Antioxidant Activity Of Oil Research Articles

Phytochemical analysis and biological activities of essential oils extracted from Origanum grossii and Thymus pallidus: in vitro and in silico analysis

The study aimed at investigating the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils (EOs) of Origanum grossii and Thymus pallidus. The selection of these plants for the study was driven by a comprehensive survey conducted in the Ribat Elkheir region of Morocco, where these plants are widely utilized. The results reflect the valorization of these plants based on the findings of the regional survey. The GC–MS phytochemical analysis revealed that the main constituents of the essential oil were carvacrol and thymol for O. grossii and T. pallidus respectively. Quantitative assays demonstrated that O. grossii exhibited higher levels of polyphenols (0.136 mg AGE/mg EO) and flavonoids (0.207 mg QE/mg EO) compared to T. pallidus. The DPPH assay indicated that O. grossii EOs possessed approximately twice the antiradical activity of T. pallidus, with IC50 values of approximately 0.073 mg/mL and 0.131 mg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial activity tests showed that both essential oils exhibited significant inhibition zones ranging from 26 to 42 mm against all tested bacterial strains. The MIC values varied among the bacteria, generally falling within the range of 0.31 to 2.44 µg/mL, demonstrating the potency of the EOs to serve as antibacterial. Molecular docking revealed that O. grossii and T. pallidus essential oils interact with antibacterial and antioxidant proteins (1AJ6 and 6QME). Key compounds in O. grossii include p-cymene, eucalyptol, and carvacrol, while T. pallidus contains potent chemicals like p-cymene, ɤ-maaliene, valencene, α-terpinene, caryophyllene, himachalene, and thymol. Notably, the most potent chemicals in Origanum grossii are p-cymene, eucalyptol, and carvacrol, while the most potent chemicals in Thymus pallidus are p-cymene, α-terpinene, and thymol. These findings suggest that these plant EOs could be used to develop new natural products with antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

Effect of Simmering Technology on Components and Activity of Myristica fragrans Houtt.

This study aims to optimize the processing of Myristica fragrans Houtt. by talcum powder simmering using single-factor and orthogonal experimental methods, and the overall desirability values of dehydrodiisoeugenol and essential oils content were selected as indicators of the process. The new process reduced the total content of the three toxic components, namely myristicin, safrole and elemicin, from 1.91% to 1.16% before and after processing, indicating that the toxic components were reduced by 39%. The IC50 of the essential oils before and after processing were 1.002 ± 0.05 and 0.233 ± 0.05 mg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity and 0.132 ± 0.04 and 0.057 ± 0.05 mg/mL for ABTS scavenging activity, respectively. And the absorbance of the antioxidant activity against Ferric reducing power ranged from 0.213 to 0.709 and from 0.225 to 0.755, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus and Escherichia coli were all lower after processing than before. The antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of the essential oils after processing were better than before. The results of the survival of zebrafish embryos at different concentrations of essential oils at 0-168 h post fertilisation were higher after processing than before. These findings suggest that processing plays the role of reducing toxicity and increasing beneficial effects. They provide a scientific basis not only for the processing of M. fragrans, but also for the processing of other foods.

Effects of Harvest Time and Hydrodistillation Time on Yield, Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Mint Essential Oil.

In this study, we assessed the effects of different harvest times (9 a.m., 1 p.m., and 5 p.m.) and hydrodistillation times (60, 90, and 120 min) on the yield, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of the spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) essential oil (EO) sourced from the Amazon region. EO yield was ≥1.55% and was not significantly influenced (p ≥ 0.05) by the different harvest times and hydrodistillation times. Thirty-one different organic compounds were identified, of which menthol (91.56-95.68%), menthone (0.6-2.72%), and isomenthone (0.55-1.46%) were the major constituents. The highest menthol content in the EO was obtained from samples collected at 9 a.m., with a hydrodistillation time of 60-90 min, compared to other harvest and hydrodistillation times. This suggests that exposure to sun and light, which is greater at harvest times of 1 p.m. and 5 p.m., decreased the menthol content and altered the chemical composition of Mentha EO. Furthermore, the sample harvested at 9 a.m. and hydrodistilled for 60 min showed the highest antioxidant activity (61.67 equivalent mg of Trolox per g of EO), indicating that antioxidant activity is strongly affected by light exposure and the contact duration of the sample with boiling water during hydrodistillation.

