Offset Values Research Articles

Posture correction of dual-energy micro-CT system

In the dual-energy micro-CT system, the ideal posture relation is a necessary condition for high-quality imaging. However, existing posture calibration methods are not able to correct all the posture parameters of the dual-energy micro-CT system utilizing the optical coupler detector. To address this issue, we propose a posture correction method based on a single-sided nine-grids phantom. Scanning experiments and projection data reconstruction are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. After posture correction, the absolute values of the coordinate offsets of dual-energy projection points in two directions are less than the unit pixel size of the detector. Besides, artifacts in the reconstruction images of both optical paths are reduced, leading to improved accuracy in material discrimination results from reconstruction images. The proposed method can correct all the posture parameters of the optical coupler detector, making it certainly practical for the micro-CT system utilizing the optical coupler detector.

What Has the Most Impact? An Exploration of Dual-Processing Systems in Hotel Booking Decisions

This research explores the role of dual-processing systems in evaluating complex information on online travel agency (OTA) websites, explicitly focusing on the transformative effects of multiple cues considering information sources. Two experimental studies were conducted to explore the processing modes of information using priming in assessing the impact of a controllable cue (brand in study 1 and scarcity in study 2 and an uncontrollable cue (customer ratings). The findings indicate that customer ratings function as a primary cue. With positive priming producing heuristics, the value of a brand offsets the negative impact of low ratings, while it is disregarded with high ratings. The perceived value of scarcity aligns consistently with customer ratings due to its inherent uncertainty with irrelevant priming triggering a systematic mode. This research advances the understanding of customers’ evaluation of complex information and suggests practical guidelines for implementing optimal marketing strategies in OTA settings.

Structural and interface band alignment properties of transparent p-type α-GaCrO3:Ni/α-Al2O3 heterojunction

Herein, we report epitaxial growth of p-type Ni doped gallium chromium oxide thin film on Al2O3 substrates and studied its band alignment properties with that of the substrate. Thin films are grown using the magnetron-sputtering technique. Synchrotron-based XRD measurements, performed in the coplanar and non-coplanar geometries, confirm high-quality single domain epitaxial growth of p-type α-GaCrO3:Ni. Pendellosung oscillations around the Bragg peak and transmission electron microscopy reveal the high interfacial quality of p-type α-GaCrO3:Ni films with the substrate. Thin film, thickness ∼200 nm, shows around 70% average transmission. The values of valence band and conduction band offsets are determined to be 2.79 ± 0.2 and 0.51 ± 0.2 eV, respectively, which confirm straddling gap band alignment at the heterojunction. This type of alignment creates a threshold barrier for the selective charge carriers and is useful in enhancing the performance of a wide range of devices, including UV photodetectors, metal oxide semiconductor high electron mobility transistors, and light emitters.

Accurate band alignment of sputtered Sc2O3 on GaN for high electron mobility transistor applications

Sc2O3 is a promising gate dielectric for surface passivation in GaN-based devices. However, the interface quality and band alignment of sputtered Sc2O3 on GaN has not been fully explored. In this work, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry were performed to extract the discontinuities in the valence and conduction bands of the Sc2O3/GaN system. Sc2O3 films were deposited on GaN using radio frequency sputtering. The valence band offset of Sc2O3/GaN was determined to be 0.76 ± 0.1 eV using Kraut’s method. The Sc2O3 band gap of 6.03 ± 0.25 eV was measured using O 1s energy loss spectroscopy. The electron affinity measurements of GaN and Sc2O3 using XPS secondary electron cut-off spectra provided an additional degree of accuracy to the derived band line-up for the Sc2O3/GaN interface. The band alignment results were compared with literature values of band offsets determined experimentally and theoretically for differently grown Sc2O3 films on GaN.

