Official Games Research Articles

When should a runner on third base advance? Analyzing factors that influence the success of sacrifice flies in US Major League Baseball games

This study aims to identify factors influencing the success of sacrifice flies in US Major League Baseball. From baseball-tracking outputs of official games during 2023–2024, 3439 flyouts reaching >50 m from home plate when a runner was on third base with <2 outs were analyzed. A multiclass classification model was developed to predict results of runners at third base (i.e., stayed at third base, tagged out at home plate, or scored on a sacrifice fly) from batted ball kinematics, runner's sprint speed (SS), the fielder's arm strength (AS), and ballpark. Average probability scores were compared by systematically altering these inputs. The results show that (i) the model accurately predicted the runner staying at third and sacrifice flies (F-score ≥ 0.842) but could not predict tag outs (0.057), (ii) nearly all flyouts reaching <70 m from home plate would result in the runner staying on third base, whereas the runner usually would score when the flyouts reach ≥85 m, and (iii) the shortest flight distance required for a sacrifice fly could be expressed by a simplified linear function: distance = 87.2–3.1SS + 0.7AS. This function will help set targets for better decision-making and greater success of sacrifice flies.

Effect of Rule Changes on Performance Parameters for Women's Water Polo Over Three Seasons

Water polo’s rule changes are proposed to improve performance throw a faster game with more goals, less wrestling and more technical skills. The rule changes may modify the players' perception and game actions. However, there are some critical differences between male and female water polo teams. To date, we have not found any study about female water polo rule changes effects over the seasons. This study aimed to verify the effects of water polo rule changes on the performance of female elite-level teams over the three seasons. The data were collected through official game reports from the European water polo league for female tournaments, totaling 63 matches. Goals, goals per quarter, exclusion fouls, and penalty fouls were registered and analyzed. Mean, standard deviation, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for all variables. Generalized estimating equations were applied to compare the variables in the three moments. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated. SPSS 20.0 was used in all analyses. The alpha significance level was established at 0.05. No statistical differences were found over seasons' post-water polo rule changes for goals, goals per quarter, exclusion fouls, and penalty fouls variables, and the effect sizes were just from trivial to small. The 2019 and 2021 water polo rule changes do not provoke statistical effects in female water polo teams over the 2019/2020, 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 seasons.

Average and peak external demands according to opposition quality and opposition pace across a full season in semi-professional, male basketball players

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the average external intensity and peak external demands experienced by basketball players between games facing opposition teams of different qualities and playing paces. External load variables were monitored in 11 semi-professional, male basketball players across 26 official games during a full in-season. Inertial movement units were used to measure average Player Load™ per minute (PL·min−1) across entire games and peak PL across any 30-s, 1-min, and 3-min epoch during games. Linear mixed models and Cohen’s d effect sizes were used to compare variables between games facing opposition teams clustered as low, medium or high quality (based on final season ranking) and playing pace (based on average number of possessions per game throughout the season). Significantly lower average PL·min−1 were apparent when playing high (p = 0.02) and medium-quality opponents (p < 0.05) compared to low-quality opponents, with non-significant (p > 0.05), trivial differences in peak PL between opponents of different qualities. Likewise, non-significant (p > 0.05) trivial – small differences were observed in average PL·min−1 and peak PL between opponents with different average playing paces. Playing higher-ranking opponents may reduce the average physical demands; however, opponent pace appears to exert minimal impact on average and peak external game demands.

The Effect of Visual Stimuli on Free Throw Dynamics in Basketball

The present study aims to examine the influence of visual stimuli on the dynamics of free throws in basketball. The sample consisted of 25 athletes, comprising 16 junior athletes and 9 senior athletes, who practice basketball with two teams in the city of Braşov, Romania. The experiment was applied to two samples of female subjects. The first sample consisted of 16 basketball players from CSM Corona Braşov, in the Under 16 category, aged between 14 and 16, with an average of 5 years of basketball experience. The second sample included 9 senior basketball players. Data was collected from two types of tests. The first test was conducted during training sessions in the pre-competitive phase and involved performing 10 free throws, recording the number of successful attempts. The second type of test focused on collecting the percentage of successful free throws from both friendly games in the pre-season and official games. The results generated from the analysis of the collected data (training sessions vs. friendly &amp; official games) under the presence of technical equipment during the training process are surprising, as they invalidate the working hypothesis in the case of senior athletes.