Insights on Juniperus phoenicea Essential Oil as Potential Anti-Proliferative, Anti-Tyrosinase, and Antioxidant Candidate.

In this study, the anti-cancer, anti-tyrosinase, and antioxidant activities of essential oils (EOs) of berries and leaves of Juniperus phoenicea grown wild in North of Tunisia were investigated. The EO yields from leaves and berries were 1.69% and 0.45%, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed that α-pinene is the predominant component in both EOs (44.17 and 83.56%, respectively). Leaves essential oil presented high levels of β-phellandrene (18%) and camphene (15%). The EOs displayed cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cell, HT-29 colon cancer, and the normal cells H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. Leaves oil strongly inhibited colon cell line proliferation (IC50 of 38 µg/mL), while berries essential oil was more potent against breast cancerous cells MCF-7 (IC50 of 60 µg/mL). Interestingly, berries essential oil exhibited high ability to inhibit melanin synthesis by inhibiting enzyme mono and diphenolase activities. Overall, the results suggested that the two oils are significant sources of healthy natural chemicals.

Prophylactic Efficacy of <i>Allium sativum</i> Essential Oil on Hepatic Tissues of Mice Model Exposed to Inorganic Lead Salt

Hypothesis: Lead is a pervasive environmental pollutant that is major threat for human health. Allium sativum essential oil could impart possible protection from Lead Nitrate (LN) as it contains organosulfur compounds which possess various pharmacological potential including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-apoptotic and other activities as well. Parameters Studied: The ameliorative role of Allium sativum essential oil on hepatic tissue damage caused by Lead nitrate was evaluated through oxidative stress, biochemical parameters, oxidative Stress Index (OSI) and hepatic biomarkers. Methodology and Results: In this study, six groups of animals were taken. These groups were: control animals, toxicant treated animals (LN), LN + plant oil low and high dose treated animals, LN + silymarin treated animals and LN + vehicle oil control group. Lead nitrate exposure significantly decreased the antioxidant molecules mainly SOD, CAT, Gpx, GSH, GST, TPC and increased the lipid peroxidation content, Oxidative Stress Index (OSI), liver indices, Total Cholesterol Content (TCC) and biochemical parameters [ALT, AST, ALP] In addition to this, Lead nitrate increased the level of hepatic biomarkers such as cytp4502E1, 5’-nucleotidase, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and decreased the cytb5 content in hepatic tissues. Conclusion: Antioxidant activity of Allium sativum Essential Oil (ASEO) prevented oxidative stress and restored the level of liver indices, biochemical parameters, and hepatic biomarkers in Lead nitrate-intoxicated mice. Therefore, ASEO can be considered as a promising protective strategy against Lead nitrate-induced hepatotoxicity.

Chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities of rhizomes essential oil and nutrient components from rhizomes powder of Curcuma caesia Roxb. (black turmeric) collected from Garhwal region of Uttrakhand, India

The current study was performed to analyse the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the essential oil separated from Curcuma caesia Roxb. (black turmeric) rhizomes. The essential oil of Curcuma caesia (C. caesia) rhizomes was separated by hydrodistillation technique. Further, essential oil was subjected to GC-MS and FTIR analysis for chemical analysis. Additionally, rhizome powder was investigated for nutritional content using standard reported methods. Subsequently, antioxidant potential of essential oil was analysed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay followed by α-amylase inhibitory assay. Results of the study suggested the presence of various important compound viz. curzerenone (29.78%), α-Bulnesene (14.43%), eucalyptol (13.32%), curzerene (4.88%), and camphor (4.71%), respectively. Similarly, potent antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities were observed in oil. It was concluded from the present work that essential oil of C. caesia rhizomes contains many therapeutic useful aromatic bioactive and nutritional components. Additionally, essential oil of C. caesia rhizomes exhibits profound antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities.