Investigation of crystalline and band alignment properties of NiO/GaN and Ni0.5Co0.5O/GaN heterojunctions using synchrotron radiation based techniques

Epitaxial layers of NiO and Ni0.5Co0.5O have been deposited on GaN templates using RF magnetron sputtering deposition technique. The epitaxial relationship in out-of-plane and in-plane directions for NiO and Ni0.5Co0.5O layers with respect to GaN is [111]NiO(Ni0.5Co0.5O)∥[0001]GaN and [1̅10]NiO(Ni0.5Co0.5O)∥[1̅21̅0]GaN, respectively. The epi-layers are found to have two triangular domain structures oriented along [111] direction with an in-plane rotation of 60° with respect to each other. Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) has been used to determine the valence band offset (∆EV) and the band alignment at the heterojunctions (HJs). The ∆EV at NiO/GaN and Ni0.5Co0.5O/GaN HJs are 1.2 ± 0.2 eV and 1.8 ± 0.2 eV, respectively. The conduction band offsets (∆EC) have also been estimated using the determined values of optical band gap (NiO: Eg = ∼ 3.5 eV; Ni0.5Co0.5O: Eg = ∼ 3.3 eV) from optical transmission measurements. The values of ∆EC are found to be 1.5 ± 0.2 eV and 1.9 ± 0.2 eV at NiO/GaN and Ni0.5Co0.5O/GaN HJs, respectively. A type-II band alignment is observed at both the HJs. Higher values of valence band and conduction band offsets are observed at Ni0.5Co0.5O/GaN HJ in comparison to NiO/GaN. These experimentally determined values of band offsets can be used to design wide band gap HJ based devices like photodetectors, where higher values of band off-set at the Ni0.5Co0.5O/GaN HJ can be utilized to confine the carriers.

δ2H isotopic offsets in xylem water measurements under cryogenic vacuum distillation: Quantifying and correcting wood‐water hydrogen exchange influences

AbstractStable isotopes δ18O and δ2H are used to infer vegetation water sources. In some studies, significant xylem water δ2H offsets from potential source waters have been observed. The offsets appear to be more prevalent with cryogenic vacuum distillation (CVD) of plant water. Hypothesized mechanisms for these offsets include changes during plant water uptake and transport, and methodological problems. We propose that a large portion of the offsets are due to hydrogen isotope exchange between xylem water and non‐crystalline hydroxyl groups of wood cellulose and hemicellulose during CVD. We present a method for estimating the hypothesized isotopic exchange between wood tissues and water, which is the result of Rayleigh and equilibrium fractionation. To estimate the exchange, we use published wood properties for North American tree species and isotope chemical relationships as a function of moisture content, CVD temperature and water extraction efficiency. A simple model of exchange between xylem water and hydroxyl groups captures the range of observations in studies in which CVD and non‐CVD methods were compared. To evaluate the model, we compared observed δ2H offsets (sw‐excess) values from two field datasets (90°C, n = 364, and 170°C, n = 43) to δ2H offsets estimated with our chemical model. We found good agreement between observed and estimated δ2H offsets for samples extracted at 90°C (r2 = 0.69) but not for samples extracted at 170°C (r2 = 0.20). The offset may be eliminated by increasing the extraction temperature to 229°C or by adding a standard sufficient to raise the moisture content to >150%. A correction can also be approximated by applying a theoretical calculation based on the extraction temperature, moisture content and water extraction efficiency.

Long-term geometric quality assurance of radiation focal point and cone-beam computed tomography for Gamma Knife radiosurgery system.

To investigate the geometric accuracy of the radiation focal point (RFP) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) over long-term periods for the ICON Leksell Gamma Knife radiosurgery system. This phantom study utilized the ICON quality assurance tool plus, and the phantom was manually set on the patient position system before the implementation of treatment for patients. The deviation of the RFP position from the unit center point (UCP) and the positions of the four ball bearings (BBs) in the CBCT from the reference position were automatically analyzed. During 544days, a total of 269 analyses were performed on different days. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the deviation between measured RFP and UCP was 0.01 ± 0.03, 0.01 ± 0.03, and -0.01 ± 0.01mm in the X, Y, and Z directions, respectively. The deviations with offset values after the cobalt-60 source replacement (0.00 ± 0.03, -0.01 ± 0.01, and -0.01 ± 0.01mm in the X, Y, and Z directions, respectively) were significantly (p = 0.001) smaller than those before the replacement (0.02 ± 0.03, 0.02 ± 0.01, and -0.02 ± 0.01mm in the X, Y, and Z directions, respectively). The overall mean ± SD of four BBs was -0.03 ± 0.03, -0.01 ± 0.05, and 0.01 ± 0.03mm in the X, Y, and Z directions, respectively. Geometric positional accuracy was ensured to be within 0.1mm on most days over a long-term period of more than 500days.

