Tenure In Office Research Articles

The Turkish Constitutional Court and the Justice and Development Party (2002–09)

This article analyses the caseload of the Turkish Constitutional Court (TCC) during the Justice and Development Party's (JDP) tenure in office (2002–09). Contrary to expectations and public perception, TCC's caseload only showed a modest increase, reflecting increased legislative activity and the President's inability to influence parliamentary debates. As this article shows, judicialization of politics in Turkey preceded the emergence of JDP. Accordingly, it concludes that ‘controlled democratization' encourages judicial activism and can lead to ‘judicial tutelage’ over elected institutions, thus undermining the prospects for democratic deepening.

Congratulation for a Giant Leap Forward: Letter from the Previous Editor-in-Chief

First of all, as one of the members of the Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons and as the Editor-in-Chief from 2007 to 2010, I am glad to see a new English version of the journal published. Even though publishing an English academic journal was a task that should have been started earlier, as it is the first step in developing into an Science Citation Index (SCI) Journal, developing the support and consensus of all the members required a long time. Changing the name of an academic journal which has a history of 37 years since its first issue in 1974 and changing the language have not been easy tasks. Even as we gained the support of the membership in this endeavor, I instinctively perceived a number of difficult tasks still lay before us: practical tasks such as maintaining an evaluation system suitable for an international journal, globalization of the website and design evaluation team, finding a manuscript editor to copyedit the English language content, and establishing the XML conversion process. I felt so sorry that I left Professor Jeong Tae Kim the most difficult tasks after my retirement from the position of editor-in chief. Without the daring investment and devotion of the Editor-in-Chief, it would only have been a dream to finally receive the first English issue of the journal we have waited for over the last five years. Again, I want to convey my message of great thankfulness and congratulations to Prof. Jeong Tae Kim, Editor-in-Chief, for making this difficult dream real. Also praise the effort and devotion of Dr. Jai Kyong Pyon and Dr. Jang Hyun Lee, professors who contributed as assistant administrators, other editing members, and Professor Sun Huh of Hallym University, our clerk So Hee Ahn, the KoreaMed people, previous Chair of the Board Suck Hwa Kim, and present Chair of the Board Yong Bae Kim. As a previous Editor-in-Chief, I emphasized the importance of the English Journal and prayed for the birth of an international journal suitable for the reputation of the Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Furthermore, I hope that this journal opens the door to active interaction among cosmetic doctors worldwide and contributes to the development of the academy of plastic surgery. For this purpose, we hope to challenge the status quo among the existing plastic surgery journals, offering a journal that meets international standards for the publication process, including a speedy and rigorous review system, a quality submission and citation system, online article access, and cutting-edge content, where readers worldwide can quickly and actively share their knowledge. Moreover, regarding the submission and publication of papers from readers and members, I hope our journal includes a large portion of original articles. I expect more submissions of letters and participation and active discussion of plastic surgeons throughout Asia who felt relatively marginalized before. As far as I am concerned, the most important aspect of publishing Archives of Plastic Surgery with open access would be the agreement of using patients' photos. This part has been long discussed and is where we should be most concerned from now on. In addition, retaining a high quality evaluation team and judging the scientific quality, uniqueness, and usefulness through an evaluation check list are also important. Furthermore, the effort to invite respected scholars to contribute review articles is a significant priority. Additionally, in order to make Archives of Plastic Surgery competitive, we needed to establish characteristics of the journal to differentiate it from other international journals. I believe that these differences will encourage an original Asian approach to plastic surgery. This is because racial differences result in differentiated approaches to methods of plastic surgery more than in any other area of medicine. Lastly, there should be discussions about the working term of the editors. Ensuring that an editor's tenure of office is longer than 2 years is a crucial part of becoming an SCI Journal [1]. Lastly, I write a short comment of mine, thinking of the words that Armstrong pronounced during his first step on the moon: Publication in English is one small step for a journal, one giant leap for the Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons.

The Economic Status of Governors in Ur III Times: An Example of the Governor of Umma

One of the basic questions to be solved in the study of Ur III provincial administration is whether property described as governor’s household was his private (ancestral, family) property or only a kind of prebend, that is, property given to him by the state for use throughout his official tenure. Consequently, the question is whether this property was returned to the state at the end of his term or upon his death, or whether it could remain in the hands of the ex-governor or his heirs. If that household was indeed a prebend, was all of it automatically passed on to his successor, or perhaps the Crown defined its value and size for every new governor? Conversely, if that household was—as a rule—the governor’s private property, is the evidence for several cases of property seizure, ordered together with governor’s dismissal, part of some punishment? This contribution is intended to provide answers at least to some of these questions. The individual components of the household were divided according to material criteria: production property (e.g., fields, orchards), the house and other immovables, movables (animal herds, equipment, utensils used by the governor on a daily basis), and goods delivered to him or serving as his property. Only small consideration is given to the sparse information concerning the property of the other family members of the governor, namely, children, brothers, and even the more remote relatives (mostly nephews) about whom we only know that they were pursuing careers in the provincial bureaucracy. This is why those persons were not covered by the present investigation.

