Offset Method Research Articles

Predictions of Biomass Change in a Hemi-Boreal Forest Based on Multi-Polarization L- and P-Band SAR Backscatter

Above-ground biomass change accumulated during four growth seasons in a hemi-boreal forest was predicted using airborne L- and P-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter. The radar data were collected in the BioSAR 2007 and BioSAR 2010 campaigns over the Remningstorp test site in southern Sweden. Regression models for biomass change were developed from biomass maps created using airborne LiDAR data and field measurements. To facilitate training and prediction on image pairs acquired at different dates, a backscatter offset correction method for L-band data was developed and evaluated. The correction, based on the HV/VV backscatter ratio, facilitated predictions across image pairs almost identical to those obtained using data from the same image pair for both training and prediction. For P-band, previous positive results using an offset correction based on the HH/VV ratio were validated. The best L-band model achieved a root mean square error (RMSE) of 21 t/ha, and the best P-band model achieved an RMSE of 19 t/ha. Those accuracies are similar to that of the LiDAR-based biomass change of 18 t/ha. The limitation of using LiDAR-based data for training was considered. The findings demonstrate potential for improved biomass change predictions from L-band backscatter despite varying environmental conditions and calibration uncertainties.

Introducing a Thermal-Based Method for Measuring Dynamic Thin Film Thickness in Real Time as a Tool for Sensing Applications

In many sensing applications, ranging from processes monitoring to bioassays, interactions occur between a thin film and a liquid medium. For such applications, it is generally crucial to monitor physical changes in the film over time. Consequently, the demand for sensitive yet robust readout methods that can be used to do so is high. In this article, we present a new, thermal-based readout principle that can be applied to monitor physical changes in thin samples over time. This new transient thermal offset (TTO) method is derived from the widely used transient plane source (TPS) method but intentionally deviates from the condition to not apply thermal pulses that probe deeper than the boundaries of the thin sample. By doing so, it is possible to use the properties of the sample on top of the film as a reference with the novel data processing method. The sensing principle was first demonstrated via numerical simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics software. Then, for experimental validation, we performed TTO measurements to monitor the removal process of a thin film over time. The results show that the TTO method can be used reliably in practice for monitoring physical changes in thin films. Since also the properties of the surrounding material are measured, it is possible to distinguish between changes in the thin film and changes in the direct environment.

Three-Dimensional Stopping Sight Distance Calculation Method under High Slope Restraint

Sight distance is an important indicator to ensure the safety of drivers, and is also an indispensable evaluation basis in highway safety engineering. In mountainous highways, high slopes and small radius often lead to poor visibility and traffic accidents. Through the combined calculation of horizontal and vertical sections, this paper comprehensively considers the specific sizes of roadside clearance, high slope, as well as the position and height of the driver’s view point and other factors, and it analyzes the limited visibility of the driver in the process of driving right turn. An effective and simplified calculation method based on design data for three dimensional (3D) stopping sight distance (S.S.D.) in high fill sections is proposed. Finally, the S.S.D. inspection of the actual highway, based on design speed and operating speed, is carried out, and the sight distance of the calculated point is judged by comparing the value with the normal value and the calculation result of the horizontal sightline offset. The results show that the method proposed in this paper is consistent with the sight distance results obtained by the horizontal sightline offset method, which indicates the calculation method is accurate and provides a technical reference for S.S.D. evaluation in highway safety engineering.

MRI phase offset correction method impacts quantitative susceptibility mapping

Individual channel ultra-high field (7T) phase images have to be phase offset corrected prior to the mapping of magnetic susceptibility of tissue. Whilst numerous methods have been proposed for gradient recalled echo MRI phase offset correction, it remains unclear how they affect quantitative magnetic susceptibility values derived from phase images. Methods already proposed either employ a single or multiple echo time MRI data. In terms of the latter, offsets can be derived using an ultra-short echo time acquisition, or by estimating the offset based on two echo points with the assumption of linear phase evolution with echo time. Our evaluation involved 32 channel multi-echo time 7T GRE (Gradient Recalled Echo) and ultra-short echo time PETRA (Pointwise Encoding Time Reduction with Radial Acquisition) MRI data collected for a susceptibility phantom and three human brains. The combined phase images generated using four established offset correction methods (two single and two multiple echo time) were analysed, followed by an assessment of quantitative susceptibility values obtained for a phantom and human brains. The effectiveness of each method in removing the offsets was shown to reduce with increased echo time, decreased signal intensity and reduced overlap in coil sensitivity profiles. Quantitative susceptibility values and how they change with echo time were found to be method specific. Phase offset correction methods based on single echo time data have a tendency to produce more accurate and less noisy quantitative susceptibility maps in comparison with methods employing multiple echo time data.

