Offset Jet Research Articles

Effects of offset jet width on periodic flow in a dual jet

The primary aim of this work is to investigate the impact of the offset jet width on the unsteady flow characteristics of a turbulent dual jet, which consists of a wall jet and an offset jet. A computational fluid dynamics code is developed to solve the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations. The width of the offset jet is varied while keeping the width of the wall jet constant at the separation distance between the two jets. When the ratio of the offset jet width (w) to the separation distance (d) is w/d=0.5, the flow field exhibits a periodic vortex shedding phenomenon. Conversely, when w/d=0.4, the flow field remains steady. The shedding phenomenon is discernible even when w/d=2. The instantaneous velocity components display sinusoidal oscillations at 0.5≤w/d≤2. Applying the fast Fourier transform to these sinusoidal signals yields a distinct frequency peak at the vortex shedding frequency. Within the range of 0.5≤w/d≤2, the shedding frequency decreases as the width of the offset jet increases. This trend continues until it reaches a constant value at w/d=1.4. This indicates that the width of the offset jet has a notable influence on the shedding phenomenon within the range of 0.5≤w/d≤1.4. For 1.4<w/d≤2, the shedding frequency remains unaffected by the offset jet width variation. Depending on the value of w/d, the shedding phenomenon is characterized by three flow regimes: a steady flow regime (forw/d≤0.4), an outer share layer-influenced shedding regime (for w/d=0.5−1.4), and an outer shear layer-free shedding regime (for w/d>1.4).

Dynamics of round turbulent offset jets in quiescent and coflowing environments

Dynamics of round turbulent offset jets in quiescent and coflowing environments

Numerical investigation on effects of swirl and offset ratio on hydro-thermal transport phenomena and irreversibility generation of turbulent jet flow

The combined influence of offset jet and imposition of swirling motion is crucial because many macro-level electronic devices and heat exchanger systems involve such types of configuration. The mutual impact of the offset ratio and swirl number along with a range of Reynolds numbers is taken into account to briefly discuss the primary laws (first and second) of thermodynamics associated with the prescribed problem. An open channel with variable nozzle height is assumed under forced convective flow conditions. The flow physics associated with the prescribed problem has been solved numerically with an improvised [Formula: see text] turbulent (shear stress transport) model. The intricate interplay between the swirl intensity and the offset upon the thermal and entropy generation characteristics has been revealed in the average Nusselt number, local variation of skin friction coefficient, and total entropy generation by varying the distinct embedded control parameters. The results indicate that a higher range of Reynolds number leads to a high value of average Nusselt number unrelatedly of swirl number and offset ratio. However, the improvement of thermal performance does not depend only upon the heat transfer characteristics but also the total irreversibility should be optimized. In that regard, a swirl ratio of 0.5 with an offset ratio of 3 provides optimized configurations irrespective of all other parameters.

Mass transfer and mixing performance in jet-to-counterflow micromixer

As an important component of the fine organic microreaction system, micromixers can realize efficient mixing of different fluids within a short distance. In spite of great progress in micromixer design for high mixing performance over the last decade, micromixers are limited by the narrowness of channels, making it impossible to operate at high throughputs. Here, we propose a novel jet-to-counterflow (JTC) micromixer, which is based on the offset fluctuation jet mechanism to build a jet-to-counterflow zone and an annular liquid film zone to promote the rapid and efficient mixing of fluids. Micro-PIV and dye visualization experiments are used to investigate the internal flow behaviors and mixing performance of the JTC micromixer. The results show that in the “jet-to-counterflow mixing zone”, the jet undergoes the transition of three flow regimes i.e. “no offset jet − stable offset jet − fluctuating offset jet” with the increase of Re under the effects of wall effect and fluid inertia. When Re = 100, the fluctuating offset jet enhances the internal perturbation, which promotes the mixing index of the micromixer within 3 mm up to 78 %. In addition, the fluctuating offset jet intensifies the disturbance of the fluid flow in the annular liquid film zone, which further enhances the fluid mixing. A mixing efficiency of 97 % is achieved in mixing experiments over flow rates ranging from 0.075 – 37.66 mL/min−1. Our results demonstrate that fluctuating offset jet can be used to enhance microfluidic internal perturbation and mixing, which provide new insights into the design of novel micromixers.

