Adsorption Of Ofloxacin Research Articles

Deep eutectic solvent functionalized rice husk ash for effective adsorption of ofloxacin from aqueous environment

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have achieved the rising attention of the scientific community because of their distinctive physicochemical properties and variety of applications. Herein, DES composed of choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and glycolic acid as hydrogen bond donor (HBD) was synthesized. Next, the prepared DES was examined as a functionalization agent for rice husk ash (RHA) to form a novel adsorbent (DES–RHA). To ensure the formation of DES and to recognize the modifications occurred due to the functionalization process, a comprehensive characterization study was performed using 1HNMR, FTIR spectroscopy, TGA, XRD, FESEM, HR-TEM and BET surface area. Potential of the prepared DES–RHA was investigated for the uptake of ofloxacin (OFL) from an aqueous environment. The impact of relevant process parameters was evaluated under optimum conditions, and the data were examined applying various kinetic and isotherm models. As per the regression findings, adsorption kinetics data were well described by pseudo-second-order model, and the isotherm data were in good agreement with Langmuir, Temkin, RP and Freundlich isotherm models. Further, the adsorption procedure was endothermic and spontaneous. The high regeneration and adsorption capacity of DES–RHA than untreated RHA adds a promising approach to eliminate emerging pollutants present in effluent sites.

Adsorptive removal of antibiotic ofloxacin in aqueous phase using rGO-MoS2 heterostructure

This paper reports the synthesis, characterization and detailed adsorption studies of rGO-MoS2 heterostructure. The heterostructure was explored for the adsorption of ofloxacin from the aqueous phase. Detailed studies were conducted to study the effect of crucial parameters such as pH of drug solution, adsorbent dose, temperature and initial drug concentration on the adsorption capacity. Even with a low surface area of 17.17 m2/g, the adsorbent exhibited maximum removal efficiency of 95% at a dose of 0.35 g/L and an initial drug concentration of 10 mg/L in 240 min. Thermodynamic study revealed the values for ∆H0 and ∆G0 to be − 101.15 and − 7.47 kJ/mol respectively, indicating that the process is spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The heterostructure adsorbent exhibited remarkable reusability and stability up to five cycles. The heterostructure combines excellent adsorption capabilities arising from the two-dimensional structures of rGO and MoS2 with the stronger and more specific interaction with the drug molecules which results in better performance towards the removal of the drug. The excellent performance of the heterostructure indicates that combining 2D materials can be a good strategy for producing highly efficient materials towards the adsorptive removal of pollutants.

Opposite impacts of chemical oxidation for ofloxacin adsorption on activated carbon and carbon nanotubes

The adsorption of ofloxacin (OFL) on oxidized activated carbon (AC) and carbon nanotube (CNT) are compared, focusing on the differences in carbon structures. Chemical oxidation of carbonaceous materials inhibited OFL adsorption to AC, but enhanced their adsorption to CNT. The higher number of oxygen-containing functional groups facilitated the interaction of the material with water molecules, causing the blockage of AC inner pore. However, the dispersion of oxidized CNT enhanced due to its increased hydrophilicity, resulting in the exposure of some new adsorption sites, as identified by the 1H NMR relaxometry measurement. The adsorption kinetics of OFL on AC indicated that the contributions of slow adsorption and equilibrium time increased after AC oxidation. However, the equilibrium time of the fast adsorption of OFL on CNT shortened after CNT oxidation. These results indicated that the pore of AC was blocked by water cluster and the accessibility of adsorption sites on oxidized CNT was enhanced due to dispersion. This study emphasizes that the structural differences among carbonaceous materials control the oxidation effects on their adsorption characteristics for OFL.

