Oil-bearing Roses Research Articles

Cloning and expression profile of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase gene from an oil-bearing rose

The components of rose essential oil are mainly monoterpene alcohols, predominantly synthesized through the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in plants. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) is specified to be a first committed enzyme of the MEP pathway. In order to understand better the role of DXR in the rose essential oil biosynthesis at the molecular level, the full-length cDNA of DXR sequence (designated as RhDXR) was isolated from an oil-bearing rose hybrid Rosa cv. Zizhi and characterized, and the expression profile of it was investigated. Essential oils of rose cv. Zizhi and the other five oil-bearing roses were distilled to evaluate the relationship between the expression of DXR gene and oil yield rate. The full-length cDNA of RhDXR was 1915 bp in length, comprised an open reading frame of 1419 bp, encoding an enzyme of 472 amino acids. A comparative analysis with DXRs of selected species from bacteria to higher plants revealed three conserved domains: a conserved cleavage site for plastids, an extended Prorich region, and a highly conserved NADPH oxidase-binding motif existing in the N-terminal region, like in other higher plant species. The relative expression levels of the DXR gene were determined in various tissues: receptacle, leaf, sepal, pistil, stamen, and petal (in the order of decreasing expression level), and at different flowering stages (flower bud, flower in half bloom, and flower in full bloom). Six cultivars could be classified into two groups according to flower color, and within each group there was a positive correlation between the expression level of DXR gene and oil yield rate.

Cloning and Expression Profile of 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Reductoisomerase Gene from an Oil-Bearing Rose

The components of rose essential oil are mainly monoterpene alcohols, predominantly synthe� sized through the methylerythritol 4�phosphate (MEP ) pathway in plants. 1�DeoxyDxylulose 5�phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) is specified to be a first committed enzyme of the MEP pathway. In order to under� stand better the role of DXR in the rose essential oil biosynthesis at the molecular level, the fulllength cDNA of DXR sequence (designated as RhDXR) was isolated from an oilbearing rose hybrid Rosa cv. Zizhi and char� acterized, and the expression profile of it was investigated. Essential oils of rose cv. Zizhi and the other five oilbearing roses were distilled to evaluate the relationship between the expression of DXR gene and oil yield rate. The fulllength cDNA of RhDXR was 1915 bp in length, comprised an open reading frame of 1419 bp, encoding an enzyme of 472 amino acids. A comparative analysis with DXRs of selected species from bacteria to higher plants revealed three conserved domains: a conserved cleavage site for plastids, an extended Pro� rich region, and a highly conserved NADPH oxidasebind ing motif existing in the Nterminal region, like in other higher plant species. The relative expression levels of the DXR gene were determined in various tissues: receptacle, leaf, sepal, pistil, stamen, and petal (in the order of decreasing expression level), and at different flowering stages (flower bud, flower in half bloom, and flower in full bloom). Six cultivars could be classified into two groups according to flower color, and within each group there was a positive correlation between the expression level of DXR gene and oil yield rate.

Genetic relationship analyses of oil-bearing roses in China using matK sequences

Oil-bearing roses are a type of aromatic plant in genus Rosa, which have a complex genetic relationship in China. In this research, we applied matK sequence variations to examine the genetic relationship among 37 oil-bearing roses grown in China. Results showed that oil-bearing roses mainly formed two clades, A and B. Clade A were divided into two subclades, A1 composed of Rosa sertata×Rosa rugosa and Rosa davurica, and A2 composed of most rugosa cultivars, which are consistent with the classification of section Cinnamomeae in ‘Flora of China’. R. ‘Tujue’, R. ‘Hongshuangxi’, R. ‘Baojialiya Hong’, R. ‘Hezeyang’, R. ‘Crimon Glory’ and R. ‘Baojialiya Bai’ clustered B1. Some Gallicanae cultivars introduced from abroad clustered B2. B1, B2 and some fragrant wild species including Rosa odorata var-gigantea, Rosa multiflora var. cathayensis, Rosa rubus, R. rugosa were classified in clade B, which indicates that there may be introgression of the wild species in the formation of the oil-bearing cultivars in B1 and B2.

Productivity, Oil Content, Composition, and Bioactivity of Oil-bearing Rose Accessions

Rose oil production worldwide is based on different oil-bearing Rosa species. This 4-year study determined the essential oil content, constituents, and morphologic/phenologic characteristics of 25 varieties, chemotypes, and hybrids belonging to five Rosa species (R. damascena Mill., R. gallica L., R. centifolia L., and R. alba L.). Limits of variation of these indices were established for each variety, chemotype, and hybrid group. The essential oil content of R. damascena varied from 0.032% to 0.049% and that of hybrid roses from 0.037% to 0.05%. The highest essential oil content was found in R. damascena accession Svejen 74 and the lowest in R. alba. Within R. damascena, the weight of single flowers varied from 2.09 to 3.44 g, the number of petals from 22 to 28, the height of the plants from 61 to 128 cm, and the diameter of bushes from 53 to 118 cm. R. centifolia had the largest flowers. The essential oil of the various species showed moderate to no antimicrobial activity at 50 μg/mL and no significant antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmania, or antimalarial activity at this concentration. All the tested species and accessions could be grown in Bulgaria (and possibly in southeastern Europe and the northern Mediterranean) and provide comparable productivity to the traditional species R. damascena. Wide variations occurred in essential oil content and constituents and morphologic/phenologic characteristics of the tested Rosa species and accessions. The availability of various species and chemotypes within specific species offer an opportunity for production of oil-bearing roses and essential oils to meet market requirements of specific rose oils.