Carbonate reservoir evaluation and gas bearing prediction in Ordos Basin

In order to solve the problem that carbonate rocks are difficult to be explored due to their complex heterogeneity, the evaluation of carbonate reservoirs and the prediction of gas bearing are carried out. Firstly, taking the Sugeri gas field area in Ordos as an example, the address characteristics of the research area are introduced. Then the petrological characteristics and reservoir spatial characteristics (pore types and pore structures) of carbonate reservoirs are explored. In addition, the prediction and simulation method of carbonate reservoir gas bearing—amplitude variation with offset (AVO) forward modeling analysis method is discussed. Finally, the results of reservoir characteristics and prediction of reservoir gas bearing are analyzed. The results show that there is no effective reservoir development in Ma Wu32, Ma Wu33, and Ma Wu41b in the study area, and Ma Wu41a is the main effective reservoir development segment, followed by Ma Wu2 subsegment. For gas bearing prediction, there are a total of 10 favorable zones in Ma Wu segment, among which the predicted gas thickness is between 2 and 8 m. The results have good guiding significance for oil and gas exploration in China.

Effect of multiple heat treatments on fracture property of centrifugal casting stainless steels Z3CN20.09M with long-term thermal aging degradation

It is of great significance to investigate effect of multiple heat treatments on fracture property of centrifugal casting stainless steels Z3CN20.09M cut from pump casing with long-term thermal aging degradation for nuclear power plants to consider actual operation of nuclear power plants. Both multiple heat treatments and accelerated thermal aging experiment at the same temperature of 400 °C for different time were successively carried out on centrifugal casting stainless steels Z3CN20.09M in order to examine the metallographic modification and impact properties. Finally, an additional investigation on the related fracture properties was carried out, in which the critical initial fracture toughness Ji was determined by stretch zone width and 0.2 mm offset line methods. These results indicated that the multiple heat treatments led to the dispersed distribution of ferrite phases in austenite matrix and thus microhardness increased, but impact energy exhibited a decreasing tendency significantly. After long-term aging, the metallographic structure remained almost unchanged, but the size of ferrite phases showed a slight increasing trend because of spinodal decomposition in ferrite phases and G-phase precipitation. In addition, centrifugal casting stainless steels Z3CN20.09M with multiple heat treatments exhibited the higher microhardness, Charpy impact toughness, critical initial fracture toughness JIC (J-integral determined by 0.2 mm offset line method), and JSZW (J-integral determined by stretch zone width method) than those with primary heat treatment, while the specific number of the heat treatment had a low influence on fracture toughness.

Intelligent design method and system of trimming block for stamping dies of complex automotive panels

Trimming block is the most important working component of trimming die for automotive panels. Its structure and form are various and complex, resulting in its design quite tedious and time-consuming, which affected the efficiency and quality of die design. Aiming at the three problems of curve offset, surface construction, and flange uncertainty, an intelligent design method based on parameters and sketch driven is proposed to realize the rapid and intelligent design of trimming block. According to the curve offset criterion of trimming block, a 3D curve offset method based on the feature inflection point is proposed, which considers the characteristics of curve from offset direction, curvature, and perturbation, and meets the requirement of minimum offset distance, to maintain the shape following of initial curve. The offset spline curve ensures the minimum offset distance and its trend with the original curve. Combined with the group concept, it introduces a segmented surface construction method for trimming block surfaces based on non-uniform rational B-spline mesh surface and supplemented by filling surface, which can well track the tendency of trimming curve and meet the G1 continuity conditions between adjacent surfaces. It presents an interactive sketch to solve the diversity and uncertainty of flange, which can free to draw the 2D outline of any flange. Finally, the whole design process of trimming block is serialized by parameters and sketch driving to achieve the fully automated intelligent design method, which is integrated into the NX software, and an intelligent design system of trimming block is developed as a submodule in the modular design of the trimming die. The design example of the fender trimming block shows that the system can control the error well and guarantee the success of the onetime design. The designed trimming block has a smooth blade surface, a smooth transition, and excellent structural strength, which can significantly improve design quality and efficiency.

RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION BY AVO ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF PENYU BASIN, MALAYSIA

Amplitude variations with offset (AVO) method are applied in predicting hydrocarbon by interpreting the anomalies in terms of lithology and pore fluids using the AVO cross-plot of intercept, A, and gradient, B. The study was carried out and tested in the previously problematic field such as thick sand with non-commercial discovery in Penyu Basin, Malaysia. With limited prospect evaluation conducted in this basin, we aim to provide evidence of potential hydrocarbon accumulation exists in this region for further exploration development. The AVO response of the anomalies detected first executed in locating the potential hydrocarbon prospect before predicting shear wave velocity using the Greenberg-Castagna and Castagna equations. A statistical wavelet was then correlated with seismic data to optimize the depth-time conversion for synthetic derivation prior to fluid replacement modelling and Gassmann’s equations. It is concluded that the AVO class II anomalies on both seismic and synthetic seismogram generated by AVO modelling agreed on the presence of oil in the reservoir. The AVO and seismic attributes suggested that there are potential hydrocarbon prospects in the Penyu basin based on the interpretation of structural traps of faulted anticline and fault.Keywords: amplitude versus offset; hydrocarbon prediction; Penyu basin

A Study of Recrystallization Behavior of Two Ni-Cu–Containing High-Strength Steels with Different Mn Contents

Abstract The Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL) has been investigating several high-strength and high-toughness steels in the past few decades for various defense applications. As a part of this work, two novel low-carbon steels—each containing 4–6 wt% Ni + Cu of similar strength level, one with high Mn (∼1 wt%) and one with low Mn (∼0.3 wt%)—were investigated. In order to optimize the rolling schedules during production, it is necessary to understand the recrystallization behavior of these two steels during hot deformation. Usually, the recrystallization behavior of materials that do not undergo phase transformations (viz. aluminum, copper, etc.) is commonly studied using microstructural techniques for identification of fraction of recrystallized grains. But, as the steels in the present study undergo phase transformation wherein the austenitic structure at deformation temperature is transformed to martensitic/bainitic structure during cooling, it is challenging to track the recrystallization process directly from the microstructure. Therefore, the recrystallization behavior was investigated by conducting double-hit compression tests (DHCTs) using Gleeble. Fractional softening values were determined from DHCT data using various methods, such as the offset method, back-extrapolation method, and mean flow stress method. The mean flow stress method was found to be more reliable and thus was adopted in this study. The effects of different deformation temperature (850°C–1,050°C) and intermediate static recrystallization time (ISRT) (10, 100, and 500 s) on fractional softening were studied. Temperature for 50 % recrystallization (T0.5), determined as the temperature for 50 % fractional softening, was seen to reduce with an increase in ISRT. Steel with lower manganese content showed relatively lower fractional softening values and thus relatively higher T0.5, as compared with that for the steel with higher manganese content, for all three ISRTs.

Magnetometer in-flight offset accuracy for the BepiColombo spacecraft

Abstract. Recently the two-spacecraft mission BepiColombo launched to explore the plasma and magnetic field environment of Mercury. Both spacecraft, the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO, also referred to as Mio), are equipped with fluxgate magnetometers, which have proven to be well-suited to measure the magnetic field in space with high precision. Nevertheless, accurate magnetic field measurements require proper in-flight calibration. In particular the magnetometer offset, which relates relative fluxgate readings into an absolute value, needs to be determined with high accuracy. Usually, the offsets are evaluated from observations of Alfvénic fluctuations in the pristine solar wind, if those are available. An alternative offset determination method, which is based on the observation of highly compressional fluctuations instead of incompressible Alfvénic fluctuations, is the so-called mirror mode technique. To evaluate the method performance in the Hermean environment, we analyze four years of MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEophysics and Ranging) magnetometer data, which are calibrated by the Alfvénic fluctuation method, and compare it with the accuracy and error of the offsets determined by the mirror mode method in different plasma environments around Mercury. We show that the mirror mode method yields the same offset estimates and thereby confirms its applicability. Furthermore, we evaluate the spacecraft observation time within different regions necessary to obtain reliable offset estimates. Although the lowest percentage of strong compressional fluctuations are observed in the solar wind, this region is most suitable for an accurate offset determination with the mirror mode method. 132 h of solar wind data are sufficient to determine the offset to within 0.5 nT, while thousands of hours are necessary to reach this accuracy in the magnetosheath or within the magnetosphere. We conclude that in the solar wind the mirror mode method might be a good complementary approach to the Alfvénic fluctuation method to determine the (spin-axis) offset of the Mio magnetometer.