Selective adsorption of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin from a binary system using lignin-based adsorbents: Quantitative analysis, adsorption mechanisms, and structure-activity relationship

A series of actinia-shaped lignin-based adsorbents (LNAEs) featuring lignin (LN) as the core and grafted poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as the tentacle were designed and fabricated. Two fluoroquinolones (FQs) with similar molecular structures, ofloxacin (OFL) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), were used as targets to study the selective adsorption performance of LNAEs associated with the structural effects of the LN-based adsorbents in FQs binary aqueous system. The adsorption of the two FQs by LNAEs complied with the competitive Langmuir isothermal model, and showed selective removal of CIP over OFL due to the additional negative charge-assisted hydrogen bond (CAHB) formed between the carboxyl group of LNAEs and the secondary amino group of CIP, in addition to the effects of electrostatic attraction and normal hydrogen bonds, according to quantitative studies and density functional theory analysis. A binary nonlinear model based on phenomenological theory was applied to study the effects of PAA branched-chain length and distribution on the selective adsorption performance of the LN-based adsorbents. Accordingly, the branched-chain distribution played a more important role and higher distribution density of branched PAA could expose more adsorption sites on LNAEs' surface and improve the adsorptive selectivity. This study offers a well understanding of the structure–activity relationship of the surface grafting-modified adsorbents in binary pollutant systems and fundamental guidance for the exploitation and design of novel and efficient adsorbents.

Competitive adsorption of ofloxacin enantiomers to goethite: experiments and modelling

Environmental contextThe concentration, types and distribution of antibiotics in soils can have environmental effects and can be modelled using laboratory systems. Adsorption of ofloxacin (OFL) and levofloxacin (LEV) enantiomers to goethite can probe this behaviour and each binds differently to the solid phase. The different behaviour of LEV and OFL in relation to solid-solution partitioning will affect their environmental fate. AbstractThe adsorption of ofloxacin enantiomers, namely levofloxacin (LEV) and ofloxacin (OFL), to goethite was investigated using batch experiments. Structural information of aqueous and adsorbed LEV or OFL was obtained with ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis), three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix (EEM) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic methods. The results indicated that LEV molecules formed a bridging bidentate complex (≡(FeO)2–LEV) with the surface of goethite, and OFL formed a monodentate complex (≡FeO–OFL). The adsorption of OFL to goethite was stronger than that of LEV, owing to differences in their physicochemical properties and bonding modes. The adsorption of LEV and OFL to goethite in single systems was well simulated using the charge distribution multi-site complexation (CD-MUSIC) model, but their adsorption in the LEV–OFL–goethite systems was overestimated at pH ~5.2 and high concentrations of LEV–OFL mixture (19.59μM), in which the predicted amounts of adsorbed LEV and OFL were higher (20.0, 30.8%) than the experimental results. Compared with the unprotonated LEV or OFL, the protonated (>99.9%) ones were mainly adsorbed to the surface of goethite, and the single species may be used during their following modelling.

Enhanced degradation of ofloxacin by persulfate activation with Mn doped CuO: Synergetic effect between adsorption and non-radical activation

Non-radical activation of persulfate (PS) is a promising technology for removing organic pollutants in water because of the higher selectivity and stability of activated PS than radicals. Hence, the development of effective catalyst for PS non-radical activation is highly desired. In this work, a series of Mn doped CuO samples were prepared and used for removing ofloxacin with PS activation. The correlation between their surface properties and catalytic performance was studied, and the key parameter affecting pollutant degradation was explored. The result indicates that the CM3 sample (Cu:Mn = 6:1) exhibited the highest activity for ofloxacin degradation at neutral pH due to its high adsorption capacity towards ofloxacin and high activity for non-radical activation of PS, which is beneficial for their surface reaction. The large surface area and uncharged surface of CM3 at neutral pH facilitate the adsorption of ofloxacin, while its surface Cu2+ with less electron deficiency might be responsible for the production of activated PS. Because ofloxacin was mainly degraded by the activated PS, the common ions in real water had little effect on this process. The toxicity assessment indicates that the treated ofloxacin solution was harmless. Finally, the reusability experiment demonstrates that CM3 is a stable and effective catalyst for non-radical activation of PS.

