Official Definition Research Articles

Not so sustainable? Images of bioeconomy by future environmental professionals and citizens

This two-part study explored future environmental professionals' and citizens' views of bioeconomy and compared them to the official definitions. Essays written by future environmental professionals (N = 47) were analysed using thematic analysis. Four dimensions of the bioeconomy visions were identified: "drivers vs barriers", "change in technology vs lifestyles", "biological vs any sustainable resources" and "change as sustainable vs risky". The quantitative survey of Finnish citizens (N = 1020) was analysed with exploratory factor analysis and linear regression. Five dimensions emerged: "bio-based resources", "social and economic sustainability", "environmental degradation", "non-material values" and "scientific and technological advancement". The majority of respondents imagined a moderate increase in the use of bio-based resources and the scientific and technological advancement. The majority imagined no change in the social and economic sustainability and non-material values. The respondents were divided rather equally into those who imagined environmental degradation to worsen, those who imagined it to improve, and those who imagined it to stay the same. These findings demonstrate that citizens and future environmental professionals are critical of the environmental sustainability of bioeconomy, and that they perceive lifestyle changes and non-material values as a part of bioeconomy, which are not currently captured by official bioeconomy policies.

Blood Will Tell: Native Americans and Assimilation Policy

Blood Will Tell: Native Americans and Assimilation Policy

Analyse der Wahrnehmung und Zahlungsbereitschaft von Konsumenten für verschiedene Typen von Natural Wines

Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren haben sich am Markt Weine hervorgetan, welche das Image der Natürlichkeit und Nachhaltigkeit verkörpern wollen. Aufgrund einer bis dato fehlenden Begriffsdefinition dieser sogenannten Natural Wines kann sich jeder Winzer als Produzent natürlicher Weine bezeichnen. Das Hauptziel dieser Studie ist es, herauszufinden, wie natürlich verschiedene Produkteigenschaften von Natural-Wines-Konsumenten eingestuft werden und wie hoch die Zahlungsbereitschaft für zusätzliche Natürlichkeitsaspekte ist. Dazu finden die traditionelle Conjoint-Analyse sowie das Preispremiumverfahren der Markenbewertung Anwendung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die biodynamische Anbauweise und Weine ohne Schwefelzusatz von den Teilnehmern als die natürlichsten Produktattribute wahrgenommen werden. Des Weiteren ist die Mehrpreisbereitschaft der befragten Konsumenten bei Weinen aus biodynamischem Anbau am höchsten.

Getting acquainted with social networks and apps: combating fake news on social media

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a general overview of how the major social media companies are addressing the problem of fake news and the spread of digital disinformation. The fight against bad sources and false authorities is one that librarians have been engaged in for a very long time.Design/methodology/approachWhile the inaccurate information may not always have been called “fake news,” misinformation, propaganda, conspiracy, exaggeration, manipulated facts and out and out lies have always been combated by librarians through information literacy. It is nearly impossible to go a day in this current news climate without reading or hearing the term “fake news”; whether it is being tweeted by the 45th president of the USA, discussed in the media, detailed in articles about social media or addressed by librarians in literature, conversation, conferences, tweets and blog posts.FindingsThe inescapable phrase was named word of the year for 2017 by both the American Dialect Society (“Fake News,” 2018) and Collins Dictionary (Meza, 2017). While the official definitions provided by a number of different sources may vary, the gist of what is meant by fake news is that it is information that is largely inaccurate, misleading, unsubstantiated, manipulated or completely fabricated that is being passed off as truthful, authoritative and accurate.Originality/valueThough the phrase “fake news” may seem to be a recent term, it has actually been around since the end of the nineteenth century and it is not limited to just discussing political news according to Merriam-Webster.

