Official Press Research Articles

Re-Thinking of History in Glasnost-Period Georgian Official Press

This article represents the independent part of the broad academic project conducted by the author at Tbilisi State University. The article, on the basis of triangulation content analysis of four official publications of the Glasnost-period Soviet Georgia during 1986-1990, studies the trends of the process of re-writing of the past declared by the last Soviet Authorities. The main focus of the article is an inter-replacement of official and unofficial versions of histories in Georgia, or expressing more imaginably—yesterday as today or restoration of historical truth and justice as ideological change. The author concerns discursive and non-discursive realities in Glasnost-Period official press in Soviet Georgia. The term “official publications” implies newspapers that were official bodies of the Soviet and communist-party authorities of Georgia. The range of these publications in the article includes Georgian-language and Russian-language dailies, as well as the official youth press in both languages. The hypotheses of the study are posed to: 1) the time dimension of the re-assessment of history; and 2) the ideological platform of the re-interpretation of history. The article studies a really unique historical period when the official Soviet power and the informal power of the National Liberation Movement, official communist publications and the party press of newly established parties with different political ideologies coexisted in the conditions of one sociopolitical formation. The main findings of the article can be formulated as follows: 1) the official press of Georgia, despite the freedom of speech allowed from above and the vaguely restricted boundaries of this freedom, did not use the strategies of time-shifting discourse in reproducing history in constructing the Glasnost narrative, and 2) the official press of Georgia still covered historical events from the Marxist-Leninist platform.

Divadelní fotografie a jejich autoři ve sbírce Národního muzea: Josef Heinrich a Čestmír Jírů – neznámí či zapomenutí?

Theater photographs as a visual source of theater history have been consistently collected in the National Museum since 1924. Historical images created by studios after 1859 give only limited evidence of the appearance of characters in theater plays. The article describes the specifics of recording and technical limitations in studios until the end of the long 19th century. The first professional photographer working for one theater – Josef Heinrich. Between 1936 and 1950, he filmed 405 productions of all National Theater ensembles. Originally a reportage photographer of the Czechoslovak press office, Čestmír Jírů stood on the sidelines of the researchers’ interest. After documenting political events and working for a postcard manufacturer, he took a unique set of lifestyle photos of actors of all generations – at home, at hobby work, with family members.

Commemoration and Memorialization of Ahiska (Meskhetian) Turks in Türkiye Foreign Ministry’s Commemoration Statements-(2015-2021)

This study aims at exploring press release regarding Anniversaries of the Deportation of Ahiska (Meskhetian) Turks from their homeland commemoration statement by Ministry of Turkey Foreign Affairs. Therefore, this article is based on the single official documents as a primary resource. Only one primary source is used to gather empirical data which extracted from Turkish Foreign Ministry official website. Turkey has been celebrating the Ahiska (Meskhetian) Turks Commemoration Anniversary between 2015 and 2021 with a gap in 2016 in which it was not released for the unknown reason. The span time for this research has chosen according to the available official press release and official letter by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The text content analysis is applied to commemoration statements to find the nature of the language used in the letters to define and underline Turkey approach to the community using the commemorative language. It concluded to verify the correlations between transnationalism, commemoration and diasporaziation process with analysis content of the commemoration letters.

The Afghan Question in Russian Conservative Opinion Journalism in the Mid-1880s

In the first half of the reign of Alexander III (1881–1894), Russia took several important steps to strengthen its position in Central Asia. The annexation of the city of Merv, the Iolatan and Panjdekh oases in 1884–1885 led to territorial disputes with Afghanistan over the southern Turkmen lands and to a clash with an Afghan detachment on the Kushka River. The latter event nearly brought the political confrontation between St Petersburg and London over influence in the region to the brink of a full-scale military conflict. The peace settlement resulted in the work of a mixed British-Russian commission to determine the western part of the Russian-Afghan border, which culminated in the signing of an agreement in 1888. These events did not elude the attention of the Russian public. Leading national periodicals reported on the situation on the southern borders of the empire. In this article, the author attempts to characterise the views of influential Russian conservative authors of those years on Russian policy in Afghanistan in the mid-1880s and to analyse the extent to which their foreign policy proposals coincided with the actions of the Russian government. The study draws on the publications of the most influential representatives of the conservative press, as well as official press articles on events on the Russian-Afghan border, published during the period when the Russian-British confrontation in the region (1884–1886) was at its peak. The author concludes that, despite Alexander III's sympathy for conservative views and those who expressed them, the government did not accept a single proposal from conservative publicists regarding Russian policy at the borders of Afghanistan.