Determination of antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antidiabetic and antiglaucoma activities of essential oils from three different Thymus species and their chemical characterization by GC-MS analysis

The present study aims to perform a comprehensive chemical characterization of the essential oils of Thymus pubescens var. pubescens (TPEO), Thymus leucotrichus var. leucotrichus (TLEO), and the endemic Thymus canoviridis (TCEO) using GC-MS, besides evaluating the potential antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiglocouma, and antityrosinase activities of these essential oils. The antioxidant activity was assessed using various bioassays including DPPH, ABTS, DMPD, FRAP, CUPRAC, and Fe3+ reducing assays. The IC50 values of TPEO, TLEO, and TCEO for α-glycosidase were 28.32, 28.79, and 57.57 μg/mL, respectively. For tyrosinase, the IC50 values were 359.9, 270.87, and 597.43 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values for acetylcholinesterase were calculated as 44.15, 36.75, and 34.99 μg/mL, respectively, while for carbonic anhydrase, the IC50 values were 21.70, 24.75, and 24.45 μg/mL, respectively. The quantitiy of total phenolics present in TPEO, TLEO, and TCEO were determined to be 10.50, 34.50, and 32.50 μg GAE/mg essential oil, respectively. The TPEO, TLEO, and TCEO exhibited distinct antioxidant activities on DPPH, ABTS, and DMPD. TPEO showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumannii bacterias. TLEO exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against S. aureus; The last of these TCEO demonstrated notable antimicrobial activity towards S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, A. baumannii. Additionaly, GC-MS revealed that the major components are TPEO (pulegone 29.01%, piperitenone 17.17%), TLEO (germacrene D 9.59%), and TCEO (carvacrol 52.87%). The essential oils possessed a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antiglocouma and antimicrobial activities.

Chemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils that growing in Indonesia

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), javanese ginger (Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb.), and pale turmeric (Curcuma heyneana Val. & v. Zijp) are medicinal plants that belongs to the family Zingiberaceae whose rhizomes contain essential oils and often consumed as traditional medicines based on empirical experiences and hereditary beliefs. This study aimed to determine the chemical components and antibacterial and antioxidative activities of the essential oils of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric cultivated in Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. α-Chamigrene (24.92%), zingiberene (29.53%), and 2-pinene-4-one (12.08%) were the largest components found in turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric, respectively. All the curcumas contain 1,8-cineol with concentrations of 3.32, 1.33, and 7.34% and α-pinene with concentrations of 0.48, 0.61, and 1.31% for turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils, respectively. The inhibition zones of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 were 10.16 (strong), 7.98 (moderate), and 11.59 mm (strong), respectively. Only the essential oil from pale turmeric showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 with an inhibition zone of 6.74 mm (moderate). The antioxidative activities (IC50) of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils were 66.08 ppm (strong), 82.76 ppm (strong), and 50.23 ppm (strong), respectively. In the fields of medicines, cosmetics, and foods, turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric rhizomes essential oils can be used as natural antioxidants and antibacterials against S. aureus ATCC 25923.

Anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities of endemic Stachys buttleri Mill. and Stachys pinardii Boiss. essential oils

There are numerous species in genus Stachys which are known for valuable and bioactive essential oils. For this study, essential oils of Stachys buttleri (SBE) and S. pinardii (SPE) were obtained by hydrodistillation method and the chemical composition of essential oils were determined by GC-MS analysis. Anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities of essential oils were tested by MTT assay, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and ABTS radical scavenging methods, respectively. Forty-one compounds were determined in SBE (83.5%) which kolavelool (34.9%) was the main compound and diterpenoids (61.2%) were the dominant group of SBE. Thirty-three constituents were identified in SPE (90.6%) and trans-nerolidol (35.7%) and geranyl-α-terpinene (17.2%) were the most abundant compounds. SPE was characterized by its high proportion of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (39.1%), diterpenoids (21.4%), aromatics (14.8%), and sesquiterpenes (10.8%). Both essential oils showed strong anticancer activity against A549, U87MG, Ishikawa, and MCF-7 cell lines. These results indicated that SBE and SPE had potent anticancer activity. The IC50 values of essential oils were between 21.33-98.3 μg/mL. Both essential oils showed moderate antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. This study is the first report on the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils of S. buttleri and S. pinardii.

