Official Reports Research Articles

Creating Shared Value in Support of Coffee

This study offers a comprehensive analysis of Nescafe's Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategy within the context of Indonesia. Employing a literature review methodology, the research draws on an extensive range of sources, including prior journal articles and official Nescafe company reports, to unravel the intricacies of Nescafe's CSR approach. The focal point of this examination is the globally recognized multinational coffee producer, Nescafe. The research involved an exhaustive review of eight selected journal articles that delve into Nescafe's CSR initiatives and sustainability reports. The outcomes of this analysis unveil a holistic perspective on Nescafe's sustainability strategy in Indonesia. A central facet of this strategy is dedicated to addressing pressing environmental concerns, chiefly marked by the ambitious objective of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by an impressive 35% per metric ton of soluble coffee. This reduction is meticulously monitored through regular assessments encompassing critical factors such as water resources, soil quality, and biodiversity. Notably, the paramount goal of Nescafe's CSR program in Indonesia is to support local coffee farmers, enabling the distribution of Nescafe coffee products throughout the country. In a symbiotic relationship, Nescafe leverages the strengths of local farmers to source raw materials while simultaneously imparting advanced production technologies, ultimately enhancing the quality of the products. The depth of Nescafe's commitment to CSR is manifest through a plethora of documented programs and activities, all thoughtfully disseminated via the company's official website. This study provides a valuable lens through which to understand Nescafe's strategic CSR and sustainability efforts, underscoring the company's role in fostering environmental sustainability, uplifting local communities, and elevating product quality in Indonesia.

Challenges and Opportunities for Commercializing Technologies in the Pulmonary Arena: An Official American Thoracic Society Report.

"Translational medicine" has been a buzzword for over two decades. The concept was intended to be lofty, to reflect a new "bench-to-bedside" approach to basic and clinical research that would bridge fields, close gaps, accelerate innovation, and shorten the time and effort it takes to bring novel technologies from basic discovery to clinical application. Has this approach been successful and lived up to its promise? Despite incredible scientific advances and innovations developed within academia, successful clinical translation into real-world solutions has been difficult. This has been particularly challenging within the pulmonary field, because there have been fewer U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs and higher failure rates for pulmonary therapies than with other common disease areas. The American Thoracic Society convened a working group with the goal of identifying major challenges related to the commercialization of technologies within the pulmonary space and opportunities to enhance this process. A survey was developed and administered to 164 participants within the pulmonary arena. This report provides a summary of these survey results. Importantly, this report identifies a number of poorly recognized challenges that exist in pulmonary academic settings, which likely contribute to diminished efficiency of commercialization efforts, ultimately hindering the rate of successful clinical translation. Because many innovations are initially developed in academic settings, this is a global public health issue that impacts the entire American Thoracic Society community. This report also summarizes key resources and opportunities and provides recommendations to enhance successful commercialization of pulmonary technologies.

Widespread imprecision in estimates of the economic costs of invasive alien species worldwide

Several hundred studies have attempted to estimate the monetary cost arising from the management and/or impacts of invasive alien species. However, the diversity of methods used to estimate the monetary costs of invasive alien species, the types of costs that have been reported, and the spatial scales at which they have been assessed raise important questions as to the precision of these reported monetary costs. Benford's Law has been increasingly used as a diagnostic tool to assess the accuracy and reliability of estimates reported in financial accounts but has rarely been applied to audit data on environmental costs. Therefore, the distributions of first, second- and leading double-digits of the monetary costs arising from biological invasions, as reported in the InvaCost database, were compared with the null expectations under Benford's Law. There was strong evidence that the reported monetary costs of biological invasions departed considerably from Benford's Law and the departures were of a scale equal to that found in global macroeconomic data. The rounding upwards of costs appears to be widespread. Furthermore, numerical heaping, where values cluster around specific numbers was evident with only 901 unique cost values accounting for half of the 13,553 cost estimates within the InvaCost database. Irrespective of the currency, the value of 1,000,000 was the most common cost estimate. An investigation of anomalous data entries concluded that non-peer reviewed official government reports need to provide greater detail regarding how costs are estimated. Despite the undeniably high economic cost of biological invasions worldwide, individual records of costs were often found to be imprecise and possibly inflated and this emphasises the need for greater transparency and rigour when reporting the costs of biological invasions. Identifying whether the irregularities found for the costs of biological invasions are general for other types of environmental costs should be a research priority.