High adsorption for ofloxacin and reusability by the use of ZIF-8 for wastewater treatment

Abstract In this study, by the application of the strong interaction between a metal-organic framework material and ofloxacin, ZIF-8 was proposed as an absorbent to remove ofloxacin from wastewater. The results demonstrated that ZIF-8 could remove 96.3 ± 1.1% of ofloxacin from the ofloxacin solution of 100 mg/L, and the maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity reached 194.1 ± 0.4 mg/g, which is superior to that of an adsorbent based on physical adsorption. The high specific surface area and strong interaction between ofloxacin and ZIF-8, including strong hydrogen bonding, complexation of unsaturated metals, and electrostatic interactions, contributed to the adsorption process. Moreover, the adsorption efficiency reached 80.2% after four adsorption cycles. The pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption model can describe the adsorption of ofloxacin by ZIF-8. Therefore, ZIF-8 is a promising material for the treatment of wastewater containing ofloxacin.

Ofloxacin adsorption by calcined Verde-lodo bentonite clay: Batch and fixed bed system evaluation

Due to the increasing consumption of antibiotic agents and the fact that conventional effluent treatment methods are inefficient in removing these compounds, new and more effective treatment processes need to be investigated and improved. This work evaluated the adsorption of the emerging contaminant ofloxacin (OFL, antibiotic) in static and dynamic systems using calcined Verde-lodo (CVL) bentonite clay. The use of CVL bentonite clay for this purpose has not been investigated, furthermore, there are no reported studies regarding OFL adsorption in a fixed bed system. The molecular structure of ofloxacin was obtained by molecular simulation showing a stable and minimum local energy structure. The characterization study before and after the adsorption process indicated the presence of OFL in the CVL clay. The analyzes indicated that the CVL clay exhibits a lamellar structure with some roughness, with pores of 80,000 nm larger than macropores (>50 nm). In addition, the thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the clay is thermally stabile up to 1000 °C. External mass transfer resistance and pseudo-second-order models best described the kinetic data. The Dubinin-Radushkevick model was best adjusted to the equilibrium assays, indicating heterogeneous adsorbent surface. The system reached a maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity (55 °C) of 0.445 mmol g−1 (160.81 mg g−1). Fixed bed assays indicated the occurrence of multilayer adsorption. Under operating conditions of 0.4 mL min−1 and 0.05 mmol L−1, the system operated for 140 h with practically 100% removal until the breakthrough time was achieved. The clay showed high reuse capacity, with removal efficiency >93% after 3 cycles.

Green synthesis of Fe/Cu oxides composite particles stabilized by pine needle extract and investigation of their adsorption activity for norfloxacin and ofloxacin

Iron, copper oxides composite particles (Fe/Cu oxides CPs) were produced using rapid, single-step, green and sustainable pathway from biomolecules of pine needle extract and were adopted as a potential adsorbent for the removal of norfloxacin (NOR) and ofloxacin (OFLX) from aqueous solution. To understand the morphologies and properties of Fe/Cu oxides CPs, surface analysis via SEM image, EDS, TEM, XPS, BET and FTIR pattern were employed. The effects of factors such as contact time, reaction temperature, initial pH, initial concentration and ionic strength on the adsorption capacity of NOR or OFLX onto Fe/Cu oxides CPs were studied. Kinetic analysis confirmed that the kinetic data were well described by Double-constant rate equation. The experimental equilibrium data were well fitted by Redlich-Peterson, Koble-Corrigan and Dubinin-Radushkevich models and the maximum adsorption capacity of Fe/Cu oxides CPs calculated by Langmuir model for NOR and OFLX was 1.64 mmol/g and 1.26 mmol/g at 293 K, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) were calculated and the results indicated that the NOR or OFLX adsorption onto Fe/Cu oxides CPs was spontaneous and endothermic. Adsorption mechanism of NOR and OFLX may be involved a combination of electrostatic interaction, the formation of hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking interactions, surface complexation, hydrophobic interaction.