Flow and heat transfer characteristics of offset unsubmerged jets impinging on rotating disks

A study of an unsubmerged jet impinging on a heated rotating disk is conducted to investigate the multi-phase flow dynamics and heat transfer characteristics. The effects of varying the disk rotational speeds, ranging from 240 to 16,000 revolutions per minute, and the jet location, ranging from a symmetrical condition to offset conditions up to 80 % of the disk radius, are analysed. The jet nozzle diameter and the ratio of the jet impingement distance to nozzle diameter are held constant at 4 mm and 10, respectively. The Volume of Fluid method is employed to model the two-phase flow, with a conjugate heat transfer boundary condition applied at the fluid–solid interface. A moving mesh rotation model is employed for the computations. The results show that changes in jet offset positions at different rotational speeds lead to distinct flow and temperature patterns, significantly impacting the heat transfer on the top surface of the rotating disk. With decreasing jet offset distances, better overall heat transfer performance and lower surface average temperatures are obtained. While increasing rotational speed up to 1930 revolutions per minute at a high jet offset (0.6) enhanced the average Nusselt number by 50 %, at very high speeds (16,000 revolutions per minute), low film thickness or poor oil contact with the hot surface reduced heat transfer performance to 3 %. Consequently, maximum average Nusselt numbers are achieved at mid rotational speeds (1930 revolutions per minute) and small jet offsets (less than 0.4). Poor heat transfer performance was observed at higher speeds (above 1930 revolutions per minute) and larger offsets (above 0.4). A new correlation is proposed for the average heat transfer based on the rotational Reynolds number and jet offset location.

Multi-Perspective Heterodyne Digital Holography For High-Speed Imaging Of Density Fluctuations In Supersonic Flow

Density fluctuation measurements with high spatio-temporal resolution provide meaningful insights into the dynamics of turbulent structures in shear layers, boundary layers, and disturbances that influence the transition to turbulence. The current contribution presents a new multiple perspective digital holographic imaging technique that aims to resolve high-frequency density fluctuations with spatial discrimination along the line of sight. A key element of the proposed method is the generation of a beamlet array of varying view angles that is spatially overlapped within the measurement zone. We present the first experimental realization of this approach using a 7-element hexagonally packed fly’s eye lens array and analyze results for a pair of mutually perpendicular and axially offset sonic jets. The experimental apparatus also incorporates heterodyne detection with a heterodyne frequency set to 1/4 of the imaging frame rate. The optical system performance is evaluated for a crossing jet flow and key design considerations for the multi-perspective optical system are discussed.

Investigations on Hot Air Anti-Icing Characteristics with Internal Jet-Induced Swirling Flow

The tangential jet-induced swirling flow is a highly efficient technology for enhancing heat transfer. This paper explores the application of swirling flow of an airfoil/aero-engine in a hot air anti-icing chamber, aiming to improve the anti-icing performance and achieve a more uniform temperature on the surface. A series of numerical computations adopting the SST k − ω turbulent model was carried out to obtain the internal flow and heat transfer characteristics, as well as the surface temperature distributions, considering water evaporation and solid heat conduction. Three jet arrangements, including impingement jets, offset jets, and swirl jets, were studied and compared, which evidently showed that the swirling effect was helpful to elevate the internal heat transfer. Compared to the impingement jets at the Reynolds number of 40,000, the Nusselt number with the offset jets is increased by 19.5%, while the corresponding Nusselt number of the swirl jets is augmented by 44.3%. The swirling flow significantly elevates the swirl number within the internal chamber, intensifying the vortex strength near the wall and increasing the circumferential velocity, which also results in an augmentation of internal pressure loss. By adopting the swirling internal flow, the temperature distribution on the anti-icing surface is more uniform and is increased by up to about 4.1 K in the leading edge when the internal-to-external temperature difference is 80 K. Simultaneously, the heat absorption of water evaporation and the matches between the internal heat transfer and external icing load are of particular importance to determine the anti-icing performance, and this has been discussed in this paper.

