Official Recognition Research Articles

Human Nutrition and Dietetics: Understanding the Profession and Development Actions in Jordan

In Jordan, human nutrition and dietetics are among the most developed allied health professions, but documented information regarding its current status is generally not available. The purpose of this article is to clarify the status of this profession in the country and to trace the developmental activities that have taken place over the past five decades. Currently, there have been remarkable transitions in health attributes among Jordanians as related to nutritional status since fifty years ago. This is manifested in rapid dietary, socio-economic, epidemiologic, and demographic shifts. Accelerated changes have occurred in general health and nutritional status trends, including a decline in the incidence of infectious diseases, increased life expectancy, a surge in all levels of education, rise in urbanization, mechanization and market globalization, decreased physical activity, diets have become denser in energy and richer in carbohydrates, fat, and animal foods. Concordant troubling trends have been recorded for rising morbidity and mortality of major nutrition-related chronic disorders, particularly cardiometabolic risks including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, as well as cancer. Consistency with this transition, patterns of nutrition and dietetics profession services have increased steadily. There are 10 public and 17 private universities in Jordan. Six public and five private universities offer degrees in human nutrition. One offers a doctoral degree, four offer a master's degree, and all eleven universities offer bachelor's degrees in human nutrition and/or dietetics or both. In line with these changes, the human nutrition and dietetics profession has gained significant official recognition and legal status permitting certification or licensing and consultation and private practice. However, additional legislative and regulatory attributes, internships and in-service training programs, and national diet manuals are required for such progress to continue at a steady pace. Therefore, there is a need for an official body to shape the landscape of the profession of human nutrition and dietetics in accordance with international standards.

European Federation of Periodontology Survey of Postgraduate and Specialist Training in Europe in 2020.

AimsThe survey's aim was to establish which universities and other educational organisations deliver postgraduate and specialist training in Periodontology in the 31 countries who are members of the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and to obtain details of how these programmes are organised, funded, regulated and evaluated.MethodsA questionnaire and covering letter were emailed to all national periodontal societies. The questions were on the name of country, official recognition, training programmes, entry to specialist training, specialist training assessment and recognition after completion of training.ResultsTwenty‐nine (93%) of national periodontal societies responded. Key findings included the following: Periodontology was reported as being recognised at a national level in 17 countries, there was a three‐year full‐time programme in 12 countries, no fees were charged for specialist training in 10 countries, in 14 countries trainees received annual salaries, end of training (summative) assessments varied from country to country, 12 countries reported that they had a requirement for specialists in Periodontology to complete continuing education to maintain registration as specialists.ConclusionsThis survey has established which universities and other educational organisations deliver postgraduate and specialist training in Periodontology and how these programmes are organised, funded, regulated and evaluated. To provide uniformly high‐quality periodontal care for patients in all European countries, further harmonisation of postgraduate and specialty training in Periodontology would be advantageous.

Legal nature and place of judicial precedent in the system of sources of law of Ukraine

This article is devoted to the analysis of the essence of judicial precedent as a source of law in Ukraine, its legal nature and the definition of the place among the sources of national law. The issue of judicial precedent, its role has worried many scholars of the Soviet Union, and now it is the focus of many scholars and is central to the study of jurisprudence. Given the determination of the place of precedent among the sources of law, a general analysis of the system of sources of law in Ukraine is conducted.
 During the analysis the structure of judicial precedent is considered on the example of the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, several alternative definitions of the term "judicial precedent" are given. Some scholars suggest that "judicial precedent" is a decision based on a general rule of law created by a court that courts of the same or lower instance must comply with, and that their decisions in future cases should be based on this rule of law. The article establishes the role of judicial precedent in the legal system of Ukraine, emphasizes its importance in that it significantly increases the motivation of court decisions.
 Attention is also paid to the decision of the European Court of Human Rights - a typical example of judicial precedent - as a mandatory source of law in Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the positive and negative consequences of the official recognition of judicial precedent as a source of law in Ukraine. Considerable attention is also paid to the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and the legal positions of the Supreme Court.
 The authors emphasize the recommendatory nature, in addition to the precedents of the European Court of Human Rights, judicial precedent as a source of law. This is confirmed by the thesis that the rule of law can be reflected in laws and regulations, as judicial precedent is not officially recognized as a source of law in Ukraine, it is believed that court decisions do not create rules of law. The authors emphasize the need for recognition at the legislative level of judicial precedent as a source of law.