Correlation between defect properties and the performance of eco-friendly CsSnI3-based perovskite solar cells

This study investigates the potential use of eco-friendly, all-inorganic cesium tin iodide (CsSnI3) perovskite (PVK) as an absorber layer. Despite having higher temperature stability of CsSnI3, the challenge is to get a uniform and defect-free film that hinders the performance. To accomplish this goal, we investigated several performance-related variables for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), including material defect density (Nt ), transport materials, layer thickness, temperature impacts, and back contact work functions. Negative valence band or conduction band offset values indicate no barrier preventing photogenerated carriers from flowing into the charge transport layers. The simulation result shows that hole transport layer thickness shows a higher impact than electron transport layer thickness. For the PVK thickness of 500 nm and a carrier density of 1018 cm−3, the device offers an optimum power conversion efficiency of 20.1%. The performance is more significantly affected by the defects in the PVK material compared to the defects present at the interface. Higher recombination (Re−h+) occurs at the TiO2–CsSnI3 interface. Defects located within the deep-level trap positioned at the mid-point of the band gap energy (E g) have a negative impact on the performance. The temperature coefficient (C T) is approximately ‒0.367% K‒1, indicating excellent thermal stability in an open environment. The selection of ‘A’ cation, the addition of additives, or carefully controlled fabrication techniques can mitigate the defect. This research shows the strategy for creating defects-free PSC devices, ultimately enhancing performance and the stability.

Capacitor Voltage Balancing Control of MMC Sub-Module Based on Neural Network Prediction

The issue of sub-module (SM) capacitor voltage unbalance is a hot topic in the current research into the modular multilevel converter (MMC). An excellent strategy comprises mitigating the SM capacitor voltage imbalance by adjusting the SM on time. The traditional capacitor voltage balancing control regulates the speed to maintain accuracy. A unique SM capacitor voltage balancing control strategy is presented in this paper and is based on conventional capacitor voltage balance management and neural network prediction. Firstly, the SM capacitor voltage and arm current are speculated by operating the time series forecasting technique in real time, considering the dynamic changes in the SM capacitor voltage and arm current. Secondly, the SM capacitor voltage distinction between the actual and theoretical value is determined, and a deviation’s mixed Gaussian distribution is established to estimate its compensation voltage. Thirdly, the SM triggering sequence is anticipated by using the neural network along with the pilot values of the SM capacitor voltage, arm current, and the offset compensation value, and the control is executed. Finally, a three-phase, six-leg, eight-module, nine-level MMC model is built to verify the feasibility of the suggested approach.

Effective correction of dissolved organic carbon interference in nitrate detection using ultraviolet spectroscopy combined with the equivalent concentration offset method.

Nitrate contamination in water sources poses a substantial environmental and health risk. However, accurate detection of nitrate in water, particularly in the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) interference, remains a significant analytical challenge. This study investigates a novel approach for the reliable detection of nitrate in water samples with varying levels of DOC interference based on the equivalent concentration offset method. The characteristic wavelengths of DOC were determined based on the first-order derivatives, and a nitrate concentration prediction model based on partial least squares (PLS) was established using the absorption spectra of nitrate solutions. Subsequently, the absorption spectra of the nitrate solutions were subtracted from that of the nitrate-DOC mixed solutions to obtain the difference spectra. These difference spectra were introduced into the nitrate prediction model to calculate the equivalent concentration offset values caused by DOC. Finally, a DOC interference correction model was established based on a binary linear regression between the absorbances at the DOC characteristic wavelengths and the DOC-induced equivalent concentration offset values of nitrate. Additionally, a modeling wavelength selection algorithm based on a sliding window was proposed to ensure the accuracy of the nitrate concentration prediction model and the equivalent concentration offset model. The experimental results demonstrated that by correcting the DOC-induced offsets, the relative error of nitrate prediction was reduced from 94.44% to 3.36%, and the root mean square error of prediction was reduced from 1.6108 mg L-1 to 0.1037 mg L-1, which is a significant correction effect. The proposed method applied to predict nitrate concentrations in samples from two different water sources shows a certain degree of comparability with the standard method. It proves that this method can effectively correct the deviations in nitrate measurements caused by DOC and improve the accuracy of nitrate measurement.