Match internal load in wheelchair basketball games – an exploratory study

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare the match internal load according to the type of disability at different moments in the wheelchair basketball game and the effect of playing the last 5 min of the half on Lactate (LA+) concentrations. Thirty athletes (34.4 ± 6.8 years) from 5 wheelchair basketball Brazilian teams were analysed during five official games. For the analyses, athletes were separated by disability [spinal cord injury, polio sequels and lower limb amputation]. A generalised estimating equation analysis was performed to verify the effects of moment, disability and playing the last 5 min of each period on the La+ concentrations. No significant differences were found between disability groups for the TRIMP and the La+ concentrations at different moments in the game. The results pointed out that unbalanced games seem to cause higher lactate concentrations in the first period of the game, especially in players who end up playing in the second quarter. Finally, unbalanced games, whether the player finishes playing the game, seems not to influence the final lactate concentrations. The internal load of the WB game does not differ in the different disabilities, and, in unbalanced games, the players finish the game with low concentrations of lactate.

Relationship between Physical Demands and Player Performance in Professional Female Basketball Players Using Inertial Movement Units

Load monitoring has been identified as a valuable tool for optimizing training planning and minimizing injury risk. This study’s aim was divided into two main objectives: (1) to describe the physical demands during official competition through IMU (inertial movement unit) metrics and (2) to investigate the relationship between basketball statistics and these physical demands. Twelve female highly trained basketballers (26.5 ± 5.3 years, 180 ± 7.1 cm, and 73.6 ± 10.3 kg) were monitored during four official games. Our results indicate that games with more frequent possession changes, particularly those driven by steals and turnovers, exhibit higher physical demands. Additionally, longer game durations were associated with longer recovery time while maintaining similar active time and physical load. Players who assume prominent shooting roles face greater conditional demands, such as increased jumps and impacts, even with equal playing time. These findings suggest that IMUs provide valuable insights into high-intensity actions and patterns, indicating a direct association between physical load and player performance in professional female basketball. This study also highlights the potential for professionals to better manage workload and understand player demands using these insights, even in the absence of in-game sensor data. Our research underscores the importance of contextual analysis in sports performance studies, encouraging future investigations into game phases and their specific physical demands.

Caffeine supplementation during official basketball games: a randomized crossover study on the effects on game-related statistics and perceptual responses of adult male players.

This study examined the effects of caffeine (CAF) supplementation on game-related statistics and perceptual responses of male basketball players during official games. Eight players (23.5±5.7 years) participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover study. Sixty minutes before the start of each game, players ingested a dose of either CAF (3 mg/kg body mass) or placebo (PLA) in a randomized order. Game-related statistics were collected. After the games, players reported ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and their perceptions of endurance and power. Separate linear mixed models evaluated the effects of treatment (CAF, PLA), game location (home, away), and opponent level (better, worse) on game-related statistics and perceptual responses. Players committed fewer fouls when taking CAF compared to PLA (P<0.001, ES=0.75, moderate). No effects of CAF were found for the other game-related statistics (all P>0.05). RPE was higher in CAF compared to PLA (P=0.031, ES: 0.49, small). There were no differences in perceptions of endurance (P=0.388) or power (P=0.988). No effects of game location or opponent level were found for game-related statistics or perceptual responses (all P>0.05). This study suggests that caffeine supplementation can improve defensive performance in semiprofessional basketball players while also possibly increasing physical performances, seen the higher RPE.

Positioning to win: Key position-based performance indicators in elite soccer

This study aimed to compare position-based variables between winning, losing, and drawing teams and to identify which among these variables would better predict the goal difference in the 2021–2022 German Bundesliga. The dataset comprised 275 official games, monitored through a semi-automatic camera system. For each game, players’ and ball’s positions were captured and exported in 10 Hz. Position-based variables comprised teams’ length, width, length per width ratio (LPWratio), stretching index, and near-the-ball space control in both offensive and defensive phases, as well as in the first and the second halves. Data were compared between the game outcomes using a Generalized Linear Model. Results indicated that winning teams in the Bundesliga tend to approach the first half of the game by expanding the field during the offensive phase (evidenced by a higher offensive width and stretching index), pressing high during the defensive phase (manifested through a greater defensive length), and exerting control over the space in the second half by concentrating players near the ball (indicated by higher near-the-ball space control). Differences between halves indicate that teams must be able to adapt their tactics during the game to succeed in the competition.

