Official Referee Research Articles

That was a foul! How viewing angles, viewing distances, and visualization methods influence football referees’ decision-making

A football referee must choose the right position on the field in order to perceive a foul accurately. In previous research, decision-making for foul calls was compared across different situations within a match or even across different matches, which questions the comparability of decisions that often depend on the situational context. In this study, we experimentally controlled this situational context to investigate the effect of viewing distance and viewing angle on referees’ decision-making. We recreated real-life decision-making situations using markerless tracking devices and virtual reality (VR) animation processes to render first-person situations. We compared the decision-making accuracy of ten experienced football referees when judging situations from three different viewing angles and distances. Furthermore, we compared their decision-making accuracy in VR scenes with accuracy when viewing the same scenes from a bird’s eye and slow-motion perspective, i.e., with the perspectives used in official referee training. We found that decision accuracy is not affected by viewing angles and distances, but that the referee’s decision certainty is lower when viewing the foul situation from a greater distance. The visualization of the situations had an impact on the referee’s decision-making but only for detecting a simulation (i.e., a player acts like they have been fouled). Slow-motion scenes led to higher decision-making accuracy than VR scenes. Our study suggests a way to recreate VR situations for experimental studies, allowing researchers to control the context of each situation. Our findings help to disentangle the mixed findings of previous studies on distance and viewing angle effects on decision accuracies. Finally, we propose potential avenues to improve VR animation processes in future studies.

한국 태권도 연맹 발전사

This study examines the history related to the development of the Korea Junior Taekwondo Federation, organizes the historical background and facts of Taekwondo-related organizations that have not been organized so far, and sets the direction for future development through this. The purpose was to provide basic data that could serve as a basis for Through the study, the following results were confirmed.
 First, it can be seen that the creation of the Korea Junior Taekwondo Federation was founded by gathering the opinions of physical education teachers working in middle and high schools at the time, and based on this, through smooth communication without much friction between the Korea Taekwondo Association and each provincial and provincial association.
 Second, the Korea Junior Taekwondo Federation was the first to form a nationwide referee department. In the history of Korean Taekwondo referees, excluding official referees from the Korea Taekwondo Association, it was the first national-level Taekwondo Association or Taekwondo Federation organization to be approved and constituted as a national referee, and this also had an impact on other organizations.

Reflections on the Judicial Case Management Experiments of Sir Francis Newbolt

In two earlier articles published in Amicus Curiae, a pioneering form of case management was reviewed. Essentially these essays revealed that Sir Francis Newbolt, an Official Referee, was the pioneer in this processual innovation, in his work between 1920 and 1936. His procedural experiments and advances laid the foundation for a distinctive process adopted by the Official Referees’ Court which survives to this day, albeit enhanced and adapted to meet the challenges of the digital age. In many respects, and as suggested in the earlier contributions, Newbolt was far ahead of his times, although it is important to appreciate also that he was driven largely by the impact of post-World War I austerity and the economic pressures of the Great Depression which stretched judicial resources. In some respects, there may be an almost historical correlation between his times and today—a period of austerity followed by an unexpected pandemic, exacerbated by interruptions to trading relationships. The pandemic of 1918 is said to have had greater consequences than the World War, imperial preference, protectionism and the depression. The experience of those times may have some relevance to our own. In this article, however, a comparison is drawn between Newbolt’s ‘Scheme’ and the subsequent access to justice reforms in England and Wales, demonstrating in many respects a certain degree of equivalence in the objectives of Lord Woolf and Sir Francis. This may be equated with my experience as a solicitor who practised in the Official Referees Court, which then became the Technology and Construction Court. That court inherited the practice derived from Newbolt’s experiments and enabled a more efficient form of case management broadly conforming to the objectives of access to justice.
 Keywords: case management; official referees; innovative procedure.

RETRACTED: Design of embedded system of volleyball training assistant decision support based on association rules

ABSTRACT Volleyball generally determined by two judges and two lines hosted. In the first volleyball net official referees in the table is positioned at the opposite side of the raised platform. The first referee does not move around, but they need to stand for long periods, usually 45 min to two hours, depending on the length of the game, while maintaining a high level of focus and alertness. The second referee assists and stood first referee make a call, primarily focused on network play across the floor. Volleyball is a fast-moving, the area contains. Therefore, it is possible to follow the action visually, look at the small details are very important. Volleyball officials must always stay alert and focused during playback, so as not to miss a beat. Ref 12 feet along a second transfer region and a first edge opposite the lateral movement of the referee and the ball game. The judge of the production line stood on the opposite corner throughout the game, and the contact with the in and out call to assist the first referee and search for the ball on the net blocked. Judges need excellent eyesight, good judgment and agility, move up and down the sideline to get the ball and avoid collisions with the best perspective of the player.