The history of the formation and development of methods of radiation diagnostics in perinatology

The article is devoted to the historical aspects of the emergence and development of methods of radiology diagnostics in perinatology — a science that studies the perinatal period and is at the junction of two disciplines: obstetrics and pediatrics. The official recognition of perinatal medicine as an independent direction took place in economically developed countries in 1976 (8 years after the first Congress on Perinatology), when the European Scientific Society of Perinatology was created. One of the most important tasks of perinatology is to assess the condition of the fetus and extrafetal structures, which include the placenta, umbilical cord, fetal membranes. As part of the development of perinatology, new areas of medical science have arisen and continue to actively develop, including radiology diagnostics in perinatology. Currently, during pregnancy, from radiology diagnostic methods, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are safe and informative. The emergence and development of classical X-ray diagnostics is considered separately in the article. Attention is drawn to the current state of the methods of radiology diagnostics when used in perinatology, the order of appointment, indications and contraindications, advantages and disadvantages. The study of the history of the development of radiology imaging in perinatology makes it possible to trace the dynamics of the development of this industry, to analyze the stages of the formation of instrumental research methods during pregnancy. Thanks to the constant development of technology, a large amount of accumulated experience in radiology imaging during pregnancy, the creation of international communities for diagnostics in perinatology and the formation of interdisciplinary approaches for the management of pregnancy, it has become possible to quickly, safely and non-invasively receive information about the condition of a pregnant woman and a fetus.

Controlled Religious Plurality: Possibilities for Covenantal Pluralism in Vietnam

Historically, Vietnamese approaches to religion are highly inclusive, with flexibly overlapping religious traditions and ritual practices built on a substratum of ancestor worship. As Vietnam was colonized and became independent, religion became politicized, institutionalized, and separated from the “secular” state, which sought to bring religious practices in line with new state orthodoxies. With a new understanding of “religion” predicated on the Christian model, Vietnam adopted a model of state-religion-society relations that emphasizes not only rights but also obligations, active cooperation between state and religion, and respect for all religions which are declared equal before the law, largely in response to international demands to incorporate the universal model of religious freedom. Yet, the Vietnamese state still perceives religion as a competing source of authority. Consequently, some religions are not considered for official recognition and their followers, such as highland ethnic minorities, are treated as sub-citizens by their own state. Occasionally, their conversion is misread by the rest of society as the rejection of Vietnamese culture. The failure to consider ethnic minorities as modern subjects and state citizens on a par with the Kinh (Vietnamese) majority prevents Vietnam from achieving full-fledged covenantal pluralism.

Regulating Fintech in Russia: The Issues Raised from the Absence of Legal Definition

Introduction. Financial technology or fintech is one of the most discussed problems of the modern digitalization. Particular attention is paid to describing what the fintech industry is, how it relates to traditional financial regulation and to what extent the official recognition of financial technologies can affect economic regulation and the global economy. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The article examines the concept of fintech and the regulatory as- pects of the so-called “sandbox”, which allows, being based on the comparative legal method and the method of legal expertise, to extrapolate specific problems to the entire situation in the field of fintech regulation. The author offers an overview of the main stages of the formation of legislation on financial technologies and examines the role of the Bank of Russia in this process. Results. Arguing about the consequences of such a concentration of regulatory mechanisms in the banking sector, the author thinks about the actual leveling of digitalization of banks with banking financial technologies in the science and practice of the Russian Federation. Based on a brief review of academic approaches to the definition of financial technologies, the author draws a number of parallels that allow one to outline the reasons for judicial errors and the reasons for excluding changes in fintech legislation from the attention of domestic courts, and draws conclu- sions about the general and particular consequences of the current situation. Discussion and Conclusion. During the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the scien- tific opinion about the development of the fintech industry and the need for its regulation in the Russian Federation is based on a narrow understanding of fintech itself and the peculiarities of introducing financial technologies into the practice of services. The author believes that the par- adigm for the development of the domestic fintech market is focused on the so-called banking fintech, when financial technologies are consumed and built into the ecosystem of specific banks’ activities and are not provided by non-banking entities. This leads to the fact that legislative regu- lation focuses on the development of banking law and, at the same time, excludes from the atten- tion of the legislator and the main regulator – the Central Bank of the Russian Federation – other areas, such as, for example, insurance or non-banking investment. This situation makes it pos- sible to ask the question of how much the image of fintech, formed in domestic law, corresponds to its actual state and market development, and in what proportion is the process of digitalization of traditional banking services understood by fintech.