Conjugate heat transfer from a discrete-source heated plate by offset jet impingement

Convection/conduction simulations have been performed to determine flow and heat transfer phenomena in steady-state, for a plate carrying few embedded discrete heaters, exposed to by a turbulent offset cooling jet. This configuration is relevant, for example, in thermal design of vehicle body segments in aerodynamics conditions: when realized in certain alloys, their configuration will be determined based their discrete structural state prompted by supplied electrical heating. In order to approach an appropriate thermal design of the plate and obtain their precise state, the space of geometric and operating variables needs to be explored by a thorough parametric study based on the governing momentum and energy equations.In this paper, the interaction between the impinging boundary layer and the conductive effects produced by such discrete heaters is explored, giving rise to a conjugate heat transfer situation. With a flexible notation for discretized heating and temperature-dependent conduction, dimensionless heat transfer is discussed spanning the entire range of design parameters. Results report considerable variation in heat transfer: as an example, air jet over polypropylene plates brings about peak Nusselt numbers between 2000 and 4000 for an inclined configuration at Re≈1×106 based on nozzle width, with related strong temperature gradients that must be addressed during design, depending on discrete heaters' configuration and properties; whereas for alumina plates the peak Nusselt numbers fall down between 600 and 750, featuring much smoother temperature variations and consequent more stable structural states.

Heat transfer enhancement in turbulent dual jet and its thermal characterizations using large eddy simulation

Heat transmission is the prime aim of any thermal device that requires effective cooling. This requirement becomes significantly more vital for a turbulent jet, which is encountered quite often in industrial and engineering purposes. The present study investigates thermal and turbulence characteristics of a turbulent dual jet using Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The bottom surface is maintained at isothermal and isoflux boundary conditions and the flow Re is 7500. The profiles of Reynolds shear-stress, turbulence kinetic energy, wall friction coefficient, r.m.s. temperature, mean Nusselt number, bottom wall temperature, and turbulent heat fluxes are investigated and scaled using outer, thermal and inner parameters. Variations in Nusselt number and bottom wall temperature are also studied. A significant rise in Nusselt number is observed nearer to the jet exit which enriches the cooling rate. Overall, the finding shows that compared to the wall jet and parallel flowing offset jet, the inflection point in the mean temperature profile of the present dual jet scaled with the thermal variable and outer variable is higher. Further, it is also observed that the thermal transmission spreading out of the wall is quite efficient in the low-pressure area of the dual jet. Near-wall eddies and the development of roller-like structures are seen. The interaction occurring through the inner and outer layers increases the momentum transfer along with turbulent heat-flux and a large amount of heat is lost due to turbulent flow.

Effect of Offset Ratio and Plate Motion on Conjugate Heat Transfer in a Turbulent Offset Jet Flow Over the Heated Plate

Abstract The present investigation focuses on studying the conjugate heat transfer behavior for a turbulent offset jet flow over a heated plate moving uniformly in a positive axial direction. Heat transfer from heated walls to flowing fluids is a subject of great scientific interest and practical importance due to many industrial applications like cooling hot rolling sheets and slabs, cooling continuous casting, etc. The conjugate technique adopted in the present investigation requires consideration of conduction in the solid and the convection from the solid surface to the fluid. For the simulation, a low-Re modified k−ε model developed by Yang and Shih (YS model) is adopted. The YS turbulence model uses the integration-to-wall (ITW) technique which enables it to interpret the variations in fluid and thermal parameters in the near-wall regions without adopting the wall functions. The simulation involves a turbulent offset jet ejecting out of a nozzle at a Reynolds number of 15000, submerged into a stationary environment of Prandtl number 7. The plate at its bottom is heated by constant flux. The various parameters taken into account for observing the thermal behavior are offset ratios (OR=3, 7, and 11), plate velocity ratios (Up=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2), plate thickness ratios (S=0.5, 1.0, and 1.5), and conductivity ratios (K=500, 1000, 1500, and 2000). The temperature distribution diagrams reveal the effect of the parameters mentioned above. The interface temperatures and the Nusselt number suggest better cooling can be achieved at lower offset ratio cases for low-velocity ratios. The contour diagrams and variation of average and local Nusselt numbers suggest the dominating effect of plate motion. A more effective cooling rate is achieved at higher plate velocity, irrespective of the offset ratios.