A mulher do garimpo: o romance autobiográfico de Nenê Macaggi em Roraima*

Abstract This text proposes to contextualize and analyze the novel by Maria (Nenê) Macaggi (1913-2003), “ A mulher do garimpo: o romance no extremo sertão do Amazonas ” (The woman from the garimpo: the romance in the Amazon’s extreme backlands), published in 1976 by the Official Press of Manaus, drawing a parallel with the author’s biographical trajectory. In the 40’s, Nenê Macaggi participated in an expedition to the northern region of the country and ended up settling in Roraima. It was in the region of the Tepequem and Cotingo rivers, where Nenê discovered the garimpo and worked as an indigenist for the Indian Protection Service (SPI). Several excerpts from the author’s fictional narrative resonate with her trajectory and based on the novel, it is possible to think about historical and gender aspects of artisanal small-scale mining, currently also called garimpo in Brazil. The book tells the story of two characters: Ádria, an orphan born in a tenement in Rio de Janeiro. She was raised as a boy, thus “turning” into José Otávio. As an adult, he migrates to the Amazon region, traveling through several cities, stopping at a mine located at the time in the Territory of Rio Branco, today the State of Roraima. Also Pedro Rocha, a migrant from Ceará to the north of the country, who became a gold miner, but also an extractor of the Amazon’s natural riches: rubber tree, natural rubber (caucho and balata) and Brazilnut. The present article also intends to extract information about the garimpo and the gold miners in Roraima, in the second half of the 20th century, present in the descriptions of some chapters of the novel. By presenting elements that can be highlighted in the universe of the garimpo of this region and time, which may come to collaborate towards a better historical understanding of artisanal mining or prospecting in this region. Divided into two parts: trajectory and novel, the article tries to relate literary text and biographical elements of the novelist's work in relation to mining, in order to explore its proximity to the context and history of the mining theme in Roraima.

ПРЕСА ЖИТОМИРЩИНИ В ПЕРІОД ДРУГОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ: ЯКІСНИЙ АНАЛІЗ

38 newspaper editions of the Zhytomyr region during the Second World War (1939-1945) was selected as the object of the study. The subject of the study is the conditions of origin of newspapers, the peculiarities of their operation and time of publication, as well as the features of the materials of these publications. Research methods are traditional analysis (qualitative); historical method; logical method; synthesis; generalization. It is expedient to divide newspaper editions into legal editions of the Ukrainian independence movement; official German publications; underground Soviet publications; underground nationalist publications. After the occupation, the first newspapers began to appear in the Zhytomyr region in late summer and early autumn 1941, and the most were influenced by the independence movement. Immediately, the occupying German authorities, using censorship, launched a propaganda campaign about the benefits of the "new order". From the end of November 1941, the publications came under the control of the occupying German government and became its main information and propaganda body. One of the tools of alternative propaganda influence on the local population was the underground Soviet periodicals. For some time an underground nationalist publication was published in the region but had no significant impact on the population. Since 1944 (the time of the return of the Soviet army) all publications of the Ukrainian independence movement, the German official press and nationalist periodicals have ceased to be published. Only one of the underground pro-Soviet newspapers, which became official, continued to be published. Comparison of the number of publications on the territory of Zhytomyr region in the war, pre-war and post-war periods gives grounds to hypothesize that the possible dependence of the number of publications from the degree of freedom of the press. The study of foreign language periodicals, in particular in Polish, remains promising.

London Journal “The Ukraine”: The Unknown Page of Western Ukrainian Studies

The article claims a virtually unknown page in the history of Western Ukrainian studies about one of the first English-language journals, “The Ukraine”, published by a handful of Ukrainian patriots-statesmen in London, during 1919–1920. It was a weekly bulletin published by the Ukrainian Press Office in London. It operated under the auspices of the Diplomatic Mission of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) in London and was located at 38 Cursitor Street, London EC4. 35 issues were published. The set of all issues of the bulletin is stored in the British Library (London).The author of this article worked with this set, as well as with the archival materials on this topic found in Taras Shevchenko Archive-Library of the Union of Ukrainians in Great Britain during his recent research internship in London.Mykola Stakhovskyi, the head of the diplomatic mission of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in London, was responsible for the publication's editorial policy. He was a physician by profession, but gained journalistic experience in Kyiv when, after the 1905 revolution, edited “Borotba”, a newspaper of the Ukrainian Social Democrats.The purpose of the bulletin was to provide reliable information about Ukraine, which was given mainly by members of the emergency Ukrainian diplomatic mission.The main thematic areas of the publication were as follows: publication of official documents and materials of the UPR government; appeals of official and public organizations and movements to the global community regarding the recognition of Ukraine and its moral and material support; reviews of the British and foreign press in the context of the “Ukrainian question”; the real state of affairs in the Polish-occupied territories of Western Ukraine; facts of oppression by the Polish and Soviet authorities on the territory of underground and sub-Soviet Ukraine; reviews of the British and world press about the events in and around Ukraine.The significance of this unique publication lies primarily in the fact that it was a convincing and aggressive promoter of the Ukrainian cause not only in the United Kingdom but also in Western Europe. A number of analytical and informative materials of this bulletin, concerning Ukrainian-British and Ukrainian-Polish relations in particular, have not lost their relevance even today. It would be advisable to republish them in separate editions.