Thailand: minimally stable, minimally democratic

This article, forming part of this volume’s effort to map the qualities of democracy in Asia, describes Thailand (as of mid-2011) as a formal democracy devoid of each of the ‘qualities’ that promote democracy’s full realization. Aside from offering an overall descriptive assessment, the article seeks to explain the relationship between the various qualities of democracy observed in Thailand over the past decade. While Thaksin Shinawatra’s tenure in office (2001–2006) offers a compelling illustration for the proposition that ‘not all good things go together,’ virtually every dimension of the ‘goodness’ or ‘quality’ of Thailand’s democracy has experienced a generalized decline since Thaksin’s ousting in 2006.

Dynamic competition: a look at firms in theFortuneGlobal 500

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of factors that impact global competitiveness for firms in theFortuneGlobal 500.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses regression analysis to investigate the relationship between relevant competitiveness factors and firm performance forFortuneGlobal 500 firms, using the time period 1995‐2009.FindingsThe composition of firms on the list has changed over the timeframe. The results indicate that headquarters location and globalization are key indicators of firm performance. Other factors such as chief executive officer tenure have a lesser impact on firm performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe timeframe of the study may have impacted the findings. The study included only large firms and thus the findings may not hold for smaller or medium‐sized firms. Additional follow‐up studies are planned.Practical implicationsManagers can identify factors associated with global competitiveness from the paper and pursue those factors in their business strategies.Originality/valueThis study replicates other studies that analyze the relationship between firm situational factors and firm performance. However, this study uses a unique sample, theFortuneGlobal 500, over a 15‐year period.

Partisan Politics Theory and stock market performance: Evidence for Spain

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the influence of Spanish major political events on stock market performance by testing the empirical implications of the existing theories focused on the connection between politics and stock exchanges. On the one hand, our findings give support to the partisan politics theory, since stock returns behave differently depending on the political orientation of the government, not only on the day of the national election but also during their tenure of office. On the other hand, the analytical results demonstrate that there are no abnormal positive returns during the second half of the government's term, which contradicts the opportunistic political business cycle theory. Finally, according to Brown et al.'s (1988) Uncertain Information Hypothesis, volatility of stock returns is shown to increase following the arrival of unexpected information.

Polls and Elections: Divided Government and Foreign Relations Approval

Since World War II, most presidents have faced divided government during at least part of their tenure in office. Although divided government significantly limits the frequency of the president's legislative success (e.g., Fleisher, Bond, and Wood 2008), presidents generally enjoy higher approval ratings during periods of divided control (Nicholson, Segura, and Woods 2002). In the United States' separated system, the public can attribute credit and blame for national conditions to either the president or Congress. When the executive and legislative branches are controlled by different parties, at least some of the blame for negative conditions can fall to the opposition Congress, buoying the president's polling numbers. To date, studies of the ways the public attributes blame during divided government have focused primarily on economic conditions, generally finding that under divided government, the public blames both the president and Congress for poor conditions (e.g., Rudolph 2003a). Thus, the public does not blame the president as much for negative economic conditions during divided government as it does during periods of unified control. Consequently, the president's approval ratings, based in part on assessments of economic conditions and the degree to which the president is responsible for them (see Edwards 1990), tend to be a bit higher during divided government than they would be during similar conditions under unified control (Nicholson, Segura, and Woods 2002). However, many presidency scholars have argued that the president has more unilateral control of foreign policy than domestic policy, arguing that there are really presidencies (e.g., Canes-Wrone, Howell, and Lewis 2008; Wildavsky 1966). If sensitive to the two presidencies, the public during divided government might well lay some of the blame for economic conditions at the feet of Congress, but it may not do so for negative foreign relations outcomes. Consequently, divided government may buoy overall approval, but not public views of the president's handling of foreign policy. We test whether the public is sensitive to the two presidencies, giving presidents a break by partially blaming Congress for economic downturns during divided government, but not doing so in the foreign policy realm. Responsibility Attributions, Divided Government, and The Two Presidencies Thesis A substantial body of literature explores the formation and effects of responsibility attributions within the political context. Early on, Key (1966) described attribution of responsibility for the economy as a simplistic, retrospective process. Citizens were thought to base their voting preferences on their perceptions of recent financial trends. Essentially, this model assumed that the public automatically regarded the president and his party as responsible for the condition of the economy and allocated support accordingly. In other words, the public would reward the president and his party when the economy thrived and punish the president and his party when the economy floundered. By identifying retrospective economic evaluations as the sole factor involved in the sanctioning process, this model minimized the importance of other institutional factors. This model implies a rather naive, narrow-minded public sensitive only to retrospective economic evaluations--a citizenry that is either unable or unwilling to consider other contextual factors when making responsibility attributions. Recent scholarship has challenged the basic reward-punishment model. At the heart of this challenge lies the notion that the public does not automatically attribute credit or blame for economic conditions to the president or his party. For example, Peffley (1984) argues that in order for economic conditions to shape voting behavior, voters must believe either that the government created the economic conditions or that it is the government's duty to fix them. …

