Official Letters Research Articles

Evaluation of logistics management information system and availability of non-program tracer drugs in public health facilities in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia.

The logistics management information system (LMIS) plays a crucial role in effective record-keeping and reporting, ensuring efficient management of stock status and consumption data. A proficient LMIS improves accountability and supports informed logistic decisions in healthcare. Conversely, a subpar LMIS negatively affects essential medicine availability, compromising overall healthcare service efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the status of the logistics management information system and the availability of non-program tracer drugs (NPTDs) in public health facilities within Bahir Dar City. This study employed an institutional-based cross-sectional study. Data were collected from February 20 to April 30, 2022 in 12 public health facilities located in Bahir Dar City. Structured questionnaire and data abstraction formats were used to gather pertinent data. After checking for completeness, the data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 23. The primary analytical outcomes involved descriptive statistics, encompassing frequencies, averages, and percentages, which were subsequently presented in tables and figures. Bin card and Internal Facility Report and Resupply Form were the only blank LMIS tools available in all health facilities, while stock-record card was the least available, present in only 2(16.7%) facilities. Nine health facilities (75%) used self-prepared forms to request NPTDs from the Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Supply Agency (EPSA) at the end of the review period, whereas 7(58.3%) used official letters for emergency orders. Additionally, seven health facilities (58.3%) used the Health Commodities Management Information System On the day of the visit, 78.68% of NPTDs were available. Tetracycline eye ointment 1% had the longest stock-out duration, lasting for a mean 69.64 days. Rather than using the RRF, most of facilities opted for their own forms to request NPTDs from EPSA. While it is advisable for all health facilities to maintain continuous availability of tracer drugs, this study revealed that the current state of non-program tracer drug availability falls short of meeting this expectation.

קיבוץ ניצנים במלחמת העצמאות: ההיבט האנושי

In this study, I examine new aspects regarding the state of Kibbutz Nitzanim during the First Arab-Israeli War. Based on a microhistory approach of bottom-up and inside-out research, this article sheds light on the day-to-day reality in the Kibbutz, which included enthusiastic work and anxiety; feelings of discrimination and pride; bitterness and elation; all woven together to reflect people's natural – and occasionally touching – reactions. Most surviving documents of that time, such as official letters, journals, telegrams, and personal memoires, can be found at the Massuah Archive, the IDF and Defense Establishment Archives, and the Kibbutz Archive, and these have been the basis of my study. This archival material, as well as the nature of the connections that kibbutz members had with each other and themselves, shed light on the relations they formed with the enforcements, the regional brigade (Givati), and the political-security establishment. These relations deeply affected the spirit of Nitzanim residents during the siege and played a big part in determining the results of the battle over the position. Over the years, many profound discussions were held over the 1948 battle of Nitzanim. Thus far, this dispute over the reasons for the fall of Nitzanim and who was to blame for it, has left out a description of the 'simple people's' daily lives in the kibbutz. In this article, I aim to mend this. According to my findings, ordinary life (during this emergency) was highly influential and affected the endurance of soldiers there. For example, we can find descriptions of shows of leadership and solidarity alongside disciplinary infractions and despair. This polarity would eventually be conducive to the downfall of Kibbutz Nitzanim, which was captured on June 7th, 1948.

The role of situation in individual style

Abstract The study adopts a cross-register approach to style, examining style with relation to the situation of use. While register tends to be avoided by style research as a confounding variable, this investigation of the styles of four American presidents in memoirs, official letters, and public addresses illustrates that adding a register dimension leads to a more accurate, nuanced analysis. The study identifies linguistic features associated with register vs. style variation in the corpus and analyzes intraspeaker differences across registers with regard to the following functional categories: information density, oral style, situation-dependent discourse, and narration vs. immediacy. The results indicate that even authors with a well-defined individual style consistently adjust their language to the demands of the situation, with the most noticeable differences lying between strictly regimented literate registers and the more oral, less conventionalized ones.