A CFD modelling on effects of ejection angle of a co-flow on the thermal characteristics for a combined wall and offset jet flow

In the present study, a CFD simulation of a flow combined an offset jet and a wall jet (noted dual-jet) with the presence of co-flow is carried out. The effect of the intensity of the co-flow CFV (co-flow velocity) as well as its ejection angle α on the heat transfer exchanged in dual-jet flow is also performed. The present simulations are carried out for a Reynolds number Re = 15000, a nozzle-to-nozzle distance equal to 4 times the thickness of the nozzle, a co-flow velocity CFV = 10% − 40 % and a co-flow ejection angle α = 0° − 40°. The results of this computational study clearly show an intensification of the heat transfer exchanged between the flow and the wall by increasing the co-flow velocity CFV as well as its ejection angle α.

Aeroacoustic characteristics of supersonic offset jets

The offset jet configuration is one where the jet is discharged at some distance from a solid surface. Although the geometric configuration may look simple, the flow may involve several complexities. In propulsion systems, the high-speed jet generated from the rear engine of an aircraft, flowing nearby the fuselage, can be treated as an offset jet. In this work, an experimental investigation of the interaction noise due to circular high-speed offset jets is performed in an anechoic environment at different nozzle pressure ratios and offset ratios (height of the jet centerline above the plate per nozzle width). A large horizontal plate placed over a height-adjustable stand is used as the offset plate. Acoustic characteristics such as overall sound pressure level and the directivity pattern of free and offset jets are compared for different nozzle pressure ratios. The effect of offset ratio on noise characteristics is also investigated. Flow visualization is also carried out to understand the shock structure and its noise generation mechanism. Acoustic characteristics reveal that noise levels are higher for an offset jet compared to a free jet. Sound pressure levels for offset ratio 0.5 are lower than those for other offset ratios. The noise levels are higher for offset ratio 1.0 due to the presence of feedback tone. Schlieren visualization studies also corroborate the above characteristics.

Comparison of the mean flow and turbulence characteristics of a single offset jet and a dual offset jet

This study compares the mean flow characteristics of a dual offset jet, comprising two 2-dimensional or plane turbulent offset jets, to a single offset jet. An in-house computational model is used to solve the incompressible form of the governing equations which are based on the standard k−ϵ Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence model. The offset ratio, defined as the vertical distance from the solid wall to the jet centreline divided by the nozzle width, of the upper jet is varied from 7 to 13, while the same for the lower jet is equal to 3. The jets’ inlet Reynolds number is 10,000 with a turbulence intensity of 5%. The mean flow results reveal that the presence of the second offset jet greatly influences the flow patterns compared to those of the single offset jet, although at some distance downstream of the inlet, the flow fields of both jet configurations resemble that of a classical wall jet. A single recirculation zone is formed underneath the single offset jet, whereas the flow field of the dual offset jet comprises two recirculation zones, one below the lower jet and the other between the two jets. In the pre-impingement region, the dual offset jet experiences a more rapid decay of the jet half width as compared to the single offset jet; however, the rate of growth of the jet half width for the single offset jet is faster than the dual offset jet. The self-similar solutions confirm that the dual offset jet begins to preserve self-similar characteristics for the mean flow field at a downstream distance greater than that for the single offset jet. For a given offset ratio, the total momentum flux for the single offset jet is found to be greater than that for the dual offset jet. Furthermore, the turbulent Reynolds stresses in the neighbourhood of the merging point are greater for the dual offset jet, but near the reattachment point, they are greater for the single offset jet. No self-similar characteristic of turbulence Reynolds stresses is obtained for both the jets. The turbulent kinetic energy budget reveals the highest value of the production term in the outer shear layer of the lower offset jet for the dual offset jet, which is greater than that for the single offset jet.

Experimental and numerical study of swirl impingement cooling for turbine blade leading edge with internal ridged wall and film extraction holes