Holding Court in Republican Rome (105-44)

Given that in any Roman aristocratic household during the Republic elements of the future imperial court can be found, what were the key features that enabled the latter to emerge and grow? Drawing upon Elias' analysis of court societies, this chapter maintains that the transition depends upon extraordinary religious charisma, access to renewable sources of immense wealth, and the development of integrative structures linking provincial and Roman supporters in a hierarchy dependent upon an individual rather than tenure of office.

Determinants Of Firm Leadership Structure

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>In this study, we seek to ascertain some of the factors that determine the leadership structure that a firm chooses to adopt. Our main empirical finding is that both share ownership by officers and directors and by blockholders is inversely related to the probability that a firm will have a unitary leadership structure. These results imply that officers, directors, and blockholders believe that a dual leadership structure is the optimal leadership structure for most firms and that greater share ownership by these groups motivates them to see that the firm adopts that optimal leadership structure. We are also able to confirm Brickley, Coles, and Jarrell’s (1997) finding that CEO tenure in office is directly related to the probability that a firm will have a unitary leadership struc- ture. This finding is consistent with the pass-the-baton theory of CEO/Chair succession proposed Vancil (1987). </span></p></div></div></div>

Georg Balthasar von Neumayer: marine sciences in service of sea trade

Georg von Neumayer took over the lead of the Deutsche Seewarte as its first director in 1876. Holding this position for 27 years until 1903 he transformed the small institute into an overall accepted institution for marine meteorological and oceanographic research and analysis. During his tenure in office, sailing directions for all three oceans were compiled as well as the corresponding atlases, giving an overall view of the meteorological and oceanographic conditions as support to the growing German shipping. When steam shipping became more and more important he started the compilation of a handbook which was published two years after his retirement. As further support he created a new journal Der Pilote in which captains expressed the experiences made on their journeys and presented more scientifical oriented papers in Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie. With increasing deep water sailing the three sailing directions were published as reprints in the early nineties of the last century, still being the best information for yachtsmen available, testifying the quality of the work done a hundred years before.

A Discursive Dominance Theory of Economic Reform Sustainability: The Case of India

This article hypothesizes that economic reforms become sustainable when the discursive conditions prevailing in society tip against the existing paradigm under exceptional circumstances. Thus, unless the pro-liberalization constituencies dominate the development discourse, economic reforms, initiated under the exigencies of crisis and conditionalities, or carried out by a convinced executive with or without the stimulus of a crisis, will be reversed. The discursive conditions are determined based on eight factors: the dominant view of international intellectuals, illustrative country cases, executive orientations, political will, the degree and the perceived causes of economic crisis, attitudes on the part of donor agencies, and the perceived outcomes of economic reforms. The paper seeks to prove this “discursive dominance” hypothesis for the Indian case through a cross-temporal, comparative review of the evolution of economic policy in India over six different phases.

Tenure in Office and Public Procurement

We study the impact of politicians' tenure in office on the outcomes of public procurement. To this purpose, we match a data set on the politics of Italian municipal governments to a data set on the procurement auctions they administered. In order to identify a causal relation, we apply two different identification strategies. First, we implement a Regression Discontinuity Design by comparing elections where the incumbent mayor barely won another term with elections where the incumbent mayor barely lost and a new mayor took over. Second, we cross-validate these estimates using a unique quasi-experiment determined by the introduction of a two-term limit on the mayoral office in March 1993. This reform granted one potential extra term to mayors appointed right before the reform. The main result is that an increase in the mayor's tenure is associated with worse outcomes: fewer bidders per auction, a higher cost of procurement, a higher probability that the winner is local and that the same firm is awarded repeated auctions. Taken together, our estimates are informative of the possibility that time in offce progressively leads to collusion between government officials and a few favored local bidders. Other interpretations receive less support in the data.