Problems and prospects for the development of human rights journalism

The article is devoted to media coverage of human rights protection, namely the problems and prospects for the development of human rights journalism in Ukraine. Human protection, adherence to the fundamental principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Basic Law of Ukraine are the basis of freedom, justice and universal peace. Violation by the media of a wide range of media — from human integration and development in society to sensitive conflict issues, voices of people with disabilities, the elderly, vulnerable groups, etc. — shows adherence to democratic principles of statehood, humanism and freedom of speech. Advocacy or advocacy journalism is participatory journalism, and the journalist is a direct participant who seeks to protect those who find themselves in a difficult situation by changing the situation itself, resolving the conflict, andexpressing one’s own opinion. Today, with the intensification of social processes in society, socio-economic and environmental conflicts, emphasis should be placed on personal (civil, political, economic, social, cultural and environmental) rights and freedoms that ensure the right of everyone to a safe life, health, free access to information, the right to the state of the environment, the quality of food and household items, etc. For the development of human rights journalism, it would be appropriate to increase the number and quality of publications in the media, which cover the problems of all vulnerable groups (children, adolescents, people with disabilities, prisoners, women / men, gender, etc.), use correct terminology in accordance with human rights), the balance of authenticity and judgments from the facts is observed (the standard of separation of facts), the avoidance of hate speech, the materials of one’s own analysis prevail (without reprinting official press releases of the authorities). This study aims to increase the sensitivity of the media to socially vulnerable groups and the protection of human rights. One of the solutions to the problem is to highlight the problems and prospects for the development of human rights journalism in Ukraine. Strengthening the media to the standard of reliability through quality work with sources of information, the use of correct terminology and improving the performance of their own journalistic materials and is the most important in the development of human rights journalism.

Powiat opatowski w czasie I wojny światowej w świetle doniesień „Dziennika Urzędowego C. i K. Komendy Obwodowej w Opatowie” (1915–1918)

As a result of the military operations conducted in mid-1915, the area of the former Radom Governorate, including the Opatów County, was under the Austrian occupation. The new government, similarly to the times of the Polish Kingdom, published the official press in the lands it had occupied. In the Kielce region, i.e., in the former Kielce and Radom governorates, from 1915, 16 official occupation dailies were published. The group of these periodicals includes the „Dziennik Urzędowy C. i K. Komendy Obwodowej w Opatowie” which is the subject of this article. The magazine was published from September 1, 1915 to August 22, 1918. It published regulations, rules and announcements of the General Military Governorate in Lublin, under which the Opatów County/District was administratively subordinate, and the orders of the local occupation authorities. The periodical in the question is now a valuable source of the information about the life and activities of the population of Opatów and its vicinity in the years 1915–1918.

Las Salas de Prensa Virtual como herramientas de Relaciones Públicas para la comunicación con los medios en Cuba. Un estado de la cuestión / Virtual Press Room as Public Relations tool for communication with media in Cuba. A state of affairs