Torque Ripple Reduction of BLDC Motor with a Low-Cost Fast-Response Direct DC-Link Current Control

In this study, a new low-cost direct DC-link current control (DDLCC) is proposed for the brushless direct current (BLDC) motors. The newly proposed DDLCC method has a fast dynamic torque response analogous to the direct torque control (DTC) method. Additionally, torque ripple reduction between two consequent commutations, the standstill and low-speed operation, the low-cost drive, and the reliability enhancement are provided by the proposed DDLCC method compared with the DTC method. Transferring the motor variables to the stationary or synchronous reference frame, which leads to having a high computational burden, is not required in this method. A simple derivative-based (SDB) method is proposed as well to provide the torque ripple without its DC offset value. The commutation interval is easily detected by a two-level hysteresis controller, and the commutation torque ripple is suppressed by applying the appropriate voltage vectors. Both the DDLCC and SDB methods are analyzed and then compared with some of the available DTC methods. Finally, the validity and performance of all analyzed methods are appraised by simulation and experimental results.

Numerical Analysis of Mooring Buoy for Securing N219A Aircraft in The Anchorage Area

The development of Indonesia's N219 aircraft in recent years has been carried out on a significant scale. Likewise, developing an amphibious version known as the N219A aircraft continued. Considering that Indonesia is an archipelagic country that has potential in many sectors, such as marine tourism, the N219A aircraft is designed to be able to land on the water. Consequently, facilities are needed for the aircraft to be secured safely. The analysis of determining the configuration of the length of the anchor line on the mooring buoy to secure the N219A aircraft was carried out by varying the line length of the rope to 50 meters, 60 meters, and 70 meters by FAA recommendations. Based on the numerical calculation, the anchor line configuration with a length of 60 meters has maximum tension with allowable criteria according to API RP 2SK in intact and damaged conditions. The anchor line configuration also has a maximum offset value that is shorter than other configurations. Therefore, the result obtained from the analysis of the N219A aircraft's anchor spacing for the sea conditions of Gili Iyang, Sumenep, Madura, and East Java is 118.18 meters.

A Robust Timing Synchronization Algorithm Based on PSSS for LTE-V2X

In recent years, Long-Term Evolution Vehicle-to-Everything (LTE-V2X) communication technology has received extensive attention. Timing synchronization is a crucial step in the receiving process, addressing Timing Offsets (TOs) resulting from random propagation delays, sampling frequency mismatches between the transmitter and receiver or a combination of both. However, the presence of high-speed relative movement between nodes and a low antenna height leads to a significant Doppler frequency offset, resulting in a low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for received signals in LTE-V2X communication scenarios. This paper aims to investigate LTE-V2X technology with a specific focus on time synchronization. The research centers on the time synchronization method utilizing the Primary Sidelink Synchronization Signal (PSSS) and conducts a comprehensive analysis of existing algorithms, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. On this basis, a robust timing synchronization algorithm for LTE-V2X communication scenarios is proposed. The algorithm comprises three key steps: coarse synchronization, frequency offset estimation and fine synchronization. Enhanced robustness is achieved through algorithm fusion, optimal decision threshold design and predefined frequency offset values. Furthermore, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform is established. The simulation results demonstrate a substantial performance improvement for the proposed algorithm compared to existing methods under adverse channel conditions characterized by high frequency offsets and low SNR.

Assessment of the Impact of Inaccuracies in the Head and Neck Tumors Patient Positioning on the Halcyon Accelerator by the Amount of Dose-Volumetric Characteristics When Planning Radiotherapy

Purpouse. To evaluate the impact of inaccuracies in patient positioning during irradiation of tumors in the head and neck region under the control of a portal imaging device on the Halcyon accelerator on the value of CTV-PTV offsets at the contouring stage.
 Material and methods. Treatment of patients and monitoring of the position of 35 patients on the therapeutic table using a portal visualization device during each irradiation session was carried out on a Halcyon tunnel-type electron accelerator, including an irradiation planning system (Eclipse version 16.1) and the Aria oncology information system (version 15.5).
 Resuits. Based on the results of positioning and analysis of a sample of 35 patients, it was concluded that it is possible to change the CTV-PTV offsets during contouring to a smaller side for the head area and a larger one for the neck area below the C3 vertebra. These results are explained by the strong fixation of the head in the thermoplastic mask, and the high mobility of the neck due to air gaps.
 Conclusions. When creating a treatment plan, changing the CTV PTV offsets leads to a reduction in the volume of the target and moving it away from critical structures. This makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the treatment and reduce the dose load on the normal tissues surrounding the tumor. The results obtained have high practical value.