Дослідження впливу способів нанесення зображень на якість паковань, виготовлених з кашированого мікрогофрокартону

One of the dominant segments of the packaging industry is packaging made of laminated microcorrugated cardboard, because such qualitative and presentable packaging are necessary in various areas of the industry: for packing of cosmetics, clothes, shoes, ware, souvenirs and gifts, electric devices, and also foodstuff and medicines. However, applying a high-quality printed image to a relatively thick material is a technically difficult task. Therefore, in order to achieve the maximum quality of production of such packages, it is envisaged to glue a pre-printed liner from ordinary cardboard to the base of 2-layer microcorrugated cardboard with the result of 3-layer microcorrugated cardboard. The use of high-quality consumables (cardboard, inks, adhesive compositions) and equipment allows you to get the finished product with a spectacular appearance and excellent adhesion of the coating to the base. The use of digital technologies, in addition to the traditional method of applying images by offset printing, significantly expands the design possibilities and range of packaging made of laminated microcorrugated cardboard. Production of high-quality packaging from laminated microcorrugated cardboard as an environmentally friendly material and increase the level of their printing design in order to meet the aesthetic demands of consumers, are urgent tasks of industry professionals.The paper presents the results of the study of the influence of the printing method on the quality of laminated microcorrugated cardboard packaging, obtained by determining the reproduction and graphic parameters of liners printed by offset and digital methods; technological and operational characteristics of laminated microcorrugated cardboard, which provided for determining the force of its stratification and bond strength. Based on the obtained results of experimental research, recommendations for the choice of consumables and a method of applying a high-quality printed image on a package of laminated microcorrugated cardboard.

Changes in Muscle Pattern Activity during the Asymmetric Flat Bench Press (Offset Training).

Background: This study aimed to compare the muscle activity between the symmetric and selected asymmetric loads (2.5%; 5% and 7.5% differences in load position between sides of the bar) during the flat bench press (BP) exercise at 70%1RM. The study included 10 resistance-trained males (25.3 ± 2.3 years; 82.9 ± 6.9 kg; 177.8 ± 4.5 cm; 1RM BP: 104.5 ± 8.6 kg; experience: 5.6 ± 1.5 years). Methods: To assess the differences in muscle activity between both sides of the body and load placement, the participants performed several attempts of the BP with symmetric and asymmetric load at 70%1RM in a random order (symmetric; 2.5%; 5% and 7.5% differences in load position between sides of the bar). Peak muscle activity of dominant and non-dominant body-side was recorded for the pectoralis major (PM), anterior deltoid (AD), and the long head of the triceps brachii (TB). Results: A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated a statistically significant main interaction between side and load (p < 0.01) for AD, PM and TB muscles. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that asymmetrically loaded BP leads to significantly higher muscle activity on the loaded side of the body. The offset training method during bilateral resistance exercise may be an effective and simple approach for reductions in muscle imbalances and improvement in bilateral exercise performance.

Improved offset tracking for predisaster deformation monitoring of the 2018 Jinsha River landslide (Tibet, China)

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing is a potential technique for long-term monitoring of landslide-prone areas. Pixel offset tracking methods work well for fast-moving landslides (more than tens of cm/yr). However, existing methods may present some limitations, such as (i) a high dependence of estimation window design on experience, (ii) a tradeoff between the accuracy of single points and the overall efficiency, and (iii) a low confidence in the results caused by heterogeneous in-window samples. In this paper, an improved offset tracking method is proposed to address these problems. First, the workflow is optimized by a “preseparation” step added before offset estimation to distinguish between feature matching and speckle pattern matching. The optimized workflow is more efficient for natural scenes containing both feature and non-saliency regions. Second, an improved algorithm called adaptive incoherence speckle offset tracking based on homogeneous samples (AISOT-HS) is proposed for non-saliency regions. Its two key points are (i) adaptive design of the optimal estimation windows by introducing a coherence map as a guide and (ii) offset estimation without heterogeneous samples. We apply the proposed method to study the evolution of the 2018 Jinsha River landslide (Tibet, China) using SAR data from the Gaofen 3 (GF-3) satellite and the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (PALSAR-2) system onboard the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) satellite. Compared with the traditional method, the proposed method improves the efficiency and reduces the uncertainty. We also analyze the spatiotemporal displacement pattern of this landslide, which shows that the Jinsha River landslide was most likely a thrust load-caused landslide. This study demonstrates the role of SAR remote sensing in global landslide monitoring, especially where ground truth data are scarce.