Sociocultural Values and Pragmatics of Caste Address Form in Multilingual Pakistani Student and Teacher Discourse

Introduction. Pakistani universities’ multilingual and multicultural classrooms can create communication difficulties when trying to understand the attitude and meanings conveyed by caste address forms in student and teacher discourse. Address forms are influenced by sociocultural values, they reflect speakers’ linguistic reality and convey the social structure of the society. Among the variety of address forms in Pakistani English speakers’ caste as a category of address form represents their cultural identity and norms. This article aims to present the findings of the study regarding the use of caste as a category of forms of address among multilingual Pakistani English speakers in a university setting. Materials and Methods. The author shares the results based on data collected from a vast range of tools such as discourse completion task questionnaires, open-ended interviews, official letters issued by the universities, and validated by ethnographic observation. A total number of n = 447 responses were received from public sector universities of Pakistan. The analysis of data was based on a mixed method of both quantitative and qualitative approaches and draws on an interdisciplinary theoretical framework based on cultural linguistics, cross- and intercultural pragmatics, cultural studies, theory of address forms, World Englishes, and sociolinguistics. Results. The results reveal that caste address form usage in Pakistani English has socio-pragmatic dynamics. The students and teachers used caste as an address form in a variety of ways that adhere to sociocultural values to achieve their communicative needs. The caste usage showed closeness/intimacy, respect, and informality among both students and teachers. These results suggest that caste as the category of address forms is interpreted as an instrument that interlocutors use to discursively construct appropriate, situation-based aspects of their lingua-cultural identities. The results have implications for language learning and teaching, sociolinguistics, and academic discourse. Discussion and Conclusion. In the multilingual academic setting, this study’s results suggest the influence of social and cultural values on the communication etiquettes of interlocutors. Pakistani English speakers adhere to their communication norms acknowledging varieties of sociopragmatic knowledge to achieve communicative needs. To sum up, results reveal variance in the use of caste as a category of address form showing multilingual Pakistani English speakers’ cultural and bi-multilingual identity. Their use and choice of address form express respect, intimacy/closeness, and informality at the same time, however, European addressing styles indicate either respect or intimacy.

Examination Of The Relationship Between Academicians' Life Long Learning Tendencies And Thinking Styles

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between academicians' lifelong learning tendencies and their thinking styles. Relational descriptive method was used in the research. All academicians working in higher education institutions in the 2022-2023 academic year were determined as the population of the research. After obtaining the necessary permissions, the scale was applied to a sample group of 1554 people, by reaching all universities by means of official letters and e-mails to the institutional e-mail addresses of the individuals. Personal Information Form, “Lifelong Learning Tendency Scale” and “Rational-Experiential Thinking Styles Scale” were used as data collection tools. The obtained data were transferred to the statistical package program. In the light of the sub-problems, it was examined whether the scale scores differed in terms of various variables (education level, academic title, field of science). The results were classified according to sociodemographic variables and presented in frequency tables. In accordance with the results obtained from the variables, Kruskal Wallis H test and Spearman-Brown Correlation Analysis were performed, and Mann Whitney U test was applied to determine the direction of the differences. Based on the findings, it was concluded that academicians have a high level of lifelong learning tendencies. While the lifelong learning tendencies of academicians differ according to the variables of educational status and field of science; did not differ according to academic title variables. It was concluded that the academicians' thinking styles levels were at a moderate level. The thinking styles of the academicians differed in terms of educational status, academic title and field of science variables. It has been concluded that the relationship between academicians' lifelong learning tendencies and thinking styles is at a significant level in terms of total and sub-dimension scores, generally below the medium level and in a positive direction.

О вариантах синхронических русских переводов калмыцкого письма конца XVII в.

Introduction. Russian translations of Kalmyk official letters housed at Russia’s archives may serve as vivid historical sources both on seventeenth–eighteenth century Kalmyk-Russian relations — and on how translation studies emerged and developed in our country. So, archival files often contain draft translations with original revisions that somewhat show the shaping of the final text and the translation process at large. Materials and methods. The paper examines several Kalmyk-to-Russian synchronic translations of Kalmyk Tayiji Ayuka’s letter dated 21 February 1688. The variants are analyzed with due regard of why the translator would select certain lexemes, replace the already selected ones, and virtually ignore some quite sizeable fragments of the source text. The comparative method proves key to the study. Results. The comparative insight outlines the overall translation strategy: a synchronic translation does focus on the source text and articulate major messages contained therein — but is also replete with additional details. In general, the translation process in not reduced to copying the source text with the aid of target language means, and some distinctions of traced revisions attest to there may have been a transmitter of oral information, though written speech patterns did prevail. The lexical substitutions, corrections of word forms, changes in syntactic constructs clearly illustrate how the translator was making his way through the text.