Optimization of offset and cant angle winglet on remote control airplane using Taguchi – Particle swarm optimization

Incorporating winglets into aircraft has been empirically proven to notably improve aerodynamic efficiency by reducing vortex-induced effects at the wingtips. However, conducting comprehensive investigations necessitates the exploration of numerous winglet factors and value variations. This study pertains to remote control aircraft winglets, focusing on manipulating cant angle and offset factors across four distinct values. Two primary objectives guide this research: firstly, the maximization Cl/Cdmax, and secondly, the minimization Cd₀. The Taguchi experimental design is employed to randomize the variations in offset and cant angle values systematically. These variations are then used to generate pivotal regression values in the subsequent particle swarm optimization (PSO). The variance analysis evaluates the impact of winglet-related variables on each research goal. Additionally, the winglet design incorporates the open-source XFLR5 software, an accessible resource for aeromodelling clubs in Indonesia. XFLR5 enables the investigation of aerodynamic parameters across various angles of incidence and plays a crucial role in this research. The results of this study reveal that the Taguchi method yields two distinct combinations of factor values, aligning with the two primary research objectives. Conversely, particle swarm optimization generates a combination that effectively addresses both objectives. A comparative analysis of the winglet factor combinations from Taguchi and PSO underscores the greater efficiency of the PSO method in optimizing winglet variations for two distinct objectives.

Early rehabilitation after total arthroplasty with custom hip prosthesis – case report

Background: The main aim of this study was to compare conventional radiograph and computer tomograph (CT)-scan measurements of femoral offset. The second aim was the compare the pre- and postoperative values of femoral offsets as well as the variations cre-ated by total hip arthroplasty (THA) replacements using the same protocol of analysis for a patient operated on both hips by the same surgeon using a modified lateral approach. Methods: The CT protocol involves 1mm slices from top of the iliac crest to the isthmus of the femur, 2mm slices from top to the bottom of femoral condyles and top and bottom of the ankle joint. The CT protocol involves 1mm slices from top of the iliac crest to the isth-mus of the femur, 2mm slices from top to the bottom of femoral condyles and top and bot-tom of the ankle joint. The implant came with an operative plan to guide the neck osteot-omy site, and with its own bone compacting or bone removing rasp according to the in-tramedullary cortical or cancellous bony architecture indicated by the 3D-CTplan. Results: In addition to a clinical review and oxford hip scoring, the patient had postoperative radi-ographs and were reviewed regularly at 6 weeks and 6 months. Conclusions: We conclud-ed that this 3D-CT guided custom design femoral stem produces reliable proximal ‘fit and fill’ and primary stability with restoration of limb length discrepancy with complex prox-imal femoral deformity without the need of a corrective osteotomy.

Prospects of Taiwan's solar energy development and policy formulation

Taiwan lacks energy stock and has been paying great attention to developing renewable energy to improve energy security and sustain economic growth. Solar energy is attractive to Taiwan's government as the recorded radiation is substantial, and a significant amount of fallow land is available for panel installation. This study investigates the potential solar energy production from Crystalline silicon (c-Si) and cadmium Telluride thin-film (CdTe) cell systems, estimates each system's capital requirement, and compares the economic and environmental benefits to explore effective investment strategy. The results show that, on average, the c-Si module could produce 10,644 GWh per year while the CdTe mode would yield a total electricity of about 9365 GWh. The useful life also plays an essential role in the investment requirement. With a 30-year useful life, the systems can reduce the annualized installation and maintenance cost to about NT$3.16 billion. In terms of offset efficiency, every MWh produced would result in at least 13.63–15.49 metric ton of carbon emission offset, and the offset value per GWh can be up to NT$5.77 million, which provide attractive economic incentives to energy suppliers. We point out that the acquisition of low-cost financing sources such as green bonds, as well as the improvement of current emission trading systems (ETS), would greatly benefit solar energy development.