Investigation into the shear property of thin-walled additively manufactured structures using staggered fused filament fabrication

Additive manufacturing techniques, such as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), are rapidly revolutionising the manufacturing and mining sectors. This paper presents an investigation into the shear behaviour of thin-walled FFF structures, printed via a proposed ‘offset method’. Firstly, an alternative method of filament positioning in material extrusion is proposed, referred to as the ‘offset method’, which aims to reduce the volume of empty cavities between deposited material. Then the shear properties, density properties, and cross-sectional void surface area are compared to structures printed using the aligned printing method. Experimental results on solid printed (no infill) samples, through four different-sized nozzles, have shown the newly proposed method produces a 6.5 % increase in density and a 7.2 % improvement in maximum in-plane shear stress per millimetre increase in nozzle size, compared with the aligned method of FFF. The offset method was found to produce a material with increased interlayer contact, compared to the aligned method, which results in a higher fictitious shear stress modulus. The effect of the increased interlayer contact on the fictitious shear modulus and real shear stress was investigated using a FEM analysis of the unit cells. In short, using the same feedstock material, the offset method produces a stiffer material with a higher fictitious shear strength than the aligned method of FFF printing.

Optimization of the t/10 offset correlation method to obtain the yield strength with the Small Punch Test

The Small Punch Test (SPT) was developed as an alternative test to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials from a small material volume. Although the SPT is close to its standardization as a mechanical testing method, there are many methodologies for the estimation of the different mechanical properties. All of them are based on the use of a correlation equation to link the SPT and the estimated mechanical property. The scattering of these correlation methods is generally great enough to make it necessary to delve deeper into the understanding of the physical behavior of the SPT.This investigation was based on previous numerical studies related with the multi-dependency with more than one mechanical property of the correlation methods for the yield strength estimation. Specifically, an optimization of the t/10 offset correlation method was designed introducing the minimum slope Slopemin of the zone III of the SPT curve in the correlation equation. This optimized t/10 offset method showed a significant reduction of the scattering between its regression surface and the material data. After completing this numerical analysis, experimental tests (tensile and SPT tests) were performed to validate the new method.

The evaluation of dowel-bearing properties of laminated bamboo parallel to grain

The dowel-bearing tests were conducted to investigate the embedding strength of laminated bamboo parallel to grain for the design of dowel-type connections according to ASTM D 5764-97a. The embedding strength is evaluated by the 5% diameter off-set method and the maximum embedding strength is determined by the ultimate load. The effects of the specimen size, the loaded length and the bamboo strip arrangements on the test results have been discussed. The embedding strength decreases gradually with the increase of the thickness and the loaded length. The difference in embedding strength for different bamboo strip arrangements is negligible. The two typical failure modes and corresponding load-displacement curves have been analyzed. The theoretical results of embedding strength in different national standards have been compared with each other, and the calculation equation among dowel diameter and compressive strength parallel to grain is proposed by regression analysis of the test data. It presents a better prediction for the embedding strength of laminated bamboo.

A Voxel Model-Based Process-Planning Method for Five-Axis Machining of Complicated Parts

Abstract This paper presents a new process planning method for five-axis machining, which is particularly suitable for parts with complex features or weak structures. First, we represent the in-process workpiece as a voxel model. Facilitated by the voxel representation, a scalar field called subtraction field is then established between the blank surface and the part surface, whose value at any voxel identifies its removal sequence. This subtraction field helps identify a sequence of intermediate machining layers, which are always accessible to the tool and are free of self-intersection and the layer redundancy problem as suffered, respectively, by the traditional offset layering method and the morphing method. Iso-planar collision-free five-axis tool paths are then determined on the interface surfaces of these machining layers. In addition, to mitigate the deformation of the in-process workpiece and avoid potential dynamic problems such as chattering, we also propose a new machining strategy of alternating between the roughing and finishing operations, which is able to achieve a much higher stiffness of the in-process workpiece. Ample experiments in both computer simulation and physical cutting are performed, and the experimental results convincingly confirm the advantages of our method.