Public Relations have found in digital platforms an ideal device to build contact and interactivity with corporation's audiences. Within the field, new possibilities emerge to address the issue of generating interactivity with communication media, which has always been a core activity of Public Relations offices. Over the last decade, the Cuban institutional and communicative scenario has witnessed an upsurge of Press Cabinets and Communication Offices, which are expanding their traditional functions mainly due to digitization and hypermedia convergence. Thus, new resources like Virtual Press Rooms aim to assist corporations in their quest to build interactive channels for contact with media and citizenship, to manage information flows with journalists and to promote the dialogue with the stakeholders. These tools are considered a natural evolvement of the traditional routines of communication offices to enhance interactive channels and nurtured relationships with press officers. Many researchers have pointed out the relevant role of Virtual Press Rooms as substitutes for common PR strategies like press kit and mailing. This research analyzes the integration of Virtual Press Rooms within the main organism of Cuban state’s central administration. This research has been carried out using a quantitative content analysis, based on a categorical system validated by the Bitartez Group of the Basque University System for developing similar researches in the field. The study assesses the common features of Virtual Press Rooms in Cuban corporations and its adaptation to Cuban journalistic and communicative landscape. The results of the study show that Cuban Online Press Rooms perform as a container for files and corporate content, while exalting a documentary function. In many cases, the informative role is prioritized, while the contents designed for media are relegated to less visible spaces within the website. Even though they improve the access to relevant and quality information that facilitates journalistic practices, they still lack of a better approach to nurture the interactions between journalists and corporate sources. The whole analysis shows that Cuban corporations do not take full advantage of digital capabilities to nurture the information flows and the interactions between the organization and their stakeholders. Whether it is suitable to assess that Cuban communication`s practices are, indeed, in a process of transition to the digital landscape, it is still relevant to find out if the limitations exposed in the previous paragraphs obey to some strategical and political-ideological conditioning factors.

Captain Aguilera and filicide: an attachment-based exploration

This article aims to explore a constellation of individual-attachment, family-attachment, and group-attachment experiences, as well as other psychosocial, cultural, and political factors, which contributed to the dual filicide perpetrated by Captain Gonzalo de Aguilera Munro—a count, landowner, cavalryman, and propaganda press officer for General Francisco Franco’s army during the Spanish Civil War. Learning from Luis Arias González and, above all, Paul Preston’s biographies of Captain Aguilera, the article will employ a combined methodology of historical investigation, psychiatric clinical formulations, and group analysis. In doing so, it will take into account a highly complex context of brutal group dynamics of national depression and exaltation, unresolved trauma, military rebellion, war, genocide, holocaust, and dictatorship.

Magisterial Authority and Theological Authorship: The Harm of Plagiarism in the Practice of Theology

The disclosure of serial plagiarism in the extensive theological and journalistic publications of Thomas Rosica, CSB, former Vatican spokesperson and sometime media attaché of the Holy See Press Office, attracted significant media attention in early 2019. This article examines a selection of Rosica's hidden sources, focusing on how passages from magisterial church documents appear without attribution in his theological works. Our examination of this unusual case of plagiarism highlights important facets of authorship and authority in the practice of theology as well as the key role of attestation in magisterial teaching.

Who is to Blame? Analysis of Government and News Media Frames During the 2014 Earthquake in Chile

ABSTRACT This study relies on Entman’s definition of frames and framing functions to analyze how the Chilean government and news media framed a natural disaster occurring in Chile in 2014. Using structural topic modeling, 705 news stories and 174 official press releases were analyzed to identify under which conditions the media may attribute blame when natural disasters are framed beyond the realm of an accident. Findings indicate the government portrayed its own performance as a successful one where all actors did their job to minimize disaster consequences. Yet, the media narrative did not reflect the government’s efficiency frame, portraying the official response as a result of lessons learned from a previous disaster. Taken together, the results suggest that when the media align with a particular political side, disaster characteristics are not the main issue to report on. This study departs from a description of journalistic practices in time of disasters towards a more complex view of the relationship between government and the press when it comes to disaster coverage.

Facing Fakes: Understanding Tech Platforms’ Responses to Online Falsehoods

While technology companies have been blamed for playing a key role in the rise of online falsehoods, it has not always been clear how these companies understand the nature of the problem, which can explain their responses and how these responses evolved over time. Through a qualitative analyses of official press releases and public statements issued by various online technology platforms from 2016 to 2020, this exploratory study seeks to understand and typologize how technology platforms constructed and characterized the problem of online falsehoods and how these manifest in the range of interventions they have implemented.

Nationwide Assessment of SNAP Online Purchasing Pilot State Communication Efforts During the COVID-19 Pandemic

ObjectiveTo conduct a nationwide assessment of communication by participating states and Washington DC about the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Online Purchasing Pilot expansion. DesignSystematic coding of official communication from state and DC SNAP administrating agencies. ParticipantsForty-six states and DC approved to participate in the pilot as of October 2020 (n = 47). Data were collected from official SNAP administrating agency websites, state press releases, and state emergency coronavirus disease 2019 websites. Variables MeasuredFour domains were collected from communication materials: (1) program information, (2) retailer information, (3) health and nutrition information, and (4) communication accessibility. AnalysisQualitative content analysis, descriptive statistics. ResultsThirty-four (72%) states issued an official press release about the pilot that was easily accessible through online searches (15 available in multiple languages), 21 (45%) included information on their SNAP agency website, and 15 (32%) included information on their official coronavirus disease 2019 website. Most states identified authorized retailers (n = 37; 79%), provided information about pickup/delivery (n = 31; 66%), and stated the SNAP online start date (n = 29; 62%). About a quarter of states (n = 12; 26%) provided information about nutrition and health. Conclusions and ImplicationsState communication about the SNAP online pilot mostly focused on basic program and retailer information and included limited information about nutrition and health.