SinoLC-1: the first 1 m resolution national-scale land-cover map of China created with a deep learning framework and open-access data

Abstract. In China, the demand for a more precise perception of the national land surface has become most urgent given the pace of development and urbanization. Constructing a very-high-resolution (VHR) land-cover dataset for China with national coverage, however, is a nontrivial task. Thus, this has become an active area of research that is impeded by the challenges of image acquisition, manual annotation, and computational complexity. To fill this gap, the first 1 m resolution national-scale land-cover map of China, SinoLC-1, was established using a deep-learning-based framework and open-access data, including global land-cover (GLC) products, OpenStreetMap (OSM), and Google Earth imagery. Reliable training labels were generated by combining three 10 m GLC products and OSM data. These training labels and 1 m resolution images derived from Google Earth were used to train the proposed framework. This framework resolved the label noise stemming from a resolution mismatch between images and labels by combining a resolution-preserving backbone, a weakly supervised module, and a self-supervised loss function, to refine the VHR land-cover results automatically without any manual annotation requirement. Based on large-storage and computing servers, processing the 73.25 TB dataset to obtain the SinoLC-1 covering the entirety of China, ∼ 9 600 000 km2, took about 10 months. The SinoLC-1 product was validated using a visually interpreted validation set including over 100 000 random samples and a statistical validation set collected from the official land survey report provided by the Chinese government. The validation results showed that SinoLC-1 achieved an overall accuracy of 73.61 % and a κ coefficient of 0.6595. Validations for every provincial region further indicated the accuracy of this dataset across the whole of China. Furthermore, the statistical validation results indicated that SinoLC-1 conformed to the official survey reports with an overall misestimation rate of 6.4 %. In addition, SinoLC-1 was compared with five other widely used GLC products. These results indicated that SinoLC-1 had the highest spatial resolution and the finest landscape details. In conclusion, as the first 1 m resolution national-scale land-cover map of China, SinoLC-1 delivered accuracy and provided primal support for related research and applications throughout China. The SinoLC-1 land-cover product is freely accessible at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7707461 (Li et al., 2023).

Relation between Start Reaction Time and Performance Time among Women Finalist Sprinters in the Olympic Games 2000 to 2020

Background. Success in sprinting events broadly depends on many factors. Among them, the reaction time at starting is one of the main factors that help sprinters get success by increasing their confidence and helping to avoid false starts. Study purpose. The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between reaction time and performance time among women finalist sprinters in six Olympic Games since 2000. Materials and methods. Data were collected from 227 (n = 227) women finalist sprinters in the event of 100m (n= 47), 200m (46), 400m (43), 100m H (45), and 400m H (46) in 6 Olympic Games from 2000 to 2020, based on published official reports on worldathletics.org and olympedia.org websites. Data were considered from 227 samples from a total of 240 finalist women, where 13 were excluded because of a false start, being disqualified for doping, or failing to finish. Descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient and simple regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between reaction time and performance time of the finalist women sprinters. The significance level was set at 0.05. Further Gaval’a 5-point scale was used to categorize the women sprinters based on their reaction times in five sprint events. Results. The results showed that there was a low positive correlation between reaction time and performance time among the sprinters in the 100m (r = 0.369, p<0.05) and 100m H (r = 0.367, p<0.05) events, whereas no relation was confirmed in 200m, 400m and 400m hurdles among women sprinters who participated in 2000-2020 Olympics. The 5-point scale revealed that 33.48% of sprinters belong to the average category, while 25.99% are in the unsatisfactory category, and only 1.32 % and 16.74% are in the excellent and very good categories, respectively. Conclusions. The current analysis concludes that there was a low positive relationship between reaction time and performance time of the finalist women sprinters only in sprint events of 100m and 100m hurdles during 2000 to 2020 Olympics, and the majority of the finalists belonged to the ‘Average’ category as per Gaval’a 5-point scale.