Combination use of gravimetry, CSAMT and SOTEM methods in geophysical prospection of a polymetallic silver-copper deposit: Case studies in the Inner Mongolia, China

Geophysical methods, which use physical properties to reveal the structure of the underground spaces, have been widely applied in geological exploration. However, a single geophysical approach only reflects the distribution of a kind of physical property and therefore has its limitations. To improve the reliability of geophysical methods in actual geological exploration, in this paper, we are trying to combine the use of a variety of geophysical exploration methods, such as gravity, control source audio magnetotelluric method (CSATMT) and electrical source short offset transient electromagnetic method (SOTEM), to a specific metal in Inner Mongolia. Firstly, the gravimetry method is applied to figure out the anomalous area, and then the CSAMT method is adopted to probe the deep electrical distribution. Finally, the SOTEM method is applied for further auxiliary verification. Results show that the underground structure is well revealed by combing the use of these methods. This paper can be used as a reference for the exploration of concealed ore bodies in polymetallic ore deposits. To use a combination of methods to measure. In the geological exploration of a polymetallic silver-copper mine in Inner Mongolia, a variety of geophysical exploration methods such as gravity measurement, controllable source audio magnetotelluric measurement and electrical source short offset transient electromagnetic method were combined, and geological data were combined. The better exploration results provide reference for the layout of the drilling location of the drilling project, and provide assistance for the prospecting breakthrough of the concealed ore body in the polymetallic mining area.

Rectified Gaussian noise estimation and its use in position sensitive detection systems

Noise estimation of an amplified sensor output is essential for not only operating the position sensitive detection (PSD) system efficiently but also for improving accuracy. The noise can vary from device to device and depends on the operating environment; thus, its estimation should be conducted in real time. However, the rectified noise owing to the limited dynamic range of the analogue-to-digital converter makes this estimation challenging. This Letter presents the use of noise parameter estimation, such as non-uniform offset compensation, detection threshold calculation, and variance estimation of a beam's estimated angular position in PSD systems. Moreover, the estimation of rectified Gaussian noise parameters is proposed. Experiments with the implemented PSD system verify the performance of the proposed estimation method for the rectified Gaussian noise characteristics and the offset compensation method for the estimated beam position.

Optimisation and Reliability for Geometrical Tolerance Value against Positional Characteristic in Rotational Shaft System

In the process of manufacture and installation, geometrical dimensions and tolerances (GD&amp;T) should be taken into consideration to improve reliability and reduce the adverse impact on critical parts of the rotating system. GD&amp;T must be considered by manufacturers and assembly worker. This paper presents an analysis of geometrical tolerance (GT) values in rotational shaft using the genetic algorithm (GA) method. GA optimization uses a geometric mathematical model. Mathematical models were developed using the offset and algebraic methods to calculate the ideal geometric features that best fit a set of positioning points based on the standard equations criteria. The calculation using the Matlab software application will use the optimal GA parameter. There is a combination of four genetic parameters associated with size population, crossover, mutation and stop state will develop algorithm performance which will produce optimum GT value. The geometric tolerance value for the position characteristic was analyzed to determine and predict the probability and reliability shaft in rotational system. Comparative values of each GT value are compared to find out the reliability values obtained can be used and verify the GT value requirements require mathematical representation. Tolerance analysis at the design stage to evaluate and predict quality by considering the probability of failure rates. The Actual value of the radius must be small from the allowable radius (Ract &lt;Rallow) to cope with the high failure rate throughout the operating period. Due to dynamic nature of the shaft round and the possibility of a variable size of shafts, the GT value should be analyzed to ensure that the value obtained is correct and can be optimum solution to this problem. The GT value to be considered is at the center of the shaft involved which will affect the relevant components. Impact of GT value on the destruction of system critical component such as bearings, gear and couplers as benchmark for review for the optimization of shaft geometric tolerances in rotating machines to overcome the problem and improve concentricity shaft. The contribution of this study is to examine the effect of shaft size and the value of geometric tolerance on system reliability. Estimating and predicting levels of reliability more accurately improves system life, knows the system's impact accurately, knows the security level of a rotating system and also knows the quality of the mechanism at the design level.