A Hierarchical Hand Gesture Recognition Framework for Sports Referee Training-Based EMG and Accelerometer Sensors.

To cultivate professional sports referees, we develop a sports referee training system, which can recognize whether a trainee wearing the Myo armband makes correct judging signals while watching a prerecorded professional game. The system has to correctly recognize a set of gestures related to official referee's signals (ORSs) and another set of gestures used to intuitively interact with the system. These two gesture sets involve both large motion and subtle motion gestures, and the existing sensor-based methods using handcrafted features do not work well on recognizing all kinds of these gestures. In this work, deep belief networks (DBNs) are utilized to learn more representative features for hand gesture recognition, and selective handcrafted features are combined with the DBN features to achieve more robust recognition results. Moreover, a hierarchical recognition scheme is designed to first recognize the input gesture as a large or subtle motion gesture, and the corresponding classifiers for large motion gestures and subtle motion gestures are further used to obtain the final recognition result. Moreover, the Myo armband consists of eight-channel surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors and an inertial measurement unit (IMU), and these heterogeneous signals can be fused to achieve better recognition accuracy. We take basketball as an example to validate the proposed training system, and the experimental results show that the proposed hierarchical scheme considering DBN features of multimodality data outperforms other methods.

Multisensor-Based 3D Gesture Recognition for a Decision-Making Training System

This article demonstrates a gesture recognition method using multiple Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors, which can record acceleration and rotation information for hand joints. The proposed gesture recognition method comprises frequency ConvNet and TemporalNet to extract the representative features within a sliding window of IMU signals for recognizing various types of hand gestures. To validate the proposed gesture recognition method, basketball official referee signals (ORSs), which comprise sixty-five types of gestures including both large motion hand movement and subtle motion hand movement, are utilized as the main recognition task to evaluate the proposed method. The evaluation results reveal the proposed recognition model can achieve convinced performance, which outperforms other existing works. In addition, the satisfied performance of the proposed recognition model encourages us to develop a decision-making training (DMT) system for cultivating basketball referees. The results of subjective evaluations by the recruited 20 participants indicate the training system based on the proposed gestures recognition method can efficiently strengthen the decision-making skills of users.

Judicial Experiments in Caseflow Management 1920-1970

This article explores the evolution of a subordinate judicial office of the Official Referee which was the revolutionary creation of the Judicature Commission of 1872. What is described here is the innovation and evolution of a rudimentary form of case management more than 70 years before its formal introduction in the English courts under the Civil Procedure Rules. This article considers evidence of that evolution as well as the innovations and experiments of judges ahead of their time: Sir Francis Newbolt and his successor Official Referees. It argues that the consensual and business-like approach adopted by Newbolt and others facilitated earlier settlement by means of judicial encouragement during discussions in chambers at an early interlocutory stage. It considers the extent to which Newbolt’s Scheme focused on what Marc Galanter has described as ‘quality of outcome’ and attempts to place this study in the context of the approach taken by Galanter. Such study would not be complete without reference to the work of the late Simon Roberts, which saw civil courts as being transformed into instruments of structured negotiation.

Self-Handicapping and Self-Esteem Levels of Taekwondo Referees

This study investigated the self-handicapping and self-esteem levels of taekwondo referees. The population was consisted of 437 Taekwondo referees which serve as official referees in the Turkish Taekwondo Federation and the study group was consisted of 82 active referees (female=36, male=46). Data were collected by inviting the referees to take part in the study during the Turkish Taekwondo Championships held in different cities. All the necessary written permissions including the ethics approval and permission from the central referee committee were obtained. Hitit University Ethics Committee approved the study. The volunteers were asked to give written consent. Statistical analyses were held by using independent samples t test, one-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD as post-hoc and Pearson’s r. The level of significance was predetermined as .05 for all statistical analyses. To collect data, self-esteem scale by Rosenberg and self handicapping scale by Rhodewalt were used. The scales’ Turkish adaptations were done by Tukus and Akin, respectively. Statistical analyses revealed that taekwondo referees' self-handicapping scores were high and self esteem scores were moderate. The referees' self-handicapping scores were not significantly different by any variable. A significant difference in self-esteem scores by the place of residence was observed. It is concluded that additional researches should be done to set out the reasons for the high self-handicapping scores of taekwondo referees.