Addressing Barriers to Inclusion: Challenges and Recommendations for Inclusive Primary Education in Bangladesh

Despite policy commitments to inclusive education, significant barriers hinder its true realization in Bangladesh, particularly at the primary level. This research utilizes secondary data analysis to comprehensively identify and examine these challenges, drawing insights from official reports, academic literature, and stakeholder interviews. The study investigates four primary domains: policy and infrastructure, teacher preparedness and practices, attitudes and awareness, and accessibility and support mechanisms. Findings reveal systemic limitations in infrastructure and resource allocation, inadequate teacher training in inclusive pedagogies, persisting negative attitudes towards diverse learners, and insufficient support services for children with disabilities and marginalized backgrounds. Drawing on these insights, the paper proposes multi-pronged recommendations across each domain, advocating for: 1) strengthened policy frameworks and resource allocation, 2) comprehensive teacher training in inclusive practices and differentiated instruction, 3) community-based awareness campaigns on inclusion and diversity, and 4) improved accessibility measures in schools and learning materials. The research emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts at national, local, and school levels to dismantle identified barriers and create a truly inclusive primary education system in Bangladesh, ensuring equitable access and quality learning for all children.

Gonorrhoeae must Compete with the Naturally Inhabitant of Microbial Community Right at the Outer Mucosal Surface to Authorize Infection

Aim: to describe the competition between Neisseria gonorrhoeae with the naturally inhabitant of microbial community right at the outer mucosal surface to authorize infection.
 Discussion: Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium N. gonorrhea. Official report mention that by the year 2020, there were an estimated 82.4 million new infections among adults globally and poses a risk of onward transmission to sex partners. It surely could affect both men and women; for male, the symptoms are more obvious, but for women it occurs more often without prominent clinical symptoms and usually lead to long-term health problems including pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. The female reproductive tract with its abundant variety of epithelial cells act as its primary niche where initially it was inhabited by normal microbiota, characterized by a high abundance of Lactobacilli, and uniquely linked to the host’s mucosal immunity and plays a critical role in the regulation of genital inflammation. Unfortunately, the dynamics regarding number and composition of vaginal microbiota has been shown to fluctuate over several internal and external factors, especially due to STI like gonorrhea. Its proposed evolution from an ancestral commensal bacterium, N. gonorrhoeae has retained features that are commonly found among commensal inhabitants, but it has also developed unique features that are crucial to its pathogenesis. The scope of its pathogenesis field elucidate competition, colonization and growth properties as main virulence determinants.
 Conclusion: Competition between N. gonorrhoeae and the already exist natural microbiota of the vagina occur initially at the mucosal surface. This gonococcus has several intrinsic factors that can facilitate its competitiveness including adherence, even though not all available adhesion mechanisms are actually used by this organism during the course of infection/colonization of any specific site.

TEACHING COLREGS AT MARITIME ENGLISH LESSONS

The article substantiates the necessity of teaching the Collision regulations at the Maritime English lessons in higher maritime educational institutions in order to increase nautical students’ knowledge and ability to apply Colregs in required circumstances and as the final result it could help to decrease the number of collisions at sea. The paper demonstrates the sequence of activities for thorough study of the Colregs at the Maritime English lessons. It is recommended that each lesson devoted to Colregs study is organized in accordance with communicative and contentbased approaches and the requirements of IMO Model Course 3.17. The structural parts of the lesson are starter, presentation, practice and production, each of with includes different types of activities for practicing Colregs. The interactive tasks are aimed to engage students emotionally in the material, to activate their knowledge, to practice using the new language accurately, to integrate the new language items in communication activities. The activities are based on authentic documents, real-life scenarios and official maritime accident reports. Internet resources and information technologies should also be implemented in classroom and independent Colregs study in order to increase students’ interest and motivation, and give them opportunity to improve their Colregs knowledge and English skills even while on the voyage. The essential competency which students will be able to demonstrate is to summarise the necessary and appropriate actions of the bridge team members in manoeuvers and collision avoidance situations according to Colregs. The findings of this paper can be used by Maritime English teachers in lessons planning and will aid students in learning and understanding Colregs through language learning in compliance with the STCW requirements and the Model course Maritime English.

A stakeholder analysis for sustainable development of Maritime Village in Semarang coastal community, Indonesia

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the role of stakeholders and their interconnected relationships based on power and interests in realising sustainable development in coastal areas using the Maritime Village program in Tambaklorok, Semarang City, Indonesia as a case study.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) with stakeholders, observations, as well as online news, and official government reports, followed by taxonomic analysis.FindingsThe results showed the four categories of stakeholders, namely players, context setters, subjects, and crowd. The Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR), Regional Development Planning Agency (BAPPEDA) of Semarang City, Spatial Planning Agency (DISTARU) of Semarang City, and the Fisheries Office of Semarang City were found to be key players with a role in the success of the program. PT Pelindo (Indonesia Port Corporations) was identified as a context setter with low interests but high power, acting as an accelerator in the development program.Originality/valueThe originality of this study lied in its examination of the power and interests of stakeholders involved in government projects. It was recommended to strengthen coordination among the stakeholders to ensure the success of the program.