This paper presents a comparative experimental and numerical study of the internal heat transfer and pressure loss of swirl impingement cooling for turbine blade leading edge with internal ridges and film extraction holes. The leading edge cooling study includes a typical impingement cooling with centerline normal jets, a swirl impingement cooling with offset jets, and a swirl impingement cooling with offset jets and ridged wall. The normal jets are arranged at the impingement plate centerline, and the offset jets adopt a staggered arrangement alternatively on the lateral sides of the impingement plate. The ridged concave wall features two small semi-circular ridges symmetrically on opposite sides under the offset jets. Three rows of film holes are arranged symmetrically on the leading edge cavity, and another two rows of film holes are arranged on the opposite cavity wall behind. Transient thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) experiments are conducted to obtain the detailed heat transfer distributions on the internal surface of the leading edge cavities with different cooling configurations. The results show that in the swirl impingement cooling, the swirling flow induced by the offset jets impinging onto the concave wall improves the streamwise heat transfer uniformity on the leading edge internal wall, which overcomes the limitation of large heat transfer non-uniformness between jet stagnation region and surrounding regions in typical normal jet impingement cooling. In the swirl impingement cooling with ridged wall, the near-wall jet interacts with the ridges on the concave wall and develops more widely along the spanwise directions, which greatly improves the spatial heat transfer uniformity. In addition, the ridges on the wall can also induce near-wall jets to separate from the wall and attach to the opposite concave wall, which produces low-velocity recirculation in the leading edge cavity and improves the capability and uniformity of coolant outflow through the film holes. Compared to the normal jet impingement cooling, the heat transfer of swirl impingement cooling with smooth and ridged wall can be increased respectively by 10.8%–14.0% and 10.9%–23.6% for the jet Reynold number from 20,000 to 50,000. In addition, the pressure loss is also reduced slightly by less than 5% in the swirl impingement cooling. As supplements to the experiments, numerical computations provide more insights into the turbulent flow structure in the leading edge cooling configurations.

Numerical study on mean flow characteristics for a combined turbulent wall and offset jets with a parallel co-flow

Combined turbulent wall and offset jets with and without the presence of a parallel co-flow stream are investigated using the k-ω turbulence model. We focus on the effects of co-flow velocity on the locations of various characteristic points formed owing to the interaction of wall and offset jets in the dual jet flow. The inlet Reynolds number is taken as 15,000 and the offset ratio is varied from 5 to 11. At low offset ratios, the co-flow velocity effect remains almost negligible. With the progressive increase in co-flow velocity, the characteristic points are gradually relocated towards the further downstream direction with a transverse movement away from the bottom wall whose effect is weakened with the increase in co-flow velocity. Furthermore, regression analysis shows power law and linear correlations of the longitudinal and transverse coordinates of characteristic points with the co-flow velocity and the offset ratio.

Characteristics of waves generated by submerged jets from rectangular orifices

Submerged offset jets are common in drainage systems, slot fishways, and hydraulics engineering. Surge usually occurs at the free surface downstream of the jet, which may affect the downstream shipping in serious cases. However, the properties of this wave are very different from those of stormy waves. The research results of wave characteristics in the ocean cannot be directly applied to the analysis of hydraulics engineering downstream channels. To analyze the water wave propagation characteristic generated by submerged jets from rectangular orifices, a series of experiments are conducted in this paper. The time-history information of free-surface wave along the propagation path under various upstream water depths was measured, and the Hampel filter combined with wavelet threshold filter was used for data processing. The propagation characteristics of submerged jet water waves in the time domain and frequency domain were obtained. The results indicate that: (i) the data processing method adopted in this paper can reduce the error in data analysis; (ii) the wave height of each measuring point approximately conforms to Weibull distribution. With the rise of upstream water depth, the wave height of each measuring point increases gradually, and the wave height decreases exponentially along the propagation path; (iii) the spectrum analysis shows that the peak and width of the spectrum vary along the propagation path. The relevant research results obtained in this paper further reveal the propagation characteristics of water waves generated by submerged jets and enrich the research content of the jet theory.

CFD Investigation of Thermal Characteristics for a Dual Jet with a Parallel Co-flow.

A combined turbulent wall jet and offset jet (also known as the dual jet) with and without the presence of a parallel co-flow stream is studied. The standard k–ω turbulence model is used to predict the turbulent flow. The study focuses on the effects of the co-flow velocity (CFV) on the heat-transfer characteristics of the dual jet flow with the bottom wall maintained at a constant wall temperature. The CFV is varied up to 40% of the jet inlet velocity, and the height of the offset jet is varied from 5 to 11 times the jet width with the inlet Reynolds number taken as 15,000. The heat-transfer results reveal that the local Nusselt number (Nux) along the bottom wall exhibits a peak at the immediate downstream of the nozzle exit, followed by a continuous decay in the rest of the converging region before showing a small rise for a short streamwise distance in the merging region. Further downstream, in the combined region, Nux gradually decreases with the downstream distance. Except the merging region, no influence of co-flow is observed in the other two flow zones (converging and combined regions). In the merging region, for a given offset ratio (OR), Nux remains nearly constant for a certain axial distance, and it decreases as the CFV increases. As a result of the increase in the CFV, the average Nusselt number decreases, indicating a reduction in overall convective heat transfer for higher values of the CFV. A regression analysis among the average Nusselt number (), CFV, and OR results in a correlation function in the form of within the range OR = 5–11 and CFV = 0–40%.