Self-engineered iron oxide nanoparticle incorporated on mesoporous biochar derived from textile mill sludge for the removal of an emerging pharmaceutical pollutant

In the present work, low-cost and efficient iron oxide nanoparticle incorporated on mesoporous biochar was prepared from effluent treatment plant (ETP) sludge collected from the textile industry. This sludge contains a higher amount of Fe due to the use of ferric chloride as a coagulant in the treatment of wastewater generated during the process. The raw sludge and prepared biochar was extensively examined by various sophisticated techniques like XRF, XRD, BET, TGA, XPS, RAMAN, FTIR, FESEM, TEM, and VSM. TEM and XRD analysis confirms the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles on mesoporous biochar. The prepared biochar was found to possess BET surface area of 91 m2 g−1. Several parameters like pH, dose, initial concentration, temperature and time were optimized for the adsorptive removal of ofloxacin (OFL) from aqueous solution. Biochar (named as BTSFe) achieved ≈96% removal efficiency of OFL with a maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 19.74 mg g−1 at optimum condition. π-π electron–donor-acceptor and H bonding were the major mechanisms responsible for the OFL adsorption. Kinetic and equilibrium thermodynamic study of showed that the adsorption of OFL was represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, and the process was exothermic and spontaneous. Additionally, Redlich-Peterson and Freundlich isotherms best fitted the experimental data indicating multilayer adsorption phenomenon. Biochar was magnetically separated and thermally regenerated after each cycle for five times with a nominal overall decrease of ≈8% in removal efficiency. Leaching of iron during the adsorption process was also checked and found to be within the permissible limit. This study provides an alternative application of the textile industry sludge as an efficient, low-cost biochar for the removal of emerging pharmaceutical compounds.

Simultaneous enhancements of light-harvesting and charge transfer in UiO-67/CdS/rGO composites toward ofloxacin photo-degradation

Antibiotics residues in aquatic environments has aroused great public concern since they cannot be effectively removed by conventional biological degradation. Sunlight-driven photo-degradation has been recognized as one of most efficient approach for the antibiotics removal. Herein, we proposed a novel strategy of simultaneous light-harvesting and electron-relay-penetration for the photocatalytic degradation of target antibiotics of ofloxacin (OFL). By incorporating visible-light responded semiconductor CdS nanoparticles into MOF and encapsulating by excellent conductor rGO thin sheets, a series of mesoporous composites of UiO-67/CdS/rGO-x were developed. As a result, the obtained UiO-67/CdS/rGO-1 showed the highest OFL degradation efficiency of 93.4% within 30 min for a 10 ppm OFL solution under the simulated sunlight, in which the turnover frequency (TOF) of 5.44 × 10−3 g(OFL) min−1 g(Cat.)−1 showed an order of magnitude increase over the relevant works. The mechanism study revealed the superoxide radicals O2− and photo-generated hole h+ were the excitons for the photocatalytic oxidation. The equalized Fermi level of UiO-67/CdS heterojunctions was formed to facilitate the electrons relaying, spilling-over, and penetrating through wrapped thin-layered rGO; meanwhile, the selective adsorption of OFL synergistically enhanced the photocatalysis, and hence provided a promising strategy for environmental remediation.

Investigation of multiple adsorption mechanisms for efficient removal of ofloxacin from water using lignin-based adsorbents

Two series of lignin (LN)-based adsorbents, namely, cross-linked lignin (LNEs) with different crosslinking densities and carboxymethyl cross-linked lignin (LNECs) with various degrees of carboxymethyl substitution, were prepared to remove ofloxacin (OFL), a popular fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotic, from water. LNEs and LNECs exhibited satisfactory performance in OFL adsorption. Both of them had high adsorption capacity (the maximum contribution of 0.828 mmol/g), good anti-interference to some inorganic salts, and efficient regeneration and reuse performance. The crosslinking density and degree of carboxymethyl substitution strongly affected the content and distribution of oxygen-containing groups in these LN-based adsorbents, which played important roles in OFL adsorption. The pH dependencies of the adsorption performance of LNEs and LNECs indicated the involvement of multiple adsorption mechanisms, including hydrogen bond, electrostatic attraction, π-π electron–donor–acceptor interactions, and negative charge-assisted hydrogen bond. Different mechanisms were dominant under various pH levels, in a near neutral pH, the synergistic effect of electrostatic attraction and π-π interaction allows LINEs and LINECs to reach maximum adsorption capacity. Five FQs with similar structures and their two sub structural analogs were compared in terms of adsorption behavior and electrostatic potential by density functional theory using quantum chemical calculation. FQs with secondary amino groups and low π electron cloud density readily bound to LN-based adsorbents. Hence, LNEs and LNECs were efficient and environment-friendly adsorbents.