Bridging the Gap Between Training and Competition in Elite Rink Hockey: A Pilot Study.

Monitoring training load and competition load is crucial for evaluating and improving athlete performance. This study proposes an applied approach to characterize and classify the training task specificity in relation to competition in a top-level rink hockey team, considering external and internal load from training tasks and competition. Training tasks and game demands have significant dose-response differences, and exercises can be classified successfully based on their physiological and biomechanical demands. Cross-sectional study. Level 5. Ten elite-level male rink hockey players participated in this study. Players were monitored on 6 different task categories during 8 training sessions and 2 official games. A linear mixed model with random intercepts was used to compare training tasks and competition load, accounting for individual repeated measures. A 2-step cluster analysis was performed to classify the training tasks and games based on physiological and biomechanical load, employing log-likelihood as the distance measure and Schwartz's Bayesian criterion. Average heartrate, maximum heartrate, and high-speed skating (18.1-30 km/h) were the best physiological load predictors, while the most effective biomechanical load predictors were impacts [8-10] g(n), decelerations [-10 to -3]m/s²(n), and accelerations [3-10]m/s²(n). Different physiological and biomechanical responses were verified between training tasks and match demands. A 4-quadrant efforts assessment for each task category revealed that training tasks used by the team in the analysis presented lower biomechanical and physiological load demands than competition. Training tasks failed to adequately replicate the specific demands of competition, especially regarding high mechanical stress, such as the absence of high-intensity impacts and decelerations. This method of classification of training tasks may allow coaches to understand further the specificity and contribution of each task to competition demands, consequently improving the capacity of load management and the preparedness and readiness of players for competition.

Weekly External Load Correlation in Season Microcycles with Game Running Performance and Training Quantification in Elite Young Soccer Players.

The purpose of this study was to (a) correlate the weekly external training load with the game running performance in season microcycles and (b) specify the optimal training/game ratio of the weekly external load in elite youth soccer players. The total distance (TD), the high-speed running distance (HSRD) (19.8-25.2 km/h), the ZONE6 distance (>25.2 km/h), the acceleration (ACC) (≥+2 m/s2), and the deceleration (DEC) (≥-2 m/s2) were monitored with global positioning system (GPS) technology throughout 18 microcycles and official games. TD had a very high positive correlation average (r = 0.820, p = 0.001), the HSRD had a high positive correlation average (r = 0.658, p = 0.001), the ZONE6 distance and DEC had a moderate positive correlation average ((r = 0.473, p = 0.001) and (r = 0.478, p = 0.001), respectively), and the ACC had a low positive correlation average (r = 0.364, p = 0.001) between microcycles and games. Regarding the training/game ratio, the HSRD showed statistically significant differences between ratios 1.43 and 2.60 (p = 0.012, p ≤ 0.05), the ACC between ratios 2.42 and 4.45 (p = 0.050, p ≤ 0.05) and ratios 3.29 and 4.45 (p = 0.046, p ≤ 0.05), and the DEC between ratios 2.28 and 3.94 (p = 0.034, p ≤ 0.05). Considering the correlation between weekly training and game external load, high weekly training TD values correspond to higher game values, whereas HSRD, ZONE6 distance, ACC, and DEC, which determine training intensity, should be trained in a specific volume. Training/game ratios of 1.43, 2.42 to 3.29, and 2.28 to 3.11 seem to be optimal for HSRD, ACC, and DEC weekly training, respectively.

Do Elite Basketball Players Maintain Peak External Demands throughout the Entire Game?