GC-MS Characterization, in Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential oil from the Leaves of Litsea balansae Lecomte

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the essential oil obtained from Litsea balansae Lecomte leaves and investigate its potential as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. Methods: Fresh L balansae leaves were collected in Quangtri, Vietnam, and subjected to hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus to extract the essential oil. The essential oil composition was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant capacity was evaluated through the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, while the inhibition of nitric oxide production was assessed in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells. Results: GC-MS analysis identified 71 compounds, constituting 99.3% of the essential oil. Key constituents included carvacrol (20.8%), caryophyllene oxide (11.0%), cis-β-guaiene (6.4%), khusimone (3.9%), bicycloelemene (3.7%), and spathulenol (3.7%). The essential oil exhibited a moderate antioxidant effect (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 208.37 ± 10.67 µg/mL) and significant anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 28.09 ± 1.53 µg/mL). Conclusion: The essential oil derived from L balansae leaves showcases potential as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, as indicated by its chemical composition and biological activities. These findings suggest promising avenues for further research in the development of therapeutic agents from natural sources.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Cosmos sulphureus

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Cosmos sulphureus

A systematic study on composition and antioxidant of 15 varieties of wild Idesia polycarpa fruits in China

Idesia polycarpa is a good source of high-quality vegetable oil and can potentially alleviate pressure on the supply of edible oil. Exploring Idesia polycarpa could enrich the world’s food and oil resources and make up for the shortage of vegetable oil types and production. Here, 15 varieties of wild Idesia polycarpa from major wild Idesia polycarpa resource belts in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China were investigated to elucidate the quality and antioxidant activity of wild Idesia polycarpa fruits to tap the potential exploitation capacity of Idesia polycarpa. In this study, wild Idesia polycarpa varieties with high oil quality and antioxidant activity were screened by the comprehensive evaluation of 42 indexes including oil content, dry basis white grain weight, fatty acids, tocopherols, total flavonoids, and minerals, as well as comparisons of free radical scavenging of 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The result showed the quality characteristics of 15 wild Idesia polycarpa: oil (MN:29.21/100 g), dry basis white grain weight (MN:17.32 g), total flavonoids (MN:27.27 RE/kg), total polyphenols (MN:159.63 GAE/kg), tocopherols [MN:356.10 mg/kg (α-tocopherol (MN:284.96 mg/kg), γ-tocopherol (MN:50. 20 mg/kg), β-tocopherol (MN:9.54 mg/kg), and δ-tocopherol (MN:11.40 mg/kg)], total mineral content (MN:25653.44 mg/kg), and fatty acids [MN:20.89/100 g (70.42% polyunsaturated fatty acids (MN:14.63/100 g), 20.29% saturated fatty acids (MN:4.25/100 g), and 9.29% monounsaturated fatty acids (MN:2.01/100 g)]. Correlation analysis revealed that flavonoids, C16:0, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, polyphenols, α-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, and Ca were significantly correlated with DPPH and ABTS. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis classified the 15 wild samples into three clusters, with the first cluster represented by H8, H6, and H9 being the optimal sample as a woody oilseed crop, the second cluster represented by H10, H 12, and H11 being the optimal sample for functional oil development, and the rest could be selected with emphasis when conducting certain characteristic product development. The excellent lipids and rich nutritional and antioxidant properties suggest that Idesia polycarpa will be a new direction for the development of edible oil resources in the future.

Determination and correlation analysis of phytochemical compounds, antioxidant activity, and oxidative stability of different edible oils

Determination and correlation analysis of phytochemical compounds, antioxidant activity, and oxidative stability of different edible oils

Fabrication of emulsions using high loaded curcumin nanosuspension stabilizers: Enhancement of antioxidant activity and concentration of curcumin in micelles

Currently, curcumin still faces issues like low loading capacity and poor absorption performance, limiting its applications in antioxidant performance. Emulsions stabilized with high-load curcumin/octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch nanosuspensions, aiming to enhance the antioxidant activity of algal oil and improve curcumin absorption.The physicochemical properties of emulsions stabilized by curcumin nanosuspensions, the oxidative characteristics of algae oil, and the absorption performance of curcumin were investigated. The crystalline content of curcumin was notably decreased by the media grinding process. Furthermore, the emulsions prepared from nanosuspensions with different curcumin contents exhibited good thermal and centrifugal stability. Importantly, as the curcumin concentration in the emulsions increased, the curcumin content in the micelles also increased, leading to a gradual decrease in the oxidation degree of algal oil. These research findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of curcumin high-loaded nanosuspension emulsion systems and their wide application in the food industry.

Non-targeted Profiling of Sea Buckthorn Fruit Oil Fingerprints from 3 Regions and Study on Its Antioxidant Activity.