The Role of Ataturk and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in the Treaties of Moscow and Kars

In the article we study the historical circumstances of conclusion and the significance of the Treaty of Moscow and Treaty of Kars in 1921 for both Turkey and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and participation Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha – Ataturk and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (GNAT) in preparing and signing of these documents.
 A study of these documents shows that during the preparation and conduct of negotiations between the representatives of the Soviet and Turkish sides, the young Soviet state decided to support the unrecognized the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM), created by Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha – Ataturk.
 The Moscow Treaty was the first official recognition of the independence and equality by the Soviet Russia towards the new Turkey, which was fighting against the Entente states and the Anglo-Greek intervention. The objective role of Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in preparing and signing of the Treaty of Moscow and the Treaty of Kars is given only in the context of that time: the geopolitical aspirations of all stakeholders and the real historical events.

Exemption from criminal liability as a means of crime prevention in the field of trafficking narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors and other crimes against public health

Prevention occupies a leading place in the legal means of combating crimes in the field of drug trafficking, along with the detection, detection, investigation, appointment and serving of punishment for their commission, and so on. Exemptions from criminal liability have the task of providing legal protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, property, public order and public safety, environment, constitutional system of Ukraine from criminal encroachments, ensuring peace and security of mankind, as well as crime prevention (Part 1 of Art. 1 Criminal Code). Chapter XIII of the Special Part of the Criminal Code “Crimes in the field of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors and other crimes against public health” contains five types of exemption from criminal liability. They, as well as general types of exemption from criminal liability, in their content have common features: 1) are carried out exclusively by the court on behalf of the state; 2) apply to the person who committed the crime; 3) consist in refusal of official condemnation, sentencing and recognition of a person as a convict. In drug cases, the most common are Articles 307 and 309 of the Criminal Code. According to Art. 307 for the last year 4 865 persons were condemned, and Art. 309 – 15 137. While in 2017 there were 2 758 and 13 682 such persons, respectively. It is concluded that the special exemption from criminal liability as a means of preventing crimes in the field of drug trafficking, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors is aimed at self-disclosure of persons who committed minor crimes in the field of drug trafficking, as well as revealing the source of their acquisition or otherwise obtained. In addition, the prevention of drug trafficking is carried out by facilitating the detection of crimes related to drug trafficking. Special exemption from criminal liability, in the case of a certain set of positive post-criminal behavior in the field of drug trafficking, is imperative for the court and final for the perpetrator, and the person who committed it is recognized as having no criminal record.

FlorentBédécarrats, IsabelleGuérin, FrançoisRoubaud (Eds.) Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development: A Critical PerspectiveOxford University Press, 2020, 448 p., $100.00

FlorentBédécarrats, IsabelleGuérin, FrançoisRoubaud (Eds.) Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development: A Critical PerspectiveOxford University Press, 2020, 448 p., $100.00

The Occupation of Havana: War, Trade, and Slavery in the Atlantic World

The Occupation of Havana: War, Trade, and Slavery in the Atlantic World

The New European Parties without Registration in the EU

This article presents an analysis of the activities of ten new European parties that do not yet have official registration in the European Union: the Europe-Democracy-Esperanto, the New Europeans, European Party of Individual Freedoms, the European Pirate Party, the European Party for Animal Rights, the European Federalist Party, Volt Europe, the Movement for Democracy in Europe 2025, and Now the People, which have appeared on the European political arena in the last 15-20 years, do not yet have official recognition, Nevertheless, their representatives participate in pan-European and national elections, sometimes quite successfully. A brief historical overview of the emergence and formation of each of these parties is given, their ideological platforms and membership base are presented. The results of their participation in the European elections are considered and it is noted with which factions of European parties in the European Parliament the MEPs elected from these parties cooperate. In conclusion, an analysis of the future prospects for the development of these parties is presented.