Finnish Bioeconomy in 2050 – Visions of Future Environmental Professionals

Finland and the European Union, among others, are promoting bioeconomy as a new form of economy. According to the EU, the bioeconomy comprises those parts of the economy that produce renewable biological resources, such as crops, forests, fish, animals and micro-organisms, or use them to produce food, materials and energy. In order for transition to have public legitimacy and engagement, it is important to understand different stakeholders’ views of bioeconomy. Therefore in this article we focus on future environmental professionals’ views of bioeconomy and compare them to the official definitions. We collected essays about Finnish bioeconomy in 2050 among 47 future environmental professionals who were currently studying at universities in the Helsinki region. The one-page essays were written in the spring 2017. Their content was analysed through nine themes (energy, housing, transport, food, other consumption, individuals, society, drivers, and definition of bioeconomy). Respondents’ views were reduced to three-four alternative future images per each theme and then combined into overall future images. According to the results, respondents’ visions were much more versatile and varied than the images portrayed by the Finnish and EU policies. The visions included dystopic images as well as critical views regarding the consumption-based lifestyles of today. The visions included changes to everyday life and practices, as well as to prevailing values and attitudes. For example, dietary changes such as increased vegetarianism and reduced consumption of meat and dairy products were very common. On the other hand, local food production and self-sufficiency were preferred by many respondents. In addition, the new technologies and materials envisioned were not only bio-based. Instead, solar and wind power emerged as particularly important energy forms. Even nuclear power was mentioned, which demonstrates how the focus of these visions was often carbon-neutrality rather than renewability or biological resources. Altogether these visions demonstrate that even among future environmental professionals the concept of bioeconomy is far from clear. It can be hypothesized that the term is even less known among the Finnish people at large. It is also likely that current research and promotion activities do not take into account the various societal and everyday dimensions of bioeconomy, if they only focus on the technological and economic aspects of the transform. We conclude that the aim to transform the Finnish society towards bioeconomy should be discussed more widely, and its definition, legitimacy, and societal impacts should be studied further.

Kilka uwag dotyczących problematyki prawa i postępowania dyscyplinarnego studentów i doktorantów na podstawie ustawy – Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi analizę wybranych zagadnień postępowania dyscyplinarnego studentów i doktorantów w świetle ustawy z 27.5.2005 r. Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym. W pierwszej kolejności przedstawione zostaną uwagi o charakterze wprowadzającym, w szczególności kwestie autonomii omawianej dyscypliny oraz jej definicję. Następnie zaprezentowana zostanie podstawa normatywna odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej studentów i doktorantów oraz nastąpi przybliżenie definicji deliktu dyscyplinarnego zgodnie z brzmieniem przepisów prawa oraz głosem doktryny przedmiotu. W dalszej części zostanie poruszony problem koincydencji postępowania karnego i dyscyplinarnego, która to jest szczególnie istotna ze względu na konstytucyjną zasadę ne bis in idem. Artykuł zostanie zakończony zwięzłym podsumowaniem omawianej materii oraz autorskimi postulatami de lege lata ferenda dla polskiego ustawodawcy.

Official definitions for undesirable medical events : Are they correctly applied in medicine?

SummaryBackgroundIn Austria, elaborate definitions exist for the undesirable medical events side effect, adverse event, complication and medical malpractice. We aimed at investigating whether the official definitions for the abovementioned terms can be understood by a sample population representing a cross-section of the Austrian population.MethodsIn this study 1021 Austrian citizens were interviewed. Demographic parameters (age, gender, occupation, level of education, monthly income, number of inhabitants at place of residence) were assessed. Participants were told the official definitions for complication, side effect, adverse event and medical malpractice and asked to select the correct definition for “complication”. The impact of sample characteristics on the ability to identify the correct definition was investigated.ResultsOf the participants 315 (31%) identified the correct definition of a complication. Almost the same number (n = 302, 30%; χ2 for single samples: p = 0.087) falsely selected the definition for side effect. Significantly fewer (both p < 0.001) chose the definitions for adverse event (n = 220, 22%) and medical malpractice (n = 155, 15%). Only the respective state of origin showed significant influence on the probability of choosing the correct definition out of the four. The probability was highest in Vorarlberg (0.400) and lowest in Upper Austria (0.216, p < 0.001).ConclusionFor the majority the present official definitions for undesirable medical events are too complex to understand. Simple definitions for undesirable medical events should be included into patient education.

Valuation of nutritional and health claims for yoghurts in Spain: A hedonic price approach

This article investigates price effects of nutritional claims (NC) and health claims (HC), in addition to other attributes, on yoghurts in the Spanish market. Prices and product characteristics are collected from yoghurt label references found on the shelves of the main representative retail shops in the capital city of Aragon (Zaragoza) Spain. The total sample included 508 yoghurts. Nutritional and health claims (NHCs) are selected based on the official definitions of the (EC) Regulation No 1924/2006 and No 432/2012. Premium prices of the NHCs and other attributes included were assessed through a hedonic price approach. Results show that yoghurt is a highly differentiated food product. NCs related to fat-free, low in sugar and fiber content did not affect yoghurt prices while most of the health claims received significant positive effects. Health claims outperform nutritional claims leading to higher premium prices. These findings are a useful source in a better understanding of the evolution of NHCs in the Spanish market. Our findings suggest that NCs accompanied by the corresponding HC, which exactly defines the benefits of that nutrient in our health may be a promising strategy for product differentiation.