This study investigated the chemical and volatile characteristics of sea buckthorn fruits from three different regions in China. The chemical composition of the volatile oil was determined by using a non-targeted gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method and the differences in chemical composition among the three producing areas were compared by heatmap providing a visual basis for researchers. A total of 93 compounds were identified, including 52 compounds from the Northeast China, 51 from the Xinjiang region, and 37 from Inner Mongolia region. Then, the in vitro antioxidant activity of sea buckthorn fruit oil was measured using DPPH, ABTS, and SOD inhibition tests, and the results showed that sea buckthorn fruit oil in northeast China was the strongest antioxidant, followed by Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. The results of the CCK-8 experiment indicated that within the tested concentration, there is no cell cytotoxicity of the essential oil in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cells. The results could supply reference to distinguish sea buckthorn fruit from different production areas and, meanwhile, clarify the activity and safety of sea buckthorn oil.

Effect of ages on yield and quality of essential oil of betel leaf (Piper betle L.): Antioxidant activity, GC-MS and SEM analysis

In the present study, essential oil was extracted from the different ages (15, 30, 45 and 60 days) of betel leaves and evaluated their yield and quality of the essential oil. The effect of ages on percentage yield, chemical composition, morphological and physical properties, as well as antioxidant activity of essential oil was assessed and compared. The essential oil yield content of various ages of betel leaves, such as 15, 30, 45 and 60 days, is found to be 0.65%, 0.60%, 0.50% and 0.45%, respectively. Despite this, chemical compositions of extracted essential oil from various ages were analyzed by GC-MS analysis, and it was found that a total number of 55–65 volatile bioactive compounds are present, accounting for 97.78–98.88% of the extracted essential oil composition. The major bioactive compounds found in the all-ages of betel leaf essential oil are indanol (13.51–24.70%), elemene (4.36–10.84%) and eugenol (41.14%). Furthermore, 60 days old betel leaves essential oil exhibited higher antioxidant activity (87.01%) as compared to the 15 days younger betel leaves (84.05%). Moreover, SEM analysis was used to conduct a morphological investigation to examine the extraction mechanism of different stages of betel leaves. Therefore, obtained bioactive compounds from different ages of betel leaf essential oil can be used for various biological activities, food and pharmaceutical industries. In light of the findings, it is recommended that early-stage or younger leaves release higher essential oil while older leaves possess excellent antioxidant activity.

Antioxidant activity and efficacy of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) oil on pathogenic and alteration microorganisms of attiéké

Attiéké, the most widely consumed cassava product in Côte d'Ivoire, has a short shelf life. This is largely due to microbial contamination. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the antioxidant activity and effectiveness of Garcinia kola seed oil against pathogenic and spoilage strains of attiéké. This was possible through an extraction of Garcinia kola oil by maceration in hexane. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was assessed using an agar diffusion method. The antioxidant activity of Garcinia kola oil was assessed using the DiPhenyl Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging test and the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) test. Garcinia kola oil showed significant antioxidant potential. A high percentage of DPPH radical inhibition was observed, with an IC50 of 2.57 mg/mL. Iron-reducing power was highest when the oil was used at a concentration of 100 %. Garcinia kola oil was able to inhibit the bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli at a concentration of 100, 50 and 25 % respectively from 22 ± 0.05 to 16 ± 0.00 mm and 20 ± 0.05 to 14 ± 0.08 mm and Salmonella typhimurium (12 ± 00 mm) at a concentration of 100 %. Candida albicans (20 ± 0.07 to 18 ± 0.01 mm), Aspergillus flavus (28 ± 1.41 to 16 ± 0.00 mm) and Aspergillus niger (21 ± 1.01 to 15 ± 0.02) were inhibited at concentrations ranging from 100 to 12.5 %. Bacillus cereus, on the other hand, was resistant to Garcinia kola oil. Based on the findings of this study, Garcinia kola seed oil could be used to extend the shelf life of attiéké.

Chemical characterization, antioxidant, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibitory and cytotoxic activities of Illicium lanceolatum essential oils