Consideration of workload intensity and peak demands across different periods of basketball games contributes to understanding the external physical requirements of elite basketball players. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the average intensity and peak demands encountered by players throughout game quarters. PlayerLoad per minute and PlayerLoad at three different time samples (30 s, 1 min, and 3 min) were used as workload metrics. A total of 14 professional elite male basketball players were monitored during 30 official games to investigate this. A linear mixed model and Cohen's d were employed to identify significant differences and quantify the effect sizes among game quarters. The results showed a significant, moderate effect in PlayerLoad per minute between Q1 vs. Q4, and a small effect between Q2 and Q3 vs. Q4. Furthermore, a small to moderate decline was observed in external peak values for PlayerLoad across game quarters. Specifically,, a significant decrease was found for the 3 min time window between Q1 and other quarters. The findings from the present study suggest that professional basketball players tend to experience fatigue or reduced physical output as the game progresses.

Changes in performance and psychological variables in official games of young elite soccer players playing away and home matches

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the home-game and away-game conditions on the psychological (cognition, mood, and anxiety state) and technical and physical performance of a team of young elite soccer athletes. Nine athletes who performed home and away games were used as the sample for this pilot study. When compared to a home game, in the away game situation, there is a higher pre-match strain and anxiety (all P &lt; .01) and a decrease in saves, passes completed, maximum heart rate (HRmax), and acceleration per min-1 (all P &lt; .05). The cognition was similar in both games (P = .22). Also, we identify a positive correlation of delta cognition (cognition pre- minus post-game) with HRmax, accelerations per min-1, completed passes, and pre-match anxiety and strain. In conclusion, young elite athletes have lower physical/technical performance and significant psychological disturbance when playing away, and short-term memory is related to physical and technical performance. Keywords: psychometrics; adolescent; high performance sport.

The Development of the National Football Development Program (NFDP) Coaching Process Model: Emphasis on Small Sided Game (SSG) Approach

Small-sided games (SSGs) are played on reduced pitch areas, often using modified rules and involving a smaller number of players than traditional football. These games are less structured than traditional fitness training methods but are very popular training drills for players of all ages and levels. At present, there is relatively little information regarding how SSGs can best be used to improve physical capacities and technical or tactical skills in footballers. However, many prescriptive variables controlled by the coach can influence the exercise intensity during SSGs. In the context of soccer instruction, SSGs are frequently employed to give an engaging method of preserving the dynamics of an official game while making particular alterations to concentrate on certain behaviors and movements. Models for coaching provides some insight and guidelines into what coaches do. The purpose of the study is to build a coaching process model based on the "Small Sided Game" approach. The qualitative method was conducted in this study. The researcher used snowball sampling in which 10 sports schools coaches under NFDP program were interviewed. The numbers of participants were determined by saturation of information. The variation in exercise intensity during SSGs can improved with consistent coach encouragement but it is still more variable than traditional generic training methods. SSGs containing fewer players can exceed match intensity and elicit similar intensities to both long- and short-duration high- intensity interval running. This study implied the construction of the football coaching process model that can benefit the national football development at the grassroots level and provide alternative sources of knowledge for teachers or football coaches to coach their football teams. Keywords: Small Sided Game (SSG), Coaching Process Model, NFDP Football Coaches

The influence of physical fitness qualities, individual characteristics and contextual factors on youth basketball players' perceived exertion and recovery responses to official games.

This study examined the influence of physical fitness qualities, individual characteristics, and contextual factors on perceived exertion and recovery responses to official games in youth basketball players. Twenty-six males (age: 15.8±1.2 years; 12 guards, 9 forwards, and 5 centers) and 7 females (age: 16.1±0.9 years; 3 guards, 4 forwards) were monitored for an entire basketball season (N.=635 observations). Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery (level 1) and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests were administered, with players categorized as high and low Yo-Yo and CMJ groups according to test results. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected after each official game. Before the game and the day after, the Total Quality of Recovery (scores) were collected, and the difference between post- and pregame TQR was calculated (TQRΔ). Separate linear mixed models evaluated the effects of sex (M; F), fitness qualities (high Yo-Yo; low Yo-Yo) (high CMJ; low CMJ), playing position (guard; forward; center), game outcome (won; loss) and game location (home; away). Male players reported higher RPE (7.0±0.3) than females (5.5±0.4) (P=0.003, effect size [ES]: moderate). Players with high Yo-Yo performance also reported higher RPE (6.7±0.4) than low Yo-Yo (5.8±0.3) (P=0.049, ES: small). TQRΔ was higher in guards (-1.3±0.2) than forwards (-0.8±0.2) (P=0.041, ES: trivial), and lower after lost games (-0.8±0.2) compared to won games (-1.2±0.2) (P=0.002, ES: small). In youth basketball, postgame perceived exertion and recovery responses are influenced by players' sex, intermittent endurance capacity, and game outcome. Current findings can help youth basketball practitioners to better understand their players' performances and perceptual responses.