TV 홈쇼핑업체의 조직문화가 직무만족, 몰입 및 이직의도에 미치는 영향

This study analyzes how the organizational culture of TV home shopping companies influence the job satisfaction, commitment, and intention of turnover. It ascertains the differences the job satisfaction, commitment, and intention of turnover according to tenure of office and turnover time. The survey was conducted from May to in 2010, and 356 responses were used in the data analysis. The statistical analysis methods were frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. As a result, the organizational culture of TV home shopping companies was classified by the innovation culture, group culture, rational culture, and hierarchical culture. The innovation culture, group culture, and hierarchical culture of TV home shopping companies influenced job satisfaction and commitment. The rational culture and hierarchical culture of TV home shopping companies influenced the intention of turnover. There were differences in the intention of turnover according to the tenure of office and the job commitment according to turnover time.

Network News Coverage of New Presidents, 1981-2009

Content analysis of network evening news coverage during the first year of the Barack Obama presidency revealed coverage that was far more positive in tone than comparable news reports from the first years of the Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush presidencies. Both domestic and international policy tonal evaluations of the Obama presidency on the evening news were more positive in tone than that of the last three presidents to take office following partisan transfers of power. Overall, the Obama findings reveal a revival of the media honeymoon that scholars thought had disappeared during the modern era of a more combative press. But that “honeymoon” was a brief one, as Obama’s tone of coverage became less positive as his tenure in office lengthened.

The Effect of Citizen Input on State Legislator Decision-Making: Does Gender Matter?

This study is an attempt to determine the degree to which state legislators consider citizen input and opinion when making day-to-day policy decisions, based on numerous variables, including political party affiliation, tenure in office, full-time vs. part-time status, and especially gender. Ultimately, we found that none of these variables were significant predictors of consideration of citizen input—including gender—a conclusion that contradicts much of the prevailing literature on the subject.

Tenure in Office of Big City Mayors

In this study of tenure in office, tenure is measured by both the number of years and the number of terms served by 848 mayors of nineteen major American cities who held office between 1820 and 1995. An examination of this data finds that mayoral tenure has increased substantially when measured by the years served but only marginally when measured by the number of terms served. A multivariate analysis of mayors serving between 1853 and 1995 supports Fiorina’s contention that performance in office is related to electoral success. In particular, mayors who physically develop their cities, improve law enforcement, and provide social services serve longer in office.

Preserving Non-Democracies: Leaders and State Institutions in the Middle East

Authoritarian elites often prolong their tenure in office by engaging in wholesale institutional change. Whether inherited or created from scratch, state institutions in non-democracies are meant to solidify elite cohesion and political control, pacify potential opponents, and create coalitions that support the state. Nevertheless, autocrats keep a watchful eye on these institutions, and if they change internally in directions that may seem threatening to state leaders, the institutions are changed or even disbanded. Change to the institutions of the non-democratic state is caused by a combination of deliberate decisions and institutional crafting by state leaders on the one hand, and by institutional layering and changes initiated from within the institutions rhemselves on the other. As the cases of the National Assembly in Kuwait, the Revolutionary Command Council in Egypt, and the Revolutionary Council in Iran demonstrate, when and if state institutions become inefficient or are seen as a threat by authoritarian leaders, then state leaders once again take control in determining their shape and configuration. Non-democracies are often preserved through purposive institutional change.

How the Constitution Makes Subtraction Easy

This reply discusses John Harrison's insightful Addition by Subtraction, which is a response to Removal and Tenure in Office. The piece suggests that there are strong historical and textual reasons to suppose that Congress can remove executive and certain judicial officers. It also argues that courts may remove inferior judicial officers. Finally, it offers an admittedly less than full-throated defense of the notion that the President may grant tenure during good behavior to executive officers.

Does tenure in office affect regional growth? The role of public capital productivity

We study the impact of tenure in office on economic performance. We evaluate the relationships between tenure in office and GDP growth, public capital growth, and public capital productivity using data for Spanish regions during the period 1980–1998. We find that tenure decreases the impact of public capital growth on GDP growth. Our results suggest that tenure affects GDP growth negatively through a decrease in public capital productivity.

Federal Administration and Administrative Law in the Gilded Age

Federal Administration and Administrative Law in the Gilded Age