Eusebia, Elena e l’imperatore romano Giuliano l’Apostata

Eusebia, Helena, and the Emperor Julian the Apostate The Emperor Flavius Claudius Julianus, known to posterity as the Apostate, is an extraordinary figure in the history of the Roman Empire. And although he was Caesar for only five years (355–360), and Emperor for less than two years (361–363), he became famous as a wise and just ruler, a good commander, a brave soldier, and an efficient administrator. He was also a great lover of ancient culture and a talented writer. He left behind many official letters and literary works. His writings provide valuable information both about the Roman state in the fourth century and about himself and his family. He was also one of the best educated Roman rulers, well versed in Greek and Latin literature, philosophy, and history. Two exceptional women played a particularly important role in the life of Julian the Apostate: his wife Helena and Eusebia, the wife of Emperor Constantius II, his cousin. Both were endowed with many good qualities, which are mentioned not only by Julian the Apostate himself in his writings, but also by other ancient authors, including the historians Ammianus Marcellinus, Eutropius, Zosimos, the rhetorician Libanius, and historians of the Church Socrates Scholasticus and Hermias Sozomen. Both Eusebia and Helena are very interesting figures. But, while about Eusebia there is a great deal of information in various sources, about Helena there are only brief mentions. Nevertheless, both of these empresses are worth closer attention. In my article, written in Italian, I present a picture of the virtues of Helena and Eusebia, as contained in the writings of the Emperor Julian the Apostate himself, as well as other ancient authors.

Implementasi AES ECB dan Hashing MD5/SHA-256 Pada Aplikasi Penyuratan Android

The Riau Ministry of Religion Regional Office is still archiving assignment letters and official travel letters manually. The staff who take care of the correspondence section, namely personnel and legal unit staff, do not have an application that facilitates the activities of assignment letters and official travel letters to simplify filing and data containing certain information contained in letters which include assignment letters and official travel letters. Security is important because it relates to data. Therefore, a correspondence application was created to support the correspondence activities of the Riau Ministry of Religion Regional Office and make it easier for staff in the Civil Service and Legal unit to properly manage assignment letters and official travel letters as well as control books. Android application development uses the waterfall method and the ECB (Electronic Code Book) mode AES algorithm and MD5/SHA-256 hashing for security. By building this application, it will be easier for leaders and employees to exchange letters and confidential information, guaranteed security and the application built can be used by users easily. The results of the Black Box testing carried out on the application produced the expected output and the UAT test obtained a score of 89%. Application testing on sentences, Jpg, Png and PDF files has a fairly high level of security using statistical analysis methods, namely bit frequency testing, autocorrelation, 0/1 bit distribution, entropy.

Sosialisasi penulisan surat dinas di Kantor Dinas Perhubungan Kota Bekasi

Official/Formal letters already have clear formats and rules in writing, but in reality, mistakes are often found that are made repeatedly. Writing that is done in a template or following a previous writing pattern is one of the reasons why the error keeps repeating itself. The purpose of the official letter-writing training at the Department of Transportation Bekasi City is to provide an understanding of the department transportation employees, especially the administrative staff, about writing good and correct official letters. This community service program activity was carried out for two days, namely on 07 April 2023 which took place at the Department of Transportation Bekasi City Office. The administrative Staff of the Department of Transportation who participated in this official letter-writing training totaled 25 people. The socialization method used is direct lectures and questions/answers. Based on the initial identification through the writing process, the writing form of the activity participants still found many errors in spelling and sentences that were less effective, meaning that it is necessary to increase the application of Indonesian spelling in accordance with the current spelling. During the training, the participants and the community service implementation team conducted an evaluation and asked questions directly about the material that had been presented. Then, activity participants understand the mistakes and know the corrections have been submitted by the abdimas team so that participants can properly and correctly compose official letters in accordance with the General Guidelines for Indonesian spelling

PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI UNTUK ADMINISTRASI LAYANAN SURAT DI KELURAHAN BUMIAJI

One of the various types of written communication tools is a letter, which is divided into official letters and non-official letters. Official letters are used for formal purposes. However, the process of letter administration in Kelurahan Bumiaji, Kabupaten Sragen is still done conventionally, where people who need a letter have to come to the Kelurahan office and queue, which makes the process ineffective. The letter archiving process carried out by the Kelurahan office is also poorly organized. To overcome this problem, in this study, an information system for letter service administration based on a website was created for the Kelurahan Bumiaji office. The method used to develop the system is the software development life cycle (SDLC), with a waterfall process model. The result of this research is the creation of an information system that can assist the community in obtaining the letters needed and assisting in mail services by the Kelurahan Bumiaji. In addition, this information system also displays information such as announcements from Kelurahan and assets owned by the Kelurahan to the public. Black box testing shows that the system can function as it should, and SUS testing obtained an average score of 77.4 and a grade scale B+.

Analisis Kesalahan Penggunaan Ejaan dalam Surat Pemberitahuan di SMA Negeri 1 Jayapura

An official letter is an official communication medium issued by an agency that, in writing, must use the state language following linguistic rules. This study aims to describe the spelling errors used in notification letters at SMA Negeri 1 Jayapura. This research is qualitative descriptive research that describes the phenomenon accurately and objectively. The method is to study documents to obtain data from notification letter archives. The data from an analysis of seven notification letters issued in February-March 2022 totaled 164 errors. The errors consist of 66 errors in the use of letters, 54 errors in writing words, and 44 errors in the use of punctuation marks. This error was caused by the school's inconsistent use of official document layout references in the school environment, the administrative staff of the correspondence section who did not understand Indonesian spelling rules, and the business manuscript administration section who wrote letters to more than one person and used several computer devices. Its rise to the concept of writing different letters in schools.

‘Syria Rises to Receive the Caliph’: Umayyad Caliphal Titles from Cordoba to Damascus

Abstract The concept and image of a court is strongly associated with its main character, the sovereign around whom court life revolves. How was the Umayyad caliph named and conceptualized in al-Andalus? Keeping this in mind, the purpose of this paper is the discussion of the Umayyad Andalusī caliphal titles. Sources repeatedly stress the Umayyad legitimacy to the caliphate as heirs of the Umayyads of Damascus. In a panegyric, even Syria rises to receive the Andalusī caliph. The contrast of these titles with those reserved for rebels will also be considered. While the caliph was seen as a sun, the darkness was associated with rebels. Official titles used for bureaucracy and metaphorical titles reproduced in official letters and panegyric poetry will be considered, which were preserved in Andalusī sources such as the Muqtabis of Ibn Ḥayyān (d. 1075) or the ʿIqd al-Farīd of Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih (d. 940). Ceremonial situations will also be considered as the figure of the caliph was central and praised in official letters and panegyric poetry.

Pengaruh Media Pembelajaran Flashcard Terhadap Kemampuan Menulis Surat Dinas Siswa Kelas VII SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Medan

This study aims to, (1) To describe the ability to write official letters of VII grade students of SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Medan in the academic year 2022/2023 before using flashcards learning media. (2) To describe the ability to write official letters of VII grade students of SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Medan in the academic year 2022/2023 after using flashcard learning media. (3) To describe the impact of using flashcard learning media in improving the ability to write official letters of VII grade students of SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Medan in the academic year 2022/2023. The population in this study were all VII grade students of SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Medan with a research sample of 37 students of VII-T2 grade students of SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Medan. The instruments used in this study are the accuracy of letter content, completeness of letter content, appropriateness of letter format, word accuracy, sentence accuracy, and spelling and writing. The method used in this research was one group pretest-posttest. The data analysis technique used the analysis requirement test, normality test, and hypothesis testing. The results of pretest research obtained an average of 57.75, and fell into the category of less. However, the posttest research results obtained an average of 79.29 and included in the good category. Through hypothesis testing, namely 6.20057 > 2.02809, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of flashcard learning media on the ability to write official letters of VII grade students of SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Medan.