Comparative GC/MS Analysis of Rose Flower and Distilled Oil Volatiles of The Oil Bearing Rose Rosa Damascena

ABSTRACTThe accelerated and successful oil bearing rose breeding requires routine application of efficient procedure for analysis of flower volatiles, with capacity to extrapolate the obtained flower data to the volatile composition of the distilled rose oil. In the current study a procedure for solvent extraction and GC/MS analysis of rose flower and rose oil volatiles from oil bearing roses including Rosa damascena is presented. The procedure allows reliable identification of 68 volatiles in the rose flowers which are also detected in the distilled rose oil. The described procedure was further applied for comparative analysis of the flower and distilled rose oil volatiles from eight different genotypes of oil bearing roses. A data set consisting of ratios of the relative abundance of given volatile in the flower spectra to the relative abundance of the same volatile in the distilled rose oil spectra was generated. ANOVA test for a data subset of 27 volatiles detected in the flowers and rose oils of all analyzed oil bearing rose genotypes showed no significant influence of the genotype on the ratio of relative abundances of flower to rose oil volatiles. The average and relative standard deviation values of the obtained ratios between relative abundances of flower and rose oil volatiles for the analyzed genotypes were calculated for each identified flower compound. The results demonstrate that the described flower solvent extraction and GC/MS analysis procedure could be reliably applied for prediction of the volatile composition of distilled rose oils from wide range of oil bearing rose genotypes based on the extrapolation of GC/MS analysis data from single or few flowers from each studied plant. The possibilities for incorporation of the described procedure into oil bearing rose breeding and genetic resources characterization are discussed.

(132) Study on Morphological Characteristics and Essential Oil Constituents Bulgarian Oil-bearing Rose

Bulgaria is famous for its 330-year-old-tradition in rose oil production, which is based on the Kazanluk rose (Rosa damascena Mill. f. trigintipetala Dieck.). The Bulgarian rose oil (otto) is recognized as the ultimate rose oil. For successful selection and breeding work of oil-bearing roses, information is needed on the variation of morphological and phenological characteristics and essential oil composition of locally available genotypes. We estimated the correlation coefficients between yields and morphological characteristics of 15 genotypes of Bulgarian oil-bearing rose. It was found that rose yields depended mostly on the number of flowers, the number of flower branches per bush, and the weight of individual flowers (r = 0.99, 0.88, and 0.84, respectively). Also, we established correlations between the concentrations of various essential oil constituents of the Bulgarian rose oil. Generally, higher concentration of citronellol + nerol was associated with lower concentration of geraniol and stereo-terpens (r = –0.76 and –0.59, respectively). Also, higher concentration of citronellol + nerol was positively correlated to increased concentration of terpene aldehydes (r = 0.63) and esters (r = 0.48). The geraniol concentration was positively correlated to stearoptenes (r = 0.57). Both morphological characteristics and essential oil constituents should be used for further selection of high-yielding cultivars with desirable essential oil composition.

Evaluation of Some Fungicides Against Rust and Black Spot inRosa damascenacv.trigintipetala

ABSTRACT In the period 1985–1992, studies were conducted in field conditions on the efficiency of different fungicides against rust, Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) (Schlecht.) and black spot Diplocarpon rosae Wolf. of Rosa damascena cv. trigintipetala. The fungicides Baikor, Folicur plus Saprol and Impact proved to be most effective against both diseases. The results obtained could be used by farmers and co-operatives to control rust and black spot on oil-bearing roses.

Wax composition of the Kazanlik and Damask roses

The Kazanlik and Damask roses ditter qualitatively and quantitatively in the composition of the flower waxes. These chemotaxonomic data suggest that these two oil-bearing roses are different from each other.

The Bulgarian Rose Industry

A TTAR of roses has been considerecd for centuries the quintessence of luxury and beauty. Although mystery enshrouds the discovery of this fragrant oil, the aroma of roses has always had an ecstatic fascination for mankind. Was it a Persian princess, who first saw droplets of attar floating in her rose water fountains, or was it some obscure Germnan alchemist who discovered the essence in the course of his random distillations? These thoughts no man can answer, though it is known that oleum rosarumt veroni is listed in the pharrnacopeias of several Rhine gYraben towns as early as the 16th century. Not long thereafter, Turkey became a leader in rose culture, and from there the art spread quite naturally to Bulgaria, where fully three-fourths of the total world supply of attar of roses is produced today. Located in the most oriental corner of Europe, this land of the Bulgars, no larger than the State of Ohio, was for almost half a millennium an integral part of the Ottoman Empire. Constant exposure to the riper culture of the Turks had mellowed the rough warriors from the great bend of the Volga, and had infused in them long before their liberation something of that aesthetic mysticism of the East, which expresses itself so well in a love of flowers, especially of that queen of flowers, the rose. The story is told that a Turkish merchant familiar with the rose gardens of Asia had traveled sometime in the eighteenth century along the main road that leads over the Balkan Mountains toward Rumania. When he came to the vicinity of the Shipka (Wild Rose) Pass, he was greatly impressed by the extraordinary profusion of wild roses that he found there, and by their delightful f ragrance. They appeared to him very similar to the oil-bearing roses on the other side of the Bosporus, and the natural conditions about Shipka impressed him as 1)eing highly favorable for the developmnent of a rose industry. Acting on his suggestion, a few of the residents in the valley below started a small plantation of rose bushes and set up a little