Behaviors and Mechanisms of CIP and OFL Adsorption by Magnetic Biochar

A magnetic reed biochar (MBC) was fabricated through chemical coprecipitation first and subsequent pyrolysis of reed stalk powder precipitated with Fe2+/Fe3+ at 873.15 K. The structure and properties of the MBC were characterized using SEM, BET, FTIR, and VSM. Adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption behaviors and mechanisms of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ofloxacin (OFL) onto the MBC. The MBC possessed roughness and pores within its structure and contained a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface. The BET surface area of the MBC was 254.6 m2·g-1, and the total pore volume was 0.257 cm3·g-1, thus the MBC exhibited a relatively high porosity. The adsorption process was found to be pH and temperature dependent. The relative contributions of adsorbate species (cations, zwitterions, and anions) to overall adsorption varied for different pH values. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the CIP and OFL adsorption onto MBC was a spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-increasing process. Kinetics and isotherm data of CIP and OFL adsorption onto MBC were well depicted by the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir model. The equilibrium adsorption capacities of CIP and OFL onto MBC were 27.84 mg·g-1 and 22.00 mg·g-1, respectively. Pore-filling effects, π-π interaction between electron donors and acceptors, hydrogen bonding formation, hydrophobic interaction, and electrostatic interaction may be important mechanisms for CIP and OFL adsorption onto the MBC.

Ofloxacin Adsorption on Chitosan/Biochar Composite: Kinetics, Isotherms, and Effects of Solution Chemistry

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Adsorption of ofloxacin from aqueous solution using low-cost biochar obtained from cotton stalk

Adsorption of ofloxacin from aqueous solution using low-cost biochar obtained from cotton stalk

Inhibitory effects of extracellular polymeric substances on ofloxacin sorption by natural biofilms

Natural biofilms have strong affinities for organic contaminants, and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have been thought to control the sorption process. However, the role of EPS in the sorption of antibiotics, an emerging concern, is poorly understood. Here, soluble (SEPS) and bound EPS (BEPS) were extracted from intact biofilms incubated at different lengths of time to obtain SEPS- and BEPS-free biofilms. Batch sorption experiments and infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the role of EPS in the sorption of ofloxacin (OFL) by natural biofilms. The sorption capacities of OFL onto intact biofilms were lower than that those onto SEPS-free and BEPS-free biofilms. Partition and Langmuir adsorption contributed to the sorption of OFL onto these biofilms. SEPS and BEPS suppressed partitioning of OFL into biofilm organic matter. Meanwhile, the formation of hydrogen bonds could affect the Langmuir adsorption of OFL onto BEPS-free biofilms. These sorption mechanisms occurred simultaneously and enhanced the sorption capacities of biofilms after EPS removal. The information obtained in this study is beneficial for understanding the interaction mechanisms between antibiotics and natural biofilms.

Co-contaminant effects on ofloxacin adsorption onto activated carbon, graphite, and humic acid.

Given their voluminous application, significant amounts of fluoroquinolones are discharged into the environment through wastewater effluent. Adsorption has been shown to be a critical process controlling the environmental behaviors of fluoroquinolones. Competition between ofloxacin (OFL) and naphthalene (NAP)/bisphenol A (BPA) and their adsorption on activated carbon (AC), graphite (GP), and humic acid (HA) were investigated. The suppressed adsorption of OFL was observed on AC and GP, but not on HA, by NAP or BPA. Moreover, for AC, the competition by NAP was slightly stronger than that by BPA. However, for GP, the competition with BPA was higher than that with NAP. These observations indicate that competitive adsorption of OFL with respect to NAP/BPA depends on the degree of overlap of adsorption sites, as interpreted by the following: (i) AC can provide overlapping adsorption sites for OFL, BPA, and NAP, which include non-specific adsorption sites, such as hydrophobic sites, π-π interactions, and micropore filling; (ii) π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding might be responsible for the strong competitive adsorption between BPA and OFL on GP; and (iii) OFL adsorbs on HA through specific adsorption force-electrostatic attraction, with which NAP and BPA cannot compete.