THE CONVERSATION, TEN YEARS ON: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF A UNIQUE SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING INITIATIVE

The Conversation (theconversation.com) represents a unique model for communicating scholarly research to the general public via explanatory journalism. Rather than relying on scholars’ personal networks, the promotional efforts of university press offices, or requests from science journalists for comments on current developments, The Conversation offers a platform for scholars across all disciplines to pitch their own stories, gain support from its in-house journalistic staff to develop those stories for a general audience, and see the resulting articles published under Creative Commons licences, enabling them to be republished by commercial and public service news outlets around the world. The overall success of this model, which may be described as ‘journalism-as-a-service’, is evident: articles from The Conversation are regularly republished by major international news outlets from the New York Times through CNN to The Guardian, as well as by domestic outlets across the eight countries and regions in which The Conversation now operates. This panel provides a broad-ranging and multi-faceted assessment of the status of the Conversation project, in its tenth year of operation. The current COVID-19 crisis has particularly highlighted the crisis of expertise and unevenness of scientific literacy amongst journalists, politicians, and the general public. The panel’s assessment of the successes and failures of one of the leading digital science communication initiatives of the past decade provides an important reality check, and offers new insights on what can be done to increase the visibility and impact of rigorous scholarly perspectives from all disciplines of research in public and political debates.

Online reputation management on the Instagram profile of police_hu

In recent decades several experts have argued that the relationship between the police and the community is particularly determined by the quality of communication. The findings of studies carried out by Google show that 22 percent of the organisations and companies searched for themselves online in 2001. The figure was 56% in 2013, so it can be assumed that this proportion will be even higher in 2021. Thus, it is no wonder that in the digital age a new concept, an essential professional and social skill is emerging – online reputation management. It is not indifferent what type of digital footprint has been left behind in the online space, and it is not only true for citizens, but also for companies and organisations, and for the police as well, nowadays. The aim of reputation management is to make the overall picture of the organisation well-known and influence it positively. The use of policing social networking sites is applied between the police as a service provider organisation and the members of the community, and there is a chance for sharing and getting real time information. As a result, policing social networking sites bear utmost importance for citizens, journalists and press officers as well. Police officers not only seek to share information but persuade the citizens to cooperate. The limited importance of textual content can be seen and in parallel, the visual content has become more important. It can be stated that the members of community do not expect a quantitative, but a qualitative presence. Thus, it is the number and quality of comments that reveal how deeply users have been involved in the topic and its imagery content. This study deals with the Instagram profile of the Hungarian Police (police_hu) between July 3, 2019 and July 3, 2020. Applying the method of discourse analysis, the research characterises the most popular and most commented entries during the one-year period. As a result, it can be said that the process taking place on the Instagram of the Hungarian Police implements a kind of brand building, which can be considered as a positive example of police communication, while the characteristics of policing digilect can be well observed and analysed.

Global and Transnational in Form, Soviet in Content: The Changing Semantics of Internationalism in Official Soviet Discourse, 1917–1991

The term “internationalism” underwent a series of dramatic, semantic transformations in the USSR between 1917 and 1991. This article offers a Begriffsgeschichte‐style analysis of the conceptual history of the term, tracking its usage in the official press over the course of the Soviet Union's existence. Such a broad, systematic survey indicates that internationalism was used with considerable rigor in official messaging as it was invoked over and over again in the context of ideological formulas and sloganeering. More importantly, this study reveals the connotations of the term to have varied significantly over time for reasons linked chiefly to changes in policymaking priorities. Such findings challenge longstanding assumptions about the static nature of Soviet internationalism, the stability of the so‐called “official line” and the nature of the relationship between ideology and practice in the USSR. Ultimately, this analysis suggests that over the 74‐year lifecycle of the term, internationalism exchanged its revolutionary, antiestablishment semantics for something much more conventional and Soviet‐specific.

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Creating delicious plant‐based products

Creating delicious plant‐based products