Customs Infringements and Sanctions in Polish Regulations

This article is devoted to legal sanctions for customs infringements in the Polish legislation. The author formulates the definitions of customs offences and misdemeanours, presents the basic typology of customs infringements and discusses the sanctions for infringements depending on their type. The special attention is dedicated to the analysis of sanctions contained in the Polish Penal and Fiscal Code and in the Penal Code. The article describes also the recent changes and tendencies in Polish customs law sanctions.

NREM sleep parasomnias as disorders of sleep-state dissociation.

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep parasomnias (or NREM parasomnias) are fascinating disorders with mysterious neurobiological substrates. These conditions are common and often severe, with social, personal and forensic implications. The NREM parasomnias include sleepwalking, sleep terrors and confusional arousals - collectively termed disorders of arousal (DOAs) - as well as less well-known entities such as sleep-related sexual behaviours and eating disorders. Affected patients can exhibit waking behaviours arising abruptly out of NREM sleep. Although the individual remains largely unresponsive to the external environment, their EEG shows both typical sleep-like and wake-like features, and they occasionally report dreaming afterwards. Therefore, these disorders offer a unique natural model to explore the abnormal coexistence of local sleep and wake brain activity and the dissociation between behaviour and various aspects of consciousness. In this article, we critically review major findings and updates on DOAs, focusing on neurophysiological studies, and offer an overview of new clinical frontiers and promising future research areas. We advocate a joint effort to inform clinicians and the general public about the management and follow-up of these conditions. We also strongly encourage collaborative multicentre studies to add more objective polysomnographic criteria to the current official diagnostic definitions and to develop clinical practice guidelines, multidisciplinary research approaches and evidence-based medical care.

PLASTIC SURGERY IN UKRAINE: LEGAL ASPECT

The article highlights the problem of plastic surgery legal status in Ukraine, in particular describes the absence of postgraduate study programs for doctor-specialist in plastic surgery qualification award in comparison with the process of plastic surgeons training in the USA. Also describes some steps for separation of plastic surgery as an independent specialty in Ukraine in particular the resolution of the XXIII Congress of Surgeons of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine, 2015) which announced the proposals on the introduction of the specialty “Plastic and Reconstructive Corrective Surgery” in the list of medical specialties, as well as to approve the draft order by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, “On the improvement of medical aid in plastic surgery to population in Ukraine”, developed by the All-Ukrainian Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. As well the research analyzes the potential responsibility for plastic operations performing by a physician whose qualification is not confirmed as “Doctor-Plastic Surgeon” due to the existing legal collision. The necessity of a term “cosmetic interference” official definition is present, in particular, it defines the importance of the legal definition of the term “cosmetic interference” in the context of sick leave certificate design because according to the legislation of Ukraine, disability payments due to “cosmetic interference” are not provided while that the diagnosis in a sick leave certificate can be mentioned only because of the written consent of the person to whom it is issued. Besides the paper presents the examples of court cases and legislation that confirm the necessity to regulate the legal status of plastic surgery in Ukraine.

Curriculum or Common Sense? An Exploration in the Classroom Production of Useful Knowledge

The relation among instrumental knowledge, practical understanding, and critical insight has been examined in a wide variety of contexts, including workers' study institutes of I 9th century England (Johnson, 1979), the public school in post-World War I middle America (Lynd and Lynd, 1929), and third-world literacy programs (Freire, 1973). A recurrent theme is the tendency of instrumental or technicist concepts of education to suppress those interests and concerns of students which might lead to their developing critical insights into their situation. In other words, certain attempts to make education more practical or useful may, ironically, make students less able to form autonomous judgements about their social situation and more dependent on official definitions of it. This paper explores some problems associated with attempts to implement a curriculum geared to imparting useful knowledge. In particular, it focuses on the relation of practical understanding and critical insight to the instrumental tendencies associated with a recent curriculum innovation, life skills education, which has found wide application in educational and training contexts in Canada. In the pages which follow, I consider some main features of the life skills approach and raise issues connected with the social dimensions of school curricula of this kind. I then turn to a case of teaching skills for everyday living in the setting of a secondary school classroom.