New development: From blanket coverage to patchwork quilt—rethinking organizational responses to fraud in the National Health Service in England

IMPACT This article will be of value to those working across the National Health Service (NHS) and particularly to those engaged in counter fraud activities across the public sector. As well as having national value, this article will be of international relevance as it speaks to the responsible guardianship of public funds. This article evidences the ways in which counter fraud services across the NHS in England are disjointed and some of the causes for such disjointedness. Official reports estimate that at least £1.2 billion, approximately 1% of the NHS budget, is annually lost to fraud. At a time when the NHS is facing unprecedented demand on its resources due to austerity policies, Brexit and the global pandemic, and with no clear indication of significant additional investment, any loss of NHS funds could have significant impact on patient care and so a better understanding of counter fraud responses in the NHS is potentially pivotal to future responsible handling of public money.

Analyzing organizational gaps in process accidents with FRAM: The case of the Imperial Sugar refinery explosion (2008)

AbstractThis study presents a reanalysis of the Imperial Sugar refinery accident that occurred in February 2008, in Georgia, USA, using functional resonance analysis method (FRAM) and based on technical‐scientific materials and the official reports. This explosion was fueled by sugar dust in the packaging building of the refinery, causing 14 fatalities and injuring 38 workers. The purpose of this reanalysis is to seek factors and interactions that could not be well analyzed or evidenced using traditional accident investigation techniques, which are primally designed to analyze linear systems. This reanalysis with FRAM allowed us to perceive the influence of organizational elements, such as culture, in the accidental chain of the event, highlighting the need of a broader approach for accidents involving high‐tech process industries. In this sense, FRAM enabled a more comprehensive analysis of the complex functioning of process plants, for both normal operation and in emergency. It was noticed that the greater the complexity of work systems, the greater the interaction and variability between personnel, equipment, and systems, requiring analysis techniques and methodologies capable of recognizing the real complexities that take place in these sociotechnical systems, especially in high‐tech process plants, such as the sugar refinery in this case.

Border Security Crisis in Malaysia and its Impact on the National Economy

Border security crisis is one of the important aspects in national security as it happened not only within the country but abroad, which affect the peace and well-being of the country, nation, people as well as national economy. This article will identify the extent to which the border security crisis in Malaysia affects the national economy. The study focuses on border security crises analysis that occur in countries bordering Malaysia namely Thailand, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, and the Philippines, which had an impact on the Malaysian economy. The study carried out via qualitative methods by referring to primary and secondary documents such as official reports, academic journals, and online news. The analysis found that border security crisis occurring at Malaysia border, which come from countries bordering Malaysia has both negative and positive effects on the country. It is negative when the country suffers a loss millions of ringgits, but positive in term of solving the labour shortage problem and increased sales of goods, also facilitate border communities. This shows the gains have balanced the losses that faced by the country and still under control. However, it requires the country initiative to ensure it can continuously equal.

Experience in the treatment and prevention of cholera in the XIX century (based on reports and publications of doctors of the Saratov province)

The article is devoted to the study of medical practice and treatment methods used by Saratov doctors in the fight against cholera epidemics in the XIX century. The relevance of the study is determined by the increased interest of the broad strata of Russian society and representatives of government structures in the search for effective practices in the treatment and counteraction to the spread of dangerous infectious diseases (including cholera). Epidemics and pandemics of infectious diseases pose a serious potential danger to human life and health, as well as create increased risk and socio-economic threats to modern humanity. These challenges actualize the appeal to the chosen topic. This article discusses a multidimensional problem concerning the methods of treatment that doctors used in the fight against the terrifying and deadliest disease of that time – cholera. This problem is considered on the example of the cholera epidemics of 1847 and 1892 and the fight against them on the territory of the Saratov Volga region. The main research perspective is focused on the analysis of archival sources identified by the author – the diaries of Saratov doctors, on the pages of which they not only presented an official report to the provincial medical board, but also shared their experience in treating cholera patients. The results of the study allow us to conclude that as a result of many years of medical practice of city and county doctors of the Saratov province, as well as generalization of empirical materials based on their diary entries, optimal solutions for the prevention and control of cholera epidemics were developed, and at the same time, general methods of treating cholera patients were gradually formed in the XIX century. not only on the territory of the Saratov Volga region, but also throughout the country.