Mediterranean diet as intangible heritage of humanity: 10 years on

Ten years ago the Mediterranean diet was inscribed into the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This official recognition of the Mediterranean diet as intangible cultural heritage, and awareness of its significance, has provided us with a measure with which to monitor our path in the field. Indeed, the last ten years has seen several undertakings with varying implications in the years to come. Emphasis on safeguarding the intangible heritage of the Mediterranean diet and activities to avoid possible erosions which may affect it at a national, regional and local level have taken centre stage. Preserving our heritage also recognized the importance of further research and we ask what needs to be focused on over the next ten years. Gradually, several myths and misconceptions associated with the traditional Mediterranean diet have emerged and should be clearly addressed and dispelled, particularly those that label as “Mediterranean” an eating pattern that is not in line with the traditional diet. Going beyond physical health benefits, the Mediterranean diet naturally infuses any reference to ‘Sustainability’ by pure definition as ideally, sustainable diets are protective and respectful of biodiversity, culturally acceptable, accessible, economically affordable, nutritionally adequate, and safe and healthy. As our ‘Regional’ Mediterranean diet becomes the base for a global reference diet with all the acknowledged benefits, we agree that ‘humanity as a whole’ will benefit from its preservation and scientific-based evidence. A true ‘intangible cultural heritage of humanity’.

Intimate Labor at Biomedical Frontlines: Situated Knowledges of Female Community Health Workers in the Management of COVID-19 in India

Media reports of the COVID-19 pandemic in India have highlighted the important role that India’s female community health workers, the Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), have played in managing COVID infections in India. This paper explores the epistemic basis of ASHA work to understand the significance of their role. Through a discourse analysis of textual media articles, we show that the ASHAs’ routine and COVID-related caregiving practices are a form of embodied, intimate labor rooted in their situated, community-oriented knowledge. This labor is devalued as emotional and feminized care work, which denies the ASHAs professional status in the public healthcare system of India and, in turn, reflects a hierarchy among health practitioners that stems from the status of objectivity/disembodiment in biomedicine. We find that, despite their low status in the public health system, ASHA workers develop a self-concept that enables them to self-identify as healthcare professionals, motivating them to continue providing essential healthcare services during the pandemic. We argue that an official recognition of the epistemic value of ASHA work would help to overcome the age-old nature/culture dichotomy that informs what counts as valuable, legitimate, formal medical knowledge. Furthermore, our analysis provides a critique of the gendered devaluation of care work within a political economy of health increasingly dictated by a neoliberal logic.

The Reception of Karl Briullov’s Last Day of Pompeii at the Salon of 1834

In 1834 Karl Briullov’s painting The Last Day of Pompeii became the first work of Russian art to attract international attention, earning a first-class medal at the Paris Salon after a laudatory response in Rome and Milan. Its European success made it the most significant Russian painting of the period. Despite its official recognition, its reception in the French press was largely, though not entirely, negative. The painting’s complex reception stemmed from a reassessment of history painting, French perceptions of Italy and Russia during the July Monarchy, and misinformation about Briullov himself.

The psychoanalytic psychotherapy endeavour in the Greek public sector

The paper maps the services that provide psychoanalytic psychotherapy for children, adolescents and adults in the Greek public sector, the research projects that contribute to the development of psychoanalytic research, along with the training in psychoanalytic psychotherapy available in Greece. It underlines the lack of adequate psychotherapeutic services available to the Greek population, an unfortunate fact considering the troubled times that the Greek society has been through in the recent years (socio-economic crisis, refugee crisis, etc.). Finally, it discusses one of the prominent problems psychoanalytic psychotherapists in Greece face, that is the absence of official recognition of the specialty or title of ‘psychoanalytic psychotherapist’, as a psychotherapist is not a registered profession in Greece.

The Euromaidan Revolution, Reforms and Decommunisation in Ukraine

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Ukraine’s adoption of four decommunisation laws in April 2015, their implementation and the controversy they generated. The first section analyses changes in Ukrainian memory politics prior to 2014. In 2006, the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance (Ukrainskyi Instytut Natsionalnoi Pamiat—UINP) was established but given meagre resources by President Viktor Yushchenko; pro-Russian political forces were opposed to both the Holodomor recognised as a genocide and official recognition of the Ukrainian resistance movement. The second section provides an analysis of Ukraine’s decommunisation process which was made possible by: the Euromaidan Revolution; collapse of pro-Russian political forces; election of a large pro-European parliamentary coalition; and the impact of Russian military aggression on Ukrainian attitudes to Russia and Ukrainian national identity. Together these four factors reduced opposition and energised those who supported decommunisation. In the third section we argue that six criticisms of Ukraine’s decommunisation raised by Western and Ukrainian scholars were exaggerated and misplaced.

