction.

Kinetic study of thermal degradation of flaxseed oil and moringa oil blends with physico-chemical, oxidative stability index (OSI) and shelf-life prediction.

Experimental Evaluation of the Deposition Dynamics of Different Petroleum Blends in a Benchtop Heat Exchanger Test Instrument

The article delves into the intricate phenomenon of deposition in heat exchangers and how a piece of equipment known as the benchtop heat exchanger test instrument (BHETI) has been developed to expedite the examination of this phenomenon. The BHETI subjects samples to substantial stress, facilitating the assessment of an oil’s tendency to generate deposits. Tests were conducted on two crude oil blends referred to as blend A and blend B using a BHETI unit. This equipment permits testing under various controlled conditions, including temperature, pressure, and volumetric flow rate. The results indicated that blend A exhibited a higher susceptibility to deposition compared to blend B due to its elevated concentration of light hydrocarbons. The wall temperature exerted a significant influence on the deposition rate, with higher temperatures leading to elevated deposition rates. Conversely, lower oil flow rates resulted in increased deposition rates. Furthermore, extended-term tests unveiled fluctuations in deposition rates over time when blending the two oil samples, suggesting intermittent fouling processes, possibly attributable to thermodynamic imbalances induced by mixing, rendering the oil’s asphaltenes less stable. The outcomes were subjected to analysis employing the Colloidal Instability Index (CII), which indicated that the majority of samples exhibited values exceeding 0.9, signifying asphaltene instability. Additionally, the examination of saturated, aromatic, and NSO (nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen) fractions revealed decreased saturation and increased aromatics after the deposition tests.

PSIV-9 Salmate Dha+ Fish Oil Supplement Fed to Boars and Impact on Sperm Production and Spermatogenesis

Abstract Previous studies have found omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increased sperm production in boars, but the mechanism has not been demonstrated. The current study was undertaken to determine if the increase in sperm production was due to a reduction in germ cell apoptosis during spermatogenesis. Mature Duroc boars (438 to 686 days of age) were fed either a control diet of corn, soybean meal, 5% fiber, plus vitamins and minerals per NRC requirements or the control diet plus a proprietary blend of fish oil, Salmate DHA+ supplemented diet with 1.83 gm DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid, c22:6 omega3) from 26 gm Salmate DHA+ (The Ballard Group, Inc. and Feedworks USA, LTD.) ∙animal-1∙day-1 added to the control diet. The control diet was fed to all boars (n = 10) for 62 days and then Salmate DHA+ was added to the diet of 5 of the boars while the other 5 continued the control diet for another 62 days. At the end of the experiment all boars were slaughtered, the testes collected, slices removed, fixed with Karnovsky’s fixative, post-fixed with 70% ethanol, embedded with acrylic resin, 2-micron sections taken, and sections stained with Toluidine Blue. During the control and Salmate DHA+ feeding, boars were on routine semen collection. The boar stud provided the date of collection, total sperm collected, and age of individual boars. To confirm the impact on sperm production, semen data was evaluated for all boars on the first 62 days of the control diet (before period) and then for control and Salmate DHA+ boars from day 22 to 62 after Salmate DHA+ feeding started (after period). A total of 107 ejaculates were evaluated in the study. Total sperm per ejaculate (X 109) of the control boars was 105.7 ± 7.3 vs. 110.9 ± 10.4 in the before vs. after period (P &amp;gt;0.05). The total sperm per ejaculate (X 109) in the Salmate DHA+ boarswas 103.4 ± 5 vs. 122.8 ± 7 in the before vs. after period (P &amp;lt; 0.05). To examine apoptosis via histology, the number of round spermatids (RS) and Sertoli cells (SC) were counted in 10 stage 1 seminiferous tubules for each boar with adjustments made for cell nucleoli or nuclei size and thickness of the histology section. The ratio of RS/SC or Sertoli Cell Index was then determined to estimate how many RS survived apoptosis in spermatogenesis. The Sertoli Cell index was 9.46 ± 0.84 vs. 15.03 ± 0.97, respectively, for Control and Salmate DHA+ boars (P &amp;lt; 0.01). The number of RS/SC increased 1.59-fold due to Salmate DHA+ treatment and may explain the increased sperm per ejaculate after Salmate DHA+treatment. The exact mechanism of how apoptosis was reduced however awaits further research. Work was supported by The Ballard Group, Inc and Feedworks USA, LTD.