KEEFEKTIFAN METODE PEMODELAN PADA PEMBELAJARAN BERUPA MENULIS SURAT DINAS SISWA KELAS VII MTS NEGERI 1 PALEMBANG

Based on the results of research and analysis of the average value it can be seen, the test for making official letters for students in the experimental group that applied the modeling method was 83.5, the average score for writing official letters for students in the control group was 70.42 (83.5 > 70,42). The modeling method is more effective when used in delivering official letter writing subject matter. This is shown after testing the mean of the two groups (experimental class and control class) with the price t0 (t count) > t table, namely 1.671 <17.02, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted with evidence of use the modeling method is more effective than conventional methods in learning to write one of the official letters of class VIII MTs students. Country 1 Palembang.
 Keywords: Modeling method, writing and official letter

Student Counseling Information System Design Web Based Using CodeIgniter Framework

The administrative process of counseling guidance services at SMP Plus Al-Amanah is still done manually which causes data collection of information on students still using books and filing in the BK room cupboard, counseling guidance at SMP Plus Al-Amanah is also still inputting and reporting achievements as well as violations by committing a private call sent via social media chat that specifically makes students have to go to school without holding an official letter from the BK when getting a call so that parents/guardians are worried and doubtful when the child is called to school if without written evidence. This results in physical exhaustion for both the guidance counselor and the students and creates doubt and concern for parents and guardians of students. To optimize time and distance, judging from these problems, a counseling guidance system was made using the OOAD model. The counseling guidance information system for SMP Plus Al-Amanah, can be used to manage the process of recording user data involved in the information system (administrators, operators, guests), recording violation and achievement data, recording student biodata, BK services, and calling students is a guidance process counseling that has been carried out. In addition, this information system can be used and viewed by parents via the Web so that counseling and data related to students can be monitored and viewed properly.

THE ANALYSIS OF MOOD AS INTERPERSONAL MEANING IN THE DONALD J. TRUMP PRESIDENTIAL LETTER ADDRESSED TO RECEP T. ERDOGAN ON OCTOBER 9TH 2019

This article reports the analysis of the Mood toward Trumps’ presidential letter to Erdogan dated October 9th, 2019. The researcher used a qualitative method based on the theory of systemic functional linguistics which Halliday introduced based on three-meta-functions of language to analyze the data. The researcher focused on interpersonal meaning theory to analyze the mood system, residue, and types of mood in each clause as Trump’s official written utterance. The reason for the analysis was that there are many controversial utterances that have been used by Trump to address Erdogan. The letter was an official letter from US President to Turkey's President as a response to Turkey’s president's decision to launch a military operation in Syria. The analysis has found that there are four imperative moods and fifteen declarative moods shown in the letter. The imperative moods then might be discussed as a controversial context because when Trump used imperative sentences it could be interpreted that Trump used a direct diplomatic communication style with Erdogan. Otherwise, the declarative mood marks the letter as a clear language style in explaining Trump’s purpose and aim systematically. The researcher then suggests to the reader to analyze powerful people's messages conveyed through their letters, speech, diplomatic dialogue, or official forum group discussion to gain more understanding of how meaning contextually works in spoken or written text.

‘We want to know and be clearly informed’: official records, unofficial correspondence and oral communication in the fourteenth-century Crown of Aragon (Majorca, Sardinia, Sicily)

ABSTRACTStarting in the 1340s, the Crown of Aragon strengthened its position in the Western Mediterranean by absorbing the Kingdom of Majorca (1343), reincorporating the realm of Sicily (1392) and securing its control over constantly rebellious Sardinia (1420). To govern those territories, which were distant from the royal court and separated by sea, the kings of Aragon developed a pervasive information strategy that facilitated the retrieval of data from their archives and the transformation of that data into useful knowledge that kept them informed about the three islands’ administration. The monarchs developed regional series of registers specifically dedicated to Majorca, Sardinia and Sicily in which orders and ordinances pertaining to the islands were recorded and they created or strengthened territorial archives for preserving records and accounts produced in the localities. They also relied on a network of accountable officers and informants who updated them via official and unofficial letters and, finally, they gathered intelligence using envoys who travelled continuously across the Mediterranean to inform the Crown on a vast range of affairs pertaining to the islands. This essay explores these topics during the long fourteenth century, using the records and correspondence preserved in various archives of the Catalan-Aragonese world and emphasizing the role of both the written word and oral communication for ruling a late-medieval composite polity like the Crown of Aragon.