Research on the relationship between hydrocarbon source-reservoir assemblage system and lacustrine level changes in Triassic period of Lunnan area

The lacustrine level changes affects the sedimentary process of the basin, and has an important influence on the hydrocarbon source-Reservoir assemblage system. In this study, the method of wavelet transform and Fisher plot were used to identify 58 high-frequency cycles on drilling well, with an average cycle thickness of 8.21 m. On this basis, the cumulative offset value was calculated, and finally the lacustrine level changes curve was established during the Triassic period in Lunnan area. The results show that there were three obvious lacustrine level fluctuation cycles in the Triassic period in this area. In the descending stage of lacustrine level, the grain size of the sediments in the study area is large, mainly medium-fine sandstone. In the ascending stage of Lacustrine level, the sediment granularity is small, mainly fine-siltstone and mudstone deposits. Under the control of lacustrine level changes, three sets of “binary structure” lithologic assemblage were deposited in the study area, with large grain size lower and small grain size upper. It is found that the sandstone in the lower part of the “binary structure” has good porosity and permeability. The average porosity of the TⅢ oil formation of Karamay Formation is 15.80 %, and the maximum permeability is 3.785 μm2, which can be used as a good reservoir. The TOC content of the upper part of the “binary structure” is very high, and the average TOC is 3.8 % in Huangshanjie Formation, which is a very good source rock. Therefore, lacustrine level changes in this area has a very important control effect on the on the hydrocarbon source rock and reservoir.

ESTIMATION OF SENSOR OFFSETS FOR A UAV PLATFORM USING TIEPOINTS ONLY

Abstract. In a UAV system, physical sensor offsets occur between an observation sensor and a GPS/IMU sensor which represents the position of UAV. The difference of angle between the GPS/IMU sensor’s axis and the observation sensor’s axis is referred to as boresight angle. The difference in physical position between the two is referred to as lever-arm. It is important to obtain accurate offset values in order to utilize UAVs in rapid mapping manner. Due to the sensor offsets, misalignment error can be caused when generating a mosaic image. Offset values can be measured by using extensive ground control points. However, this is very costly and time-consuming. In this study, we describe an estimation method for sensor offsets using tie-points and re-weighted least square estimation method. The proposed method consists of 5 steps. Firstly, a frame images for the target area were classified into image strips based on the kappa value of initial EOPs (Exterior Orientation Parameters), after which tie points were extracted between adjacent images. Secondly, strip bundle adjustment was performed to update initial EOPs using images with the same flight direction. Thirdly, tie-points between adjacent strips were extracted. Fourthly, block bundle adjustment was performed in all images, using all extracted tie-points. Finally, a mosaic image is generated using the EOPs value to which the estimated sensor offset is applied. From this study, we confirmed that the sensor offset of the platform could be estimated only with the tie-points extracted between adjacent images. And we confirmed that misalignment was adjusted when generating mosaic image. We expect that our research makes UAV system to be operated more fluently.

Engineering of Information Monitoring System Sensor Reading Data Based on Smart Wireless using NVDIA Jetson Nano and Arduino Mega on Agricultural Spraying Machines

The focus of the research is monitoring data from sensors on the agricultural sprayer. The monitoring system support by some sensors in camera, tank capacity, boom sprayer balance and battery capacity. The research method was carried out using the waterfall model, because according to the needs that require a sequential flow in the process. This model is divided into four parts, namely analysis (to identify problems and needs), design (plans to solve problems to be solved), implementation (implementation of plans that have been made), and testing. Engineering of Information Monitoring System Sensor Reading Data Based on Smart Wireless using NVDIA Jetson Nano and Arduino Uno on Agricultural Spraying Machines. The test results for the CNN model for the detection of the “Jajar Legowo” object were carried out to obtain 90% accuracy, 82.35% precision and 100% recall. Tests an accuracy value cappacity tank of 100%. Testing the balance sensor, if rotates clockwise on the Y axis the output voltage decreases, and vice versa. However, if the sensor at rest, the output voltage will same as the offset value. Besides that, testing the optimum PWM value fuzzy approach is carried out with aim that the droplets hit the target zone when sprayer is working. The result are Arduino IDE and Matlab produce same value, which is 42 for the optimum PWM value. Testing the battery capacity sensor get accuracy value of 100% by difference in the voltage increase of 0.5 volts is equivalent to increase of 10%. All information read by the sensors is displayed on the LCD using WMS-2000 (smart wireless). Keyword: Fuzzy, Microcontroller, Monitoring, Sensor data, Smart wireless