Official Travel Research Articles

OP33 Exposure-Based Assessment of Modal Travel Risk in England Using Routine Health Data

BackgroundCycling can make large contributions to population health but perceived road danger is a strong disincentive to cycling. Research on cycling safety is distorted by not making like-for-like comparisons. We...

Human resources for health care delivery in Tanzania: a multifaceted problem

BackgroundRecent years have seen an unprecedented increase in funds for procurement of health commodities in developing countries. A major challenge now is the efficient delivery of commodities and services to improve population health. With this in mind, we documented staffing levels and productivity in peripheral health facilities in southern Tanzania.MethodA health facility survey was conducted to collect data on staff employed, their main tasks, availability on the day of the survey, reasons for absenteeism, and experience of supervisory visits from District Health Teams. In-depth interview with health workers was done to explore their perception of work load. A time and motion study of nurses in the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) clinics documented their time use by task.ResultsWe found that only 14% (122/854) of the recommended number of nurses and 20% (90/441) of the clinical staff had been employed at the facilities. Furthermore, 44% of clinical staff was not available on the day of the survey. Various reasons were given for this. Amongst the clinical staff, 38% were absent because of attendance to seminar sessions, 8% because of long-training, 25% were on official travel and 20% were on leave. RCH clinic nurses were present for 7 hours a day, but only worked productively for 57% of time present at facility. Almost two-third of facilities had received less than 3 visits from district health teams during the 6 months preceding the survey.ConclusionThis study documented inadequate staffing of health facilities, a high degree of absenteeism, low productivity of the staff who were present and inadequate supervision in peripheral Tanzanian health facilities. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of decentralized health care in Tanzania.

관광안내서의 스토리텔링적 방문설득 메시지 구조 -대충청 방문의 해 공식 안내서를 중심으로-

This study analyzed the message structure of persuasive storytelling which are expressed in the official travel guide booklets of 2010 Great Chungchung visit year. The qualitative content analysis technique proposed by Creswell was used. The results were: First, travel guide booklets used `~haseyo`, `~hapsida` styles to persuade the readers in friendly manners. Second, booklets used adjectives such as `beautiful`, `delightful` to emphasize the attractiveness of tourism product and events. With those adjectives, the message sounds more subtle and emotional to the readers so that the readers will be easily persuaded. Third, booklets used the polite ways of speaking to the readers by using `~supnida`, `~hapnida`. Fourth, English version of booklets lacked of storytelling structure in message.

‘Soil Once His Own’: The Colonial and Christian World of Lebrecht Hans Ari: A Khoikhoi and Moravian Convert at the Cape, 1774–1864

Biographies and short life-histories of Khoikhoi individuals and people of Khoikhoi descent form an integral part of South African historiography and Khoisan studies. Missionary diaries, baptismal registers, court records, official colonial correspondence and travel accounts have enabled historians to retrieve credibly the 'hidden histories' of colonial characters.

The Earliest Eyewitness Depictions of Khoikhoi: Andries Beeckman in Africa

Countless studies by historians, art historians and anthropologists have dealt with the early modern image of the South African Khoikhoi. Lacking everything that Europeans valued, they fell prey to the most contemptuous imagery available. The term ‘Hottentots’, by which they were known, was considered more or less synonymous with monstrous appearance, beastly habits and cultural ignorance. As such they were portrayed in official reports and travel journals, in prints and drawings. Few European artists and travel writers published their observations with any recourse to reality, however. They usually created their images in Europe in accordance with prevailing artistic and literary conventions, time and again reverting to stereotypes that were embedded in prejudice and based on incomplete and distorted knowledge. Thus far scholars have not discovered a single drawing by an eyewitness from the first two centuries of Khoikhoi-European encounters. As a consequence our insight into the mechanisms of stereotyping is far from complete. We neither know how the images were perceived by European viewers nor do we know if and how the stereotypes blurred the perception and judgement of eyewitnesses themselves.

Visiting Africa: Constructions of Nation and Identity on Travel Websites

In this textual analysis, we investigate the official travel websites of African countries. Our study examines where travel and tourism fit into agendas of nationalist constructions. Whose vision of nation is being served by these constructions? How does this “image-work” by developing nations reconcile the paradoxes between modernization, authenticity, and change? Do host nations sustain earlier or develop new authenticities as they become “tourist-nations”? We find that this official travel publicity often denotes a struggle to create a cohesive national identity to be sold to Western tourists while constructing a problematic discourse of cultural distinction and self-exotication.

Managing the Aftermath of Terrorism

This paper discusses the impact of official travel advisories warning citizens about the dangers of travel to countries near to those which have experienced terrorist attacks. The issues are considered within a Southeast Asian context, using the example of the bombings on the Indonesian island of Bali in 2002 which had serious implications for its neighbours. Particular attention is given to the consequences for Singapore which found its previously unchallenged reputation for safety being questioned. Advice given by selected governments and the reactions of the relevant tourism authorities are reviewed, revealing the problems confronted by the industry in these circumstances and possible response strategies. Terrorism is shown to have the potential to damage place images and visitor arrivals beyond the particular location where it occurs, and travel advisories may contribute to this process with political repercussions.

The Meaning Of Incognito

If one is to believe the official travel journals, King Christian VII of Denmark (1749–1808) undertook his grand tour of Europe in 1768–9 incognito. However, even a brief glance at the course of the journey makes it clear that the disguise was never maintained or implemented. One must, therefore, wonder what lay behind the pretence of travelling incognito.