Ofloxacin adsorption by activated carbon derived from luffa sponge: Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic analyses

Abstract Ofloxacin (OFL) removal from aqueous solution by carbon activated made from luffa sponge was studied. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the activated carbon (AC) surface was rough. The AC surface area was 834.008 m2/g and the average pore diameter was 5.35 nm. AC adsorbed 96% of OFL at a concentration of 30 mg/L, and the maximum amount of OFL adsorbed was about 132 mg/g. The AC adsorption kinetic data fitted a pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.9997) well, indicating chemisorption control. The experimental data at 308 K best fitted the Freundlich isotherm equation (R2 = 0.9912), indicating multilayer adsorption. A thermodynamic simulation showed that adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. The optimal conditions for OFL adsorption were pH 6, initial OFL concentration 30 mg/L, temperature 293 K, and AC dosage 0.5 g/L. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that phosphorus-containing functional groups, and C O, C O C, and C C bonds were present on the AC surface.

An adsorption and thermodynamic study of ofloxacin on marine sediments

Environmental contextOfloxacin, a widely used fluorinated antibiotic, is resistant to biodegradation and hence can accumulate in the environment. A systematic investigation of ofloxacin on marine sediments showed that sediment organic carbon and heterogeneous sites on sediments play important roles in adsorption processes. The results help our understanding of the environmental behaviour and fate of ofloxacin in marine systems. AbstractThe adsorption behaviour of ofloxacin (OFL) on marine sediments treated by different methods was investigated using batch experiments. Three factors (sediment organic carbon content, salinity and temperature) that may affect the adsorption behaviour of OFL were analysed. The equilibrium time for OFL adsorption on marine sediment in natural seawater was ~4–5h. The adsorption of OFL on all sediments with different treatments fitted the Freundlich model well. The adsorption parameter Kf value was in the order of Kf (H2O2 treatment)<Kf (H2O treatment)<Kf (HCl treatment) over the studied concentration range. The adsorption of OFL was influenced not only by the sediment organic carbon content but also by external factors such as salinity of media and temperature. The adsorption was favourably influenced by decreased salinity and temperature of seawater. The adsorption capacity of OFL on marine sediments decreased with an increase of temperature and salinity. The Kf values decreased from 33.73±1.66 to 22.54±1.12(Lkg−1)1/n when the temperature increased from 283 to 313K. The changes in standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG0) and enthalpy (ΔH0) were −6.62±0.34kJmol−1 and −7.58±0.38kJmol−1 respectively, indicating that the adsorption process of OFL was spontaneous and exothermic. The positive value of the entropy change ΔS0 (i.e. 3.38±0.17JK−1mol−1) suggests that the degree of freedom increased during the adsorption process.

Adsorptive removal of PPCPs by biomorphic HAP templated from cotton.

Biomorphic nano-hydroxyapatite (HAP) was fabricated by a co-precipitation method using cotton as bio-templates and employed in adsorptive removal of ofloxacin (OFL) and triclosan (TCS) that are two representative pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The surface area and porosity, crystal phase, functional group, morphology and micro-structure of the synthesized HAP were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller isotherm, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron macroscopic and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of initial pH, ionic strength, initial concentration, contact time and temperature on the removal of PPCPs were studied in a batch experiment. The adsorption of OFL and TCS was rapid and almost accomplished within 50 min. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption process of OFL and TCS followed the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm described the OFL adsorption process well but the adsorption of TCS fitted the Langmuir isotherm better. Thermodynamics and isotherm parameters suggested that both OFL and TCS adsorption were feasible and spontaneous. Hydrogen bond and Lewis acid-base reaction may be the dominating adsorption mechanism of OFL and TCS, respectively. Compared to other adsorbents, biomorphic HAP is environmentally friendly and has the advantages of high adsorption capacity, exhibiting potential application for PPCPs removal.