Dynamic Visual Acuity, Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex, and Visual Field in National Football League (NFL) Officiating: Physiology and Visualization Engineering for 3D Virtual On-Field Training.

The ability to make on-field, split-second decisions is critical for National Football League (NFL) game officials. Multiple principles in visual function are critical for accuracy and precision of these play calls, including foveation time and unobstructed line of sight, static visual acuity, dynamic visual acuity, vestibulo-ocular reflex, and sufficient visual field. Prior research has shown that a standardized curriculum in these neuro-ophthalmic principles have demonstrated validity and self-rated improvements in understanding, confidence, and likelihood of future utilization by NFL game officials to maximize visual performance during officiating. Virtual reality technology may also be able to help optimize understandings of specific neuro-ophthalmic principles and simulate real-life gameplay. Personal communication between authors and NFL officials and leadership have indicated that there is high interest in 3D virtual on-field training for NFL officiating. In this manuscript, we review the current and past research in this space regarding a neuro-ophthalmic curriculum for NFL officials. We then provide an overview our current visualization engineering process in taking real-life NFL gameplay 2D data and creating 3D environments for virtual reality gameplay training for football officials to practice plays that highlight neuro-ophthalmic principles. We then review in-depth the physiology behind these principles and discuss strategies to implement these principles into virtual reality for football officiating.

Profile of Accelerations and Decelerations in Young Basketball Players

Profile of Accelerations and Decelerations in Young Basketball Players

Analysis of Factors of Sports Migration and the Effectiveness of Competitive Activity of Football Players

The purpose of the work: determine the ways of correcting the training process based on taking in to account the influence of sports migration factors on the training of highly qualified football players. Material and methods. To assess the impact of factors of sports migration on the effectiveness of competitive activity, the indicators of the competitive activity of football players of the national team of Ukraine in 16 official games during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 seasons. Methods of research. Analysis, generalization and systematization of data from scientific and methodological literary sources and the “Internet”, pedagogical observations, content analysis of competition regulations (based on the materials of the official FIFA; UEFA; UAF sites), analysis of performance indicators of competitive activity; method of expert evaluations; methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The 2020-2021 season: in 62,5% of official games, higher indicators were recorded for football players of the first group (“migrants” and “naturalized” athletes), the range of indicators – from 58.33% to 77.50%. At the same time, statistically significant differences (25.00%) were recorded in 2 games. In one game, higher indicators were recorded for football players of the first group (“migrants” and “naturalized” athletes) and, in one game, higher indicators were recorded for football players of the second group (athletes who were born in Ukraine are national athletes of the UAF and participate in UPL competitions). The 2021-2022 season: in 62.5% of official games, higher indicators were recorded for football players of the first group (“migrants” and “naturalized” athletes), the range of indicators – from 50.01% to 74.16%. No statistically significant differences were recorded. The comparative effectiveness of football players of the first and second groups was 46.15% and 53.85%, respectively. Conclusion. This state of affairs indicates the need to correct the modern system of multi-year improvement of highly qualified football players based on the development and formation of technologies for the direct training of migrant athletes for official international competitions.

National Football League Game Officials Self-Rating of Knowledge in Neuro-Ophthalmic Principles and Practice: A Pilot Program to Improve Precision and Accuracy of Game Official Calls.