Illicium lanceolatum is a medicinal and aromatic plant widely distributed in the south of China. The reports on chemical composition and biological activities of its essential oils (EOs) were very limited. In this study, Illicium lanceolatum EOs were extracted by hydro distillation, and analyzed by GC–MS and GC-FID. DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS cation radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were used for antioxidant activity evaluation. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum microbiocidal concentrations (MMCs) against 9 microorganisms were determined. The inhibitory effects on tyrosinase, α-glucosidase and cholinesterases were evaluated and cytotoxic activities were evaluated using MTT assay. The results revealed 110 identified compounds, with asaricin, eucalyptol, linalool and caryophyllene oxide as major compounds. Eucalyptol was the most abundant compound in the stem, leaf and fruit EOs while asaricin accounted for 50.52 ± 0.33 % in the root EO. Very weak radical scavenging capacities were noticed for all EOs, but the root EO showed moderate antioxidant activity (176.33 ± 4.52 mg TE/g of EO) in the FRAP assay, which could be attributed to asaricin. The root EO displayed better antimicrobial activities than other three EOs, with MIC values as 3.13 mg/mL against three bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus BNCC 186335, Bacillus cereus BNCC 103930 and Listeria monocytogenes BNCC 336877. Camphor and borneol were found to be important antimicrobial compounds. No inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase was found. The leaf EO displayed better acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (17.79 ± 0.32 mg GE/g of EO) while the root EO showed better tyrosinase (30.34 ± 0.40 mg KAE/g of EO) and butyrylcholinesterase (43.25 ± 1.50 mg GE/g of EO) inhibitory activities. Molecular docking between active compounds and enzymes revealed the main interactions as hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bond and π-stacking. All EOs displayed weak cytotoxicity to HK-2 cells of normal kidney at six tested concentrations. The leaf EO showed strong anticancer activities to HepG2 cells at the concentration of 500 μg/mL. I. lanceolatum EOs showed promising prospects with possible applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Exploring the chemical composition, medicinal benefits, and antioxidant activity of Plumula nelumbinis essential oil from different habitats in China

Plumula nelumbinis, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine known for its calming and nerve-soothing properties, contains essential oil as a primary component. However, research on P. nelumbinis essential oil (PNEO) is limited. This study aimed to investigate PNEO components, network target analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, and antioxidant activity of P. nelumbinis from ten different habitats. GC–MS analysis identified 14 compounds in the essential oil, with CP12 (β-Sitosterol) having the highest concentration. Five compounds were identified for the first time in P. nelumbinis, with three of them reported for the first time in the Nelumbo. Network target analysis revealed 185 potential targets for 11 compounds and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that PNEO was mainly located in the plasma membrane and could regulate a variety of molecular functions. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the essential oil was primarily enriched in pathways related to cancer and the nervous system. PNEO demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, with N8 (Fujiannanping) showing the highest ABTS scavenging capacity and N7 (Hunanxiangtan) showing the highest DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Cell experiments showed that CP4, CP5 and CP10 had protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. The study suggests that P. nelumbinis from different regions may have slightly different pharmacological effects due to the presence of unique compounds, and further research is necessary to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of PNEO.

Exogenous Putrescine Changes Biochemical (Antioxidant Activity, Polyphenol, Flavonoid, and Total Phenol Compounds) and Essential Oil Constituents of Salvia officinalis L.

Polyamines are small polycationic molecules containing amines that are present in almost all cells of living organisms and act in a wide range of physiological processes, growth, and development, biological and protection of cells against free radicals. This research is based on principal component analysis (PCA) and calculation of selection criteria (SC) to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of polyamine putrescine on essential oil yield, essential oil compounds, antioxidant activity, and biochemical compounds (polyphenol, flavonoid, and total phenol compounds) of Salvia officinalis. The treatments used included four levels of putrescine, Put (Control: 0, Put1: 500, Put2: 1000, and Put3: 1500 mg L-1 ) with five replications. Based on our results, four factors had eigenvalues≥1 and showed a cumulative variance percentage of 92.57 % by applying different concentrations of putrescine. According to the results of this research, putrescine had significant effects on the amount of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. The best attention to improving the essential oil yield of sage was 1000 mg L-1 . The crucial essential oil compounds of different Put treated sage were: cis-thujone (35.34 %), camphor (15.60 %), trans-thujone (9.90 %), 1,8-cineole (9.46 %), α-humulene (3.85 %), viridiflorol (3.62 %), camphene (3.58 %), α-pinene (3.50 %), β-pinene (2.78 %), and limonene (1.23 %). The results showed that the amount of total phenol, the phenolic composition of catechin, and the antioxidant activity of sage plant extract increased significantly when putrescine was used at 1000 mg/liter. Results can use the current research to optimize the production management of medicinal plants and improve the quality of their products. In addition, the advantage of using putrescine is that it increases antioxidants and reduces oxidative damage, and can replace medicinal plants as suitable natural preservatives, thus improving food quality and safety.