Trade, Money, and Merchants in Nara Japan

IGHTH-CENTURY Nara was a magnificent city. Even conservative estimates of its population, ranging from seventy thousand to one hundred thouJ..J _sand, make Japan's most famous Chinese-style capital one of the world's great urban centers.' Nara (also known as Heijo) contained a spacious palace compound over one square kilometer in area filled with tiled office buildings and thatched mansions. Outside the palace walls in the city proper lived large concentrations of aristocrats and commoners and people associated with religious institutions. Who provisioned and maintained this large urban populace and physical plant? Almost all English-language analyses, and much of the literature in Japanese, assign the predominant role to adult males making in-kind tax payments.2 The eighth-century law codes ordained a constant flow of goods and labor services as revenues from provincial residents to rank-holders at Nara and elsewhere. To facilitate these payments, a network of official travel arteries linked the capital to sixty-odd provincial headquarters (kokufu RUi)' a few of which were substantial settlements in their own right. Dozens of wooden tablets (mokkan t*N) originally attached to commodity payments have been excavated at Nara since 1961, and many bear the names and addresses of taxpayers. This image of the Nara economy conveyed by the law codes and wooden tablets should not, however, be accepted uncritically. Given the city's size, providing residents with grain, cloth, iron, dried fish, timber, and sundry other goods must have been a vast undertaking. Could Japan's taxpayers have supplied all consumer demands? Or were there other agents involved in provisioning Nara?

Low‐density diffractive optical memories for document security

A low-density diffractive optical write-once, read multiple times memory (WORM) is demonstrated that authenticates and secures documents. Furthermore, by encoding the machine-readable optical code, information can be linked to the document. The proposed solution leads to a reliable, high security machine-readable information carrier that is fully compatible with the requirements of typical security docu- ments, such as payment substrates, fiduciary papers, passports, and identity cards. The information carrier is a juxtaposition of diffractive structures. Data are written permanently in an optical memory; the dif- fractive structure is changed irreversibly through the interaction of a dif- fractive surface with a beam of laser light. A prototype low-density optical memory based on diffractive structures that are resilient against copying or reorigination is realized for use in securing official travel documents. © 1996 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Travel advice or trade embargo? The impacts and implications of official travel advice

The purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which the provision of official travel advice gives rise to the opportunity for tourism to be used as a political bargaining tool. Based on a case study of The Gambia, it suggests that the detail and accuracy of travel advice issued by government agencies may be influenced by broader political objectives and considers the implications of this for tourists and the tourism industry. It also questions the role of governments as impartial providers of travel advice.

A survey of notified travel-associated infections: implications for travel health advice

Travel-associated illness affects at least 25 per cent of UK residents who travel abroad each year. Notified cases form only a small proportion of the total community burden of disease but nevertheless represent a substantial workload for community infection control services. The aim of the study was to describe the incidence of notified travel-associated infectious illness, the extent and sources of travel health advice, and the nature of risk-avoiding behaviour in that population. A questionnaire survey was carried out of 190 consecutive notifications of food poisoning and malaria over a nine-month period where travel abroad was an identifiable factor. The incidence of notified travel-associated food poisoning during the study period was 204 per million resident population per year. Thirteen per cent of respondents reported taking no precautions against food poisoning, and up to 75 per cent of the cases could have taken better precautions. Only 36 per cent of cases recalled advice from their travel agent. Half the cases did not visit their general practitioner before travel (20 per cent of travellers to high-risk destinations). There was a strong association between receiving advice before travelling and risk-avoiding behaviour. The source of advice did not appear to affect the extent of precautions taken. The cases clearly expressed a need for additional written travel health information in the appropriate style and language for their ethnic group. Ethnic minority cases utilized official travel health advice to the same extent as the Caucasian cases. In this case series, 75 per cent of travellers did not take sufficient basic precautions against infection. There was a need to improve advice about simple precautions to avoid infection. General practice was the commonest source of advice for the travellers in this study. The apparently low level of advice from travel agents needs to be addressed in any local initiative to improve the health of travellers.

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Case Postale 7, Ch. 1211, Geneve 20, Switzerland. October/November/December 1975. 48p

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Case Postale 7, Ch. 1211, Geneve 20, Switzerland. October/November/December 1975. 48p

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Case Postale 7, Ch. 1211, Geneve 20, Switzerland. April/May 1975. 48p

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Case Postale 7, Ch. 1211, Geneve 20, Switzerland. April/May 1975. 48p

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Case Postale 7, Ch. 1211, Geneve 20, Switzerland. February/March 1974. 40p

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Case Postale 7, Ch. 1211, Geneve 20, Switzerland. February/March 1974. 40p

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Case Postale 7, Ch-1211, Geneve 20, Switzerland. April/May 1974. 50p

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Case Postale 7, Ch-1211, Geneve 20, Switzerland. April/May 1974. 50p

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Centre International, 1, Rue de Varembe, Case Postale 7, CH-1211 Geneve 20, Switzerland. June/July 1973

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Centre International, 1, Rue de Varembe, Case Postale 7, CH-1211 Geneve 20, Switzerland. June/July 1973

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Case Postale 7, Ch 1211, Geneve 20, Switzerland. December/January 1973. 32p

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Case Postale 7, Ch 1211, Geneve 20, Switzerland. December/January 1973. 32p

Tourism's Role in Economic Development. Travel Research Journal, No. 2, pp. 3-22. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Case Postale 7, CH1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland

Tourism's Role in Economic Development. Travel Research Journal, No. 2, pp. 3-22. International Union of Official Travel Organizations, Case Postale 7, CH1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organisations, Case Postale N° 7, 1211 Geneve, Switzerland. December 1971. $7

World Travel. International Union of Official Travel Organisations, Case Postale N° 7, 1211 Geneve, Switzerland. December 1971. $7