Analisis Penerapan Disiplin Kerja Pada Pengadilan Negeri Bogor

This study aims to determine how the implementation of work discipline at the Bogor District Court, how the attendance system to support employee discipline and how the Bogor District Court strategy in maintaining work discipline. This research method is a qualitative descriptive approach. This research was conducted at the Bogor City District Court. Data collection techniques are obtained from primary data derived from observation, interviews and documentation while secondary data through literature sources. The data that has been collected is analyzed with the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and, conclusions. The results showed that 1. SIKEP / IKA digital attendance which is carried out online as a form of implementing work discipline makes Bogor District Court employees more diligent to come to the office on time and return from the office after office hours. 2. SIKEP / IKA is a real time attendance system where Bogor District Court employees must download the SIKEP / IKA application on each employee's cellphone and must be filled in the office area because the attendance system can only receive absences when the employee's location is in the Bogor District Court area. 3. SIKEP / IKA is a strategy of the Bogor District Court in maintaining the work discipline of Bogor District Court employees. If there are employees who forget to fill in the SIKEP / IKA or are late filling in the SIKEP / IKA application. The risk of such actions is the deduction of remuneration and the obligation to make an official report. The recommendation that we provide from this research is that the Bogor District Court must provide an adequate internet connection to prevent server interruptions on employees' cellphones so that there are duplicate connections from the Bogor District Court office wifi.

Vietnam’s regulations on sea dumping: Outstanding issues and suggestions for improvement

Sea dumping in Vietnam has been a common practice for several years but has only been managed by dumping permits since the Law on Marine and Island Resources and Environment (LMIRE) came into force in 2016. However, the management of sea dumping in Vietnam faces certain limitations, despite its obligations under treaties and the need for sea dumping is likely to increase in the coming years. This article reviews the current regulations in place by utilizing a variety of primary (i.e., LMIRE and other laws) and secondary sources (e.g., official reports by the Ministries) as well as the black-letter approach to make some suggestions for Vietnam on improving the effectiveness of sea dumping management. It points out that the definition of sea dumping and the "allowing sea dumping" approach under current Vietnam's regulations are incompatible with relevant treaties. It also identifies other constraints related to the shortcoming of the regulations on planning for sea dumping sites, the absence of technical regulations for materials considered for dumping, and the complex administrative procedure for obtaining a sea dumping permit. Accessing relevant treaties and amending some ineffective regulations are solutions for Vietnam to solve these limitations.

Spanish cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention registry. 32nd official report of the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (1990-2022)

Introduction and objectivesThis article presents the annual activity report of the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (ACI-SEC) for the year 2022. MethodsAll Spanish centers with catheterization laboratories were invited to participate. Data were collected online and were analyzed by an external company in collaboration with the members of the board of the ACI-SEC. ResultsA total of 111 centers participated. The number of diagnostic studies increased by 4.8% compared with 2021, while that of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) remained stable. PCIs on the left main coronary artery increased by 22%. The radial approach continued to be preferred for PCI (94.9%). There was an upsurge in the use of drug-eluting balloons, as well as in intracoronary imaging techniques, which were used in 14.7% of PCIs. The use of pressure wires also increased (6.3% vs 2021) as did plaque modification techniques. Primary PCI continued to grow and was the most frequent treatment (97%) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Most noncoronary procedures maintained their upward trend, particularly percutaneous aortic valve implantation, atrial appendage closure, mitral/tricuspid edge-to-edge therapy, renal denervation, and percutaneous treatment of pulmonary arterial disease. ConclusionsThe Spanish cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention registry for 2022 reveals a rise in the complexity of coronary disease, along with a notable growth in procedures for valvular and nonvalvular structural heart disease.