To determine whether a neuro-ophthalmic curriculum would improve National Football League (NFL) game officials' self-rated knowledge and interest in neuro-ophthalmic principles to improve precision and accuracy of NFL play-calling. The formalized and structured neuro-ophthalmic principles (NOP) curriculum was introduced to 121 NFL game officials, 17 replay officials, and 4 officiating staff who attended the NFL Official Training Camp in Irving, Texas, on September 8 and 9, 2023. Before and after the lecture and videos were introduced, participants completed an optional hard-copy feedback form pertaining to self-reported NOP knowledge, likelihood of using said terms, and interest in future content of NOP applicable NFL officiating. Paired 2-tailed t tests were used for statistical analysis to directly compare the self-reported knowledge before and after the neuro-ophthalmic curriculum introduction. One hundred forty-two participants completed the prelecture and postlecture feedback forms self-reported knowledge after the NOP curriculum was given to the NFL officiating staff. All (142/142) participants completed a survey. There was a statistically significant improvement in the mean ratings of the prelecture vs. postlecture understanding of the specific neuro-ophthalmic terms pertinent to NFL game officials (2.6 [95% CI, 2.3-3.0] vs. 7.9 [95% CI, 7.6-8.2], P < 0.001) and 2.7 [95% CI, 2.3-3.0] vs. 7.7 [95% CI, 7.4-8.0]), respectively. There was a statistically significant greater likelihood of using said terms prelecture vs. postlecture (2.9 [95% CI, 2.4-3.4] vs. 7.5 [95% CI, 7.2-7.9], P < 0.001). This study found a statistically significant improvement in neuro-ophthalmic knowledge and a greater likelihood of using NOP terms following the NOP curriculum. NFL game officials, replay officials, and staff are interested in expanding their knowledge in the vision science of neuro-ophthalmic concepts and applications involved in play-calling. We hope that our pilot data will lead to a model of education that will improve the precision and accuracy of NFL play-calls by officials on game days.

Personal Bests and Gender

Abstract We connect two large bodies of scientific inquiry. First, important theories in the social sciences establish that human preferences are reference-dependent. Second, a separate field of research documents substantial differences in preferences and attitudes across genders. Specifically, we examine the universe of official classic chess games (more than 250,000 subjects and 22 million games). This allows us to study differences across genders both in cognitive performance (intensive margin) and in competitive participation (extensive margin), using the fact that personal bests act as reference points. We find that males and females behave very differently around their personal bests in both margins.

Effects of Repeated High-Intensity Effort Training or Repeated Sprint Training on Repeated High-Intensity Effort Ability and In-Game Performance in Professional Rugby Union Players.

Glaise, P, Rogowski, I, and Martin, C. Effects of repeated high-intensity effort training or repeated sprint training on repeated high-intensity effort ability and in-game performance in professional rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 932-940, 2024-This study investigated the effects of repeated high-intensity efforts (RHIE) training compared with repeated sprint exercise (RSE) training on RHIE ability (RHIEa) and in-game performance in professional rugby union players. Thirty-nine, male, professional, rugby union players were randomly assigned to 3 training groups (RHIE training, RSE training, and control). Repeated high-intensity effort ability and high-intensity effort characteristics (including sprints, acceleration, and contact efforts) during official games were measured before and after a 10-week specific (RHIE, RSE, or control) training period. The results of this study showed that concerning RHIEa, both the RHIE and RSE training significantly increased the players' average sprint velocity ( p < 0.001, d = -0.39 and p < 0.001, d = -0.53 respectively), average sled push velocity (ASPV; p < 0.001, d = -0.81 and p = 0.017, d = -0.48 respectively), and RHIE score ( p < 0.001, d = -0.72 and p < 0.001, d = -0.60 respectively). Repeated high-intensity effort training trended in a smaller increase in average sprint velocity than RSE training, a larger increase in ASPV, and a similar increase in RHIE score. Concerning in-game high-intensity efforts, both the RHIE and RSE training produced significant improvements in the number of sprints ( p = 0.047, d = -0.28 and p < 0.001, d = -0.47 respectively), total distance ( p < 0.001, d = -0.50 and p = 0.002, d = -0.38 respectively), the number of accelerations ( p < 0.001, d = -0.37 and p = 0.003, d = -0.32 respectively), and contact rate ( p < 0.001, d = -0.97 and p = 0.020, d = -0.28 respectively). Conversely, the magnitude of the increase in contact rate was almost twice as high in RHIE compared with RSE training. To conclude, the findings of this study were that both RSE and RHIE training are effective methods for developing RHIEa and in-game high-intensity efforts in professional rugby union. In practical applications, as the gains in certain abilities and game performance data differed depending on the training method chosen, we suggest that coaches choose the most appropriate method according to the profile of the players, their position, and the style of play they want to develop.