The Ambiguous Beginnings of the Modern Mission Movements in the Reformed Church of Transylvania Between 1895 and 1918

Abstract This study looks at the ways how the Reformed Church encountered the new modern mission movement in Transylvania with the arrival of Dr. Béla Kenessey and Dr. István Kecskeméthy to the newly established Reformed Theological Seminary at Cluj in 1895. By the time being, some theologians expressed grave concerns about the dangers of theological liberalism to the Confessions. The paper argues that these young professors, touched by the mission movement and revival also sought to encompass those who had an evangelistic fervor to reach unbelievers and to serve those people in their personal and social needs. As a result, Christian Covenant was established in 1896, with official recognition in 1903 as the Christian Endeavor. It is hoped to unfold the major shifts regarding the attitudes to mission in the Reformed Church of Hungary and throw lights on ambiguous beginnings of mission movements.

Morphological Features of Nigerian Pidgin in the Football Commentary

The aim of this paper is to analyze and describe the various morphological features that embody commentary in Nigerian Pidgin (NP). The data for this study were drawn from 2018 FIFA World Cup that was hosted in Russia. Pidgin commentary was run and aired on a channel on Digital Satellite Television (DSTV). The pidgin commentaries of the two Semi-Finals between France and Belgium as well as Croatia and England and the Final between Croatia and France were tape-recorded for analysis. The theoretical orientation relies largely on the Item and Process theory (IP) of descriptive morphological analysis popularized. Findings show that reduplication, compounding and affixation are widely used while blending, clipping and conversion are averagely used in the Pidgin commentary data. It is further revealed that acronymy and abbreviations are uncommon morphological features of NP commentary. The study concludes that the characterization of NP commentary with productive morphological features indicates that the language has the stamina to express all facets of our daily life. It is therefore crucial for the government to support the language with official recognition so that it will continue to contribute significantly to national cohesion in Nigeria.

Anomaly Detection in Reservoir Water Level Data Using the LSTM Model Based on Deep Learning

Weather and hydrological phenomena have been changing due to climate change as evidenced by localized torrential rainfall and precipitation falling by more than 30% compared to the annual average. From 2013 to 2017 the ninety-nine reservoirs reached a water storage rate of 0%, making a secure stable water supply for agriculture uncertain. There is an increased need for information regarding agricultural water management to respond to the changes in the agricultural environment and climate. Therefore, automatic water level measurement facilities have been introduced to determine the real-time reservoir storage capacity and agricultural water supply. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs' guidelines for the installation and operation of water level measurement instruments, automatic water level facilities are currently installed at 1,734 reservoirs and 1,880 irrigation canals, with water level data generated at 10-minute intervals. The official recognition of hydrological water level data for agricultural reservoirs increased from six in 2016 to forty-nine in 2019. Anomaly detection algorithm methods for data regarding the agricultural reservoir level as well as quality control measures based on agricultural reservoir characteristics are required to minimize data quality degradation and generate reliable hydrological data over time. Though it was practically impossible to analyze the correlation between the water level or run-off and influential factors such as weather and terrain, recently a non-linear hydrological analysis has been possible using models such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This study aims to present an anomaly detection algorithm for reservoir level data using deep learning based LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) models, in combination with other neural networks for managing quantitative information of agricultural water supply.

Italian civilian victims of war: assistance, legislation and war pensions from Fascism to Republic

ABSTRACT Between 1940 and 1945 Italy experienced all the trials of total war. Subsequently, Italian historiography has focused on reconstructing the causes of civilian losses during the conflict. Much less attention has been paid to official recognition of, and assistance to, the members of the civil population who survived the conflict. This article will show how the inadequate legislative preparations made by the Fascist regime for total war had an adverse impact on requests for assistance from survivors. It will also reveal how the continuity between Fascism and the early Republican years as regards welfare and legislation continued to hamper victims’ access to support and assistance. Finally, it explores how personal judicial battles conducted by individual victims shifted the paradigm of legislation and opened the way for a broader recognition of victims’ rights by the state.