In Chancery: The Genesis of Micro Caseflow Management

This article explores an early example of subordinate judicial practice in England and Wales in which we may see some issues that later appear in the relationship between informal justice initiatives (especially alternative dispute resolution) and the civil justice system. Broadly speaking, the paper looks first at the symptoms of systemic failure in the pre-1873 system which led to the creation of the Official Referee’s office. It then considers the relevant recommendations of the Judicature Commissioners and the reasoning behind such recommendation, looking at both the macro- and the micro-levels, before exploring the referees’ diverse jurisdiction which provided a creative foundation for the evolution of interlocutory innovation. The article argues that structural realignment of the court system by the Judicature Commissioners was not sufficient in itself to eradicate all its encumbrances, but it indirectly empowered the referees to eventually bring about revolutionary procedural changes.

Recognition of basketball referee signals from real-time videos

Recognition of hand gestures (hand signals) is an active research area for human computer interaction with many possible applications. Automatic machine vision-based hand gesture interfaces for real-time applications require fast and extremely robust human, pose and hand detection, and gesture recognition. Attempting to recognize gestures performed by official referees in sports (such as basketball game) video places tough requirements on the image segmentation techniques. Here we propose an image segmentation technique based on the histogram of oriented gradients and local binary pattern (LBP) features, which allow recognizing the signals of basketball referee from recorded game videos and achieved an accuracy of 95.6% using LBP features and support vector machine for classification. Our results are relevant for real-time analysis of basketball game.

COMPARAÇÃO DO NÍVEL DE MOTIVAÇÃO DE ATLETAS DE FUTEBOL COM ALTO E BAIXO TEMPO JOGADO NAS PARTIDAS DA CATEGORIA SUB-20

An athlete’s motivation is deemed one of the most important elements to achieve success in sports career. The aim of this study was to compare the motivation level of football athletes with long playtime (LPT) and short playtime (SPT) in a competition. The study assessed 112 federated athletes (18.58±1.06 years old) participating in Minas Gerais’s Under-20 Football Championship (2015), by means of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). The athletes’ playtime (PT) in the championship’s qualifying rounds was registered through the analysis of 48 official referee report forms. The athletes were grouped according to their PT – SPT ≤25% (≤184 minutes) and LPT ≥75% (≥513 minutes). Results showed that those with LPT presented higher levels of self-determination and higher scores of intrinsic motivation compared to SPT athletes (p<0.05), and SPT athletes seemed less motivated in said competition (p<0.05). In conclusion, LPT athletes in official matches scored higher in self-determination and intrinsic motivation levels. On the other hand, those with SPT in official games showed higher demotivation compared to the former.

Incidence, Nature, and Pattern of Injuries to Referees in a Premier Football (Soccer) League

Background:Despite the crucial role of referees in a soccer match, few researchers have targeted the injury profile of referees in their studies. Understanding the incidence, nature, and pattern of injuries could provide important information for educational and preventative efforts at the international level.Hypothesis:The incidence rate and patterns of acute injuries to official referees of the Iranian Premier Football League during the 2009-2010 season are similar to those reported among referees in short-term international competitions such as FIFA World Cup.Study Design:Prospective cohort study.Methods:Demographic data for 74 referees, including 30 main referees and 44 assistant referees, were collected at the beginning of the season. To record injuries and refereeing time, weekly contact was made by a physician.Results:In total, 102 injuries were reported by referees during the football season. The incidence rates of injuries among referees during training and matches were 4.6 and 19.6 injuries per 1000 hours, respectively. Muscular and tendon injuries were found to be the most common type of injury, and the most common site of injury was the lower leg followed by the hip and groin.Conclusion:The results of this study are consistent with similar prospective studies evaluating injuries to referees over the course of a short-term tournament.Clinical Relevance:These findings provide a base for suggesting possible preventive recommendations in future studies.

Do Women Like Beetles?

One in three claims against surveyors arising out of surveys involves allegations relating to damp, rot or some other timber defect. There is a tendency for surveyors to be reluctant to make statements in reports regarding the active nature of such conditions, as this could prejudice the chances of a property transaction proceeding. Considers recent cases where surveyors′ liability for commenting on such defects has been the matter at issue. In particular, considers a very recent judgment, given in the Official Referees Courts in London. An Essex‐based surveyor was found to have been negligent in failing to warn clients in a survey report as to the severe structural damage that the death‐watch beetle was capable of causing to a timber‐framed farmhouse. The surveyor referred to this as woodworm infestation. Damages in excess of £100,000 inclusive of interest were awarded together with costs. Concludes by making clear the importance of distinguishing between common furniture beetle and death‐watch beetle.