The effect of plate motion on heat transfer enhancement using turbulent offset jet flow: A conjugate approach

The present research is focused on computational analysis of conjugate heat transfer behavior of a turbulent offset jet flow over a moving flat plate in a quiescent environment. The plate of definite thickness and conductivity is subjected to isothermal condition at the plate bottom surface. The computation is carried out with a low-Reynolds number (LRN) turbulence model proposed by Yang and Shih which involves integration to wall (ITW) approach to capture the thin viscous sub-layer region within the boundary layer. The variation of offset ratio (ranging as 3, 7 and 11) and plate velocity (Up = 0 − 2) plays quite a major role in the distribution of interface temperature and Nusselt number. The conduction heat flow rate in solid depends upon the plate thickness ratio (S) which is varied as 0.5 − 1.5 and the conductivity ratio (K) ranging as 500 − 2000. The variation of average Nusselt number gives evidence of better cooling rate for smaller offset ratios and higher plate to jet velocity ratio.

Numerical investigation of conjugate heat transfer to a turbulent dual offset jet

The present study considers a computational model to simulate conjugate heat transfer to a turbulent dual offset jet from a heated wall having a finite thickness and subjected to a constant wall temperature. To capture the effects of turbulence on the flow and heat transfer, the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) with the standard k−ε turbulence model have been employed. The convection equation in the flow regime is solved together with the conduction equation in the solid medium iteratively. For the purpose of the analysis, four parameters, namely, the Reynolds number (Re), the thermal conductivity ratio of the solid material and the fluid, the solid wall thickness, and the fluid Prandtl number (Pr), are varied within suitable ranges. The flow field solution exhibits two recirculation zones; the first one is enclosed by the two jets and the other is formed underneath the lower jet. Conjugate heat transfer to the dual offset jet flow is analysed through the distribution of temperature, heat flux, and Nusselt number, at the interface between the fluid and solid regions. Results indicate that the non-dimensional temperature and heat flux profiles along the fluid–solid interface depend on all four parameters. In contrast, the distribution of the Nusselt number along the fluid–solid interface depends only on the Reynolds number and the Prandtl number. Increasing either of them leads to an overall increase in the interface Nusselt number. A correlation for the average Nusselt number along the interface is presented as a function of Re and Pr.

Large-eddy simulation of a planar offset wall-jet with heat transfer: Characterization, turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress budgets

Planar wall-attaching offset jets can be found in a variety of engineering applications. In the present work, a planar turbulent offset wall-jet, at a Reynolds number of 7500 and an offset-ratio of 5, with heat transfer is numerically studied using large-eddy simulation (LES). First, a grid sensitivity study is performed and the quality of the mesh used is assessed using LES index of quality of resolution and an appropriate mesh is selected. Next, the solver is validated for mean streamwise velocity, streamwise Reynolds normal stress, and the evolution of coefficient of pressure on the wall, using reference experimental data from the literature. Thereafter, the unsteady flow features of the jet, maximum velocity decay and jet-spread, statistical features of flow and temperature, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budgets and in-plane component of Reynolds shear stress are studied. The streamwise evolution of Nusselt number on the wall shows three distinct peaks and the location of these peaks correlates with a change-of-sign of the wall skin-friction coefficient. The domain can be categorized into three distinct regions namely, the recirculation, impingement and wall-jet regions. Distinct flow and thermal characteristics are observed depending on the region of interest. The peak magnitudes of Reynolds normal and shear stresses increase as one moves from the recirculation region to the impingement region and decreases thereafter attaining a lowest value in the wall-jet region. The heat transfer from the wall is observed to be most effective in the recirculation region. The production of TKE is dominant in all the three regions of the flow, whereas the Reynolds shear stress budgets indicate that the production and velocity–pressure-gradient terms are dominant and balance each other in all the three regions of the flow.