UKRAINE AND THE WORLD IN CONDITIONS OF WAR: THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC, PROFESSION AND PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS

UKRAINE AND THE WORLD IN CONDITIONS OF WAR: THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC, PROFESSION AND PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS

Electronic nudges to increase influenza vaccination uptake among patients with heart failure: a prespecified analysis of the NUDGE-FLU trial.

Seasonal influenza vaccination is strongly recommended in patients with heart failure (HF). The NUDGE-FLU trial recently found two electronic behavioural nudging letter strategies - a letter highlighting potential cardiovascular benefits of vaccination and a repeated letter at day 14 - effective in increasing influenza vaccination in Denmark. The aims of this prespecified analysis was to further examine vaccination patterns and effects of these behavioural nudges in patients with HF including potential off-target effects on guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) use. The nationwide NUDGE-FLU trial randomized 964 870 Danish citizens ≥65 years to usual care or 9 different electronic nudging letter strategies. Letters were delivered through the official Danish electronic letter system. The primary endpoint was the receipt of an influenza vaccine; additional outcomes for this analysis included GDMT use. In this analysis, we also assessed influenza vaccination rates in the overall Danish HF population including those <65 years (n = 65 075). During the 2022-2023 season, influenza vaccination uptake was 71.6% in the overall Danish HF population but this varied considerably with only 44.6% uptake in those <65 years. A total of 33 109 NUDGE-FLU participants had HF at baseline. Vaccination uptake was higher among those on higher levels of baseline GDMT (≥3 classes: 85.3% vs. ≤2 classes: 81.9%; p < 0.001). HF status did not modify the effects of the two overall successful nudging strategies on influenza vaccination uptake (cardiovascular gain-framed letter: pinteraction = 0.37; repeated letter: pinteraction = 0.55). No effect modification was observed across GDMT use levels for the repeated letter (pinteraction = 0.88), whereas a trend towards attenuated effect among those on low levels of GDMT was observed for the cardiovascular gain-framed letter (pinteraction = 0.07). The letters had no impact on longitudinal GDMT use. Approximately 1 in 4 patients with HF did not receive influenza vaccination with a pronounced implementation gap in those <65 years where less than half were vaccinated. HF status did not modify the effectiveness of cardiovascular gain-framed and repeated electronic nudging letters in increasing influenza vaccination rates. No unintended negative effects on longitudinal GDMT use were observed.

Tindak Tutur Ekspresif Guru dalam Pembelajaran Surat Dinas dan Surat Pribadi di Kelas VII SMP Negeri 2 Suliki Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota

There are three objectives of this research. First, it describes what forms of expressive speech acts are used by Indonesian language teachers in the process of learning official letters and personal letters in class VII of SMP Negeri 2 Suliki, Lima Puluh Kota Regency. Second, it describes the Indonesian teacher's speaking strategies in the process of learning official letters and personal letters in class VII of Suliki 2 Public Middle School, Fifty City District. This type of research is a qualitative research with descriptive method. The data in this study were sentences in the form and expressive speech act strategies of the Indonesian language teacher for grade VII SMP Negeri 2 Suliki, Fifty Cities Regency, in the learning process. The data source for this research is all the utterances of one Indonesian language teacher during the teaching and learning process from the beginning to the end of the lesson. The results of this study are twofold. First, there are five forms of expressive speech acts for teachers in learning official letters and personal letters in class VII SMP Negeri 2 Suliki, Fifty Cities District, (1) expressive speech acts of praising, (2) expressive speech acts of saying thank you, (3) expressive speech acts expressive speech act of criticizing, (4) expressive speech act of blaming, and (5) expressive speech act of apologizing. Second, the teacher's speaking strategy in learning official letters and personal letters in class VII of SMP Negeri 2 Suliki, Fifty Cities Regency, there are four, (1) a strategy of speaking frankly without preamble, (2) a strategy of speaking frankly with positive politeness, (3) the strategy of speaking frankly with negative politeness, and (4) the strategy of speaking vaguely.