The Death Watch Beetle Case

Reviews a recent case in the Official Referees Court where it was alleged that a surveyor did not give sufficient warning about the severe damage that the death watch beetle can do to a timber‐framed house.

Official Referees' Courts: Practice and Procedure by His Honour Judge John Newey

Official Referees' Courts: Practice and Procedure by His Honour Judge John Newey. Published by Butterworths, London (1988, XIV and 54 pp, including Contents, Index and Appendix). Soft Cover. Price £12.95 The Official Referee's Courts, which collectively exist as a de facto fourth division of the High Court, are in practice predominantly the judicial forum of the construction industry, although Official Referees Business is not necessarily confined to building and civil engineering matters. Nonetheless, outside the construction sphere their existence and specialisms are not readily appreciated. The vast bulk of the relevant law is to be found in the Rules of the Supreme Court, Order 36. The slim text written by His Honour Judge Newey, one of six Circuit Judges who discharge Official Referees' Business, provides an introductory and orderly statement of logistics, jurisdiction, procedure and practice, accompanied by an Appendix of Forms. It will doubtless offer beneficial assistance to the traveller for whom Offical Referees' Business is an unfamiliar byway. Within the construction industry, both domestically and internationally, there is much resort to arbitration, with the practice reinforced by arbitration clauses incorporated into standard form contracts and the promotion of arbitral services by professional institutions and organisations. Within the context of English jurisprudence it is noteworthy that application for leave to appeal and substantive appeals on questions of law arising out of awards, as provided for under the Arbitration Act 1979, are taken by the Official Referees' Courts when the award is a decision on a dispute which would qualify as Official Referees' Business. In …

New Developments in English Procedure: Commercial Judges leap-frog over Commercial Arbitrators

The first issue of Arbitration International contained a description of the way in which arbitration procedure had developed in England, with particular emphasis on the fact that (with specific judicial approval) arbitrators have increasingly moved away from the formal procedures of the English courts1. It is interesting that the English High Court is now leading the search for innovative means to reduce the length of oral hearings, formalising procedures which have evolved over the last few years by agreement of the parties, particularly in the Commercial Court and the Official Referees' Court in long trials involving many parties. Two important developments in relation to High Court procedure came into effect in October 1986 and have since been applied with a large measure of success. The first applies to proceedings in the Chancery Division, the Commercial Court, the Admiralty Court and Official Referee's business – excluding ordinary civil trials in the Queen's Bench Division2. The main change enables the court to order evidence of witnesses of fact to be exchanged in written form prior to the trial. On its own, such a provision would have only a relatively modest impact, extending rules already applicable to evidence of expert witnesses3. Many arbitrators have been following this path for some years in order to cut down the tedious and time-consuming ‘examination-in-chief’ of witnesses who give oral testimony. However, the new rule has a sting in its tail which is having a far-reaching effect. Where the court has made an order for the exchange of written witness statements, a party may not ‘lead’ any oral evidence from its witness unless the substance of that evidence has been included in his written statement, except by consent or with leave of the trial judge. Leave will be given in principle …

1983 Official Referee Chemists certified

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' SocietyVolume 60, Issue 8 p. 1486-1490 Inside AOCS 1983 Official Referee Chemists certified First published: 01 August 1983 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02666563AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume60, Issue8August 1983Pages 1486-1490 RelatedInformation

Call for nominations‐Award in Lipid chemistry... Official Referee Chemists

Call for nominations‐Award in Lipid chemistry... Official Referee Chemists

Official referee chemists

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' SocietyVolume 57, Issue 9 p. 697A-700A Inside AOCS Official referee chemists First published: 01 September 1980 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02662200AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume57, Issue9September 1980Pages 697A-700A RelatedInformation

Investigation of boundary value problems for elliptic systems of first order

This paper is the author's abstract of a dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Physicomathematical Sciences. The dissertation was defended November 2, 1972 at a session of the Scientific Council of the V. A. Steklov Mathematical Institute of the Academy of Sciences, USSR. Official referees: Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Professor A. V. Bitsadze, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Professor M. M. Lavrent'ev, and Doctor of Physicomathematical Sciences, Professor P. I. Lizorkin.