Spanish pacemaker registry. 20th official report of the Heart Rhythm Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (2022)

Introduction and objectivesThis article reports the cardiac pacing activity performed in 2022, including the total number of implants, adherence to remote monitoring, demographic and clinical factors, and the characteristics of the implanted devices. MethodsThe information sources were the CardioDispositivos online platform, the European pacemaker patient identification card, and data provided by the manufacturers. ResultsThe rates of conventional pacemakers and low-energy resynchronizers were 866 and 34 units per million population, respectively. A total of 815 leadless pacemakers were implanted. In all, 16426 procedures performed in 82 hospitals were reported (9407 through CardioDispositivos), representing 40% of the activity. The mean age was 78.6 years, with a predominance of men (60.3%). The most frequent disorder was atrioventricular block, and 14.5% of the patients had atrial fibrillation. There was a predominance of the DDD/R pacing mode (55.6%), and pacing mode was influenced by age, such that more than one-third of patients older than 80 years in sinus rhythm received single-chamber ventricular pacing. The remote monitoring program included 35% of conventional pacemakers and 55% of low-energy resynchronization pacemakers. ConclusionsThe number of conventional pacemakers increased by 5.6%, low-energy resynchronizers by 16%, and leadless pacemakers by 25%. Adherence to remote monitoring was stable. The number of procedures included in CardioDispositivos increased by 11%, although the sample volume decreased. In the coming years, the widespread use of the platform will likely lead to a high-quality registry.

Public value mapping to assess and guide governmental investments in energy and environmental justice: Studying the United States Department of Energy

If the U.S. federal government is going to successfully advance the causes of energy and environmental justice (EEJ) as recent policy has pushed for, how might federal programs and investments be assessed through the lens of these values beyond standard econometric ones? Federal agencies like the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) play a significant role in setting long-term strategies and investments for energy technologies, but they generally use technocentric approaches and metrics, such as reductions in levelized cost of energy, to evaluate success. Understanding strategies and investments across a portfolio through the lens of EEJ requires novel approaches. We deploy a first-of-its-kind public value mapping focused how past programs in the DOE Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO) align with EEJ. By analyzing several thousand pages of congressional statutes, documented administration policies and executive orders, agency and office reports and publications, and semi-structured interviews of DOE staff and project collaborators, we focus on evaluating research, development, deployment, and commercialization activities promoting legacy (hydropower) and emerging (marine hydrokinetic) renewable energy technologies through the lens of EEJ. Our results provide a baseline according to which future programmatic efforts promoting EEJ in WPTO, DOE as a whole, and beyond can be compared. Our work provides a foundation for tools and processes that can be embedded into day-to-day staff actions that can guide federal investments related to EEJ and push for a more just and sustainable future.

Dental health of first-year students of the Novgorod State University

Goal and objectives: to study the dental health of 1st year students of the Novgorod State University. Materials and methods: questionnaire, literature review, study of statistical data on the Russian Federation, India, Egypt, and Pakistan. An analysis of the dental health of first-year Russian and foreign students of the Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University was carried out, and factors influencing dental health were identified. Official reports on the condition and composition of tap water in the city of Veliky Novgorod and tap water in Egypt, India, and Pakistan were studied. The standards for the content of fluorine and iodine in tap water in Veliky Novgorod, Egypt, India, and Pakistan were analyzed. The influence of changing climatic conditions, quality of nutrition, and the presence of bad habits and stress on the development of dental diseases in students was considered. The World Health Organization’s global oral health status report for 2022 in the Russian Federation, Egypt, India, and Pakistan was analyzed. A survey among students of the Novgorod University was conducted in order to evaluate water in the Novgorod Region in comparison with their homeland; the survey included general health questions with an emphasis on oral hygiene. What paste, brush, and cleaning method students used when brushing their teeth, and if they visited the dentist. What dental problems they had before and what issues they have now. Conclusions: To provide recommendations on oral hygiene, the choice of oral hygiene items and products, the diet taking into account the fluorine and iodine content in the region, and daily routine.

MOBILITY AS CENTRAL ELEMENT IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: FROM ACCELERATION TO CONTAINMENT. EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS FROM GALICIA (SPAIN)

The COVID-19 pandemic developed in a context of hypermobility. International globalised financial capitalism has been consolidated at the beginning of the 21st century and it has resulted in an unprecedented increase in mobility. In Galicia (an autonomous region located in the northwest of Spain), as in many other Spanish, European and world territories, mobility restrictions were carried out according to different criteria. Here we will be concerned with showing the effectiveness of the different measures taken by the national and regional governments, linked to mobility and pandemic management. To achieve this objective, in addition to the official reports from the competent authorities, we use detailed data on the number and addresses of those infected during the first wave. We have this information because we were selected by the Government of Galicia to carry out a study on the territorial behaviour of the pandemic in Galicia.