Linking Counter Terrorism and Refugee Law: Unravelling the (Undue) Nexus with International Law

The link between the arrivals of refugees seeking international protection and an increase in the risk of terrorism seems to have been already established in public opinion and it has been a basis for the recent adoption of controversial measures, including the suspension of the Schengen Agreement in Europe or the so-called Muslim Ban in the United States. Against the backdrop of an alleged refugees-terrorism nexus, the purpose of this paper is to understand whether there is any degree of convergence or, conversely, divergence, between the crimes included within the “exclusion clause” under International Refugee Law (IRL) and the acts classified as “terrorist acts” under Counter-Terrorism Law (CTL), with particular reference to the European context. After some introductory remarks, the paper discusses the grounds for exclusions under IRL and European Law in section 2, while in section 3 the multiple definitions of terrorist offences under CTL are presented. Section 4 aims at discussing specific circumstances leading to the exclusion of an individual from refugee status on the basis of terrorism. Some conclusive remarks are finally proposed.

A VIEW ON THE UNINFORMED CONSUMERS TOWARDS QUALITY STANDARDS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE TTIP NEGOTIATIONS

Radio broadcasts, TV shows and online media make a significant contribution today-to-day consumer information and have a great impact on public opinion. Thepresent study provides an overview of the German reporting about the qualitystandards of the agri-food industry in the context of the negotiations towards a EUUSTransatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). On the basis of aguided empirical content analysis, 436 publications released via radio, TV orInternet in the period from June 2013 to December 2016 were quantitatively andqualitatively analyzed. The quantitative analysis showed that the agri-food industrywas generally of minor relevance in the coverage of TTIP, but focused mainly onquality standards. The term ‘quality and consumer protection standards‘ frequentlyappeared in the reportings with the topics such as genetic modification, use ofhormones, antibiotics or pesticides and the ‘chlorine-washed chicken‘. These arenot standards for official definition of the general food law. It was established thatall publications lacked information about specific standards. Thus, the quantitativeanalysis showed a superficial view of quality standards with only symboliccharacteristics. The results of the qualitative media analysis indicated a negativepicture of the effects of TTIP concerning the agri-food sector and its standards.Due to the complex structure of the globalised agri-food chains, the importance ofcomprehensive consumer information was highlighted. Overall, German mediafailed to provide scientifically based information. Unfortunately, they justhighlighted the possible negative changes which could be caused by TTIP.

Anthony D. Smith and the role of art, architecture and music in the growth of modern nations: a comparative study of national parliaments and classical music in Britain and Denmark

This essay takes its inspiration from Anthony D. Smith’s work and offers a brief com-parative analysis of national parliaments and composers in Britain andDenmark. It examines how ideas of the nation became ‘real’ in those key pub-lic institutions of the two countries, their national parliaments and through theworks of the composers, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Carl Nielsen. Our aim is also to advance cross-national study of national art, architecture and music(Brincker and Brincker, 2004; Brincker, 2014; Leoussi 2004, 2009) and thereby address the critique raised by, among others, Rogers Brubaker, that studies of nations and nationalism have a tendency of generating non-cumulative knowl-edge that does not move beyond the insights that one acquires from single case studies (Brubaker 2004). In response to Brubaker and building on Smith, we show,first, the role of the arts in official and popular definitions of national identity in Britain and Denmark; and second, the existence of formal patterns in European national art, architecture and music as the idea of the nation spread across Europe.

Paraganglioma Invasor, Produtor de Metanefrinas e Indutor de Síncopes Progressivas

Introdução: Paragangliomas são tumores raros, vasculares e predominantemente benignos, de origem embriológica da crista neural. Em sua grande maioria são assintomáticos e, quando acometem a cabeça e pescoço, o local mais comum é o corpo carotídeo. Raramente podem induzir síncopes, invadir vasos adjacentes e produzir metanefrinas. Caso Clínico: Mulher com 26 anos e síncopes progressivas há dois anos, com frequência crescente até dois episódios diários, associados a bradicardia e hipotensão. Foi diagnosticado paraganglioma carotídeo invasivo e produtor de metanefrinas. A exérese do paraganglioma controlou as crises e resultou em um retorno aos níveis basais de metanefrinas. Após dois anos de seguimento a paciente encontra-se assintomática. Discussão: Neste caso foi apresentado um tumor de seio carotídeo raro, de crescimento lento, que se apresentou clinicamente com síncopes progressivas, de características reflexas, neuro-mediadas, pela compressão do seio carotídeo e de forma atípica, pela produção de metanefrinas. As características deste tumor foram revistas, assim como seus fenômenos fisiopatológicos peculiares e suas recomendações de acompanhamento pós-operatório, embasados nos Guidelines europeus atuais. Conclusão: Paragangliomas de corpo carotídeo, que são considerados tumores raros, podem apresentar-se com características ainda mais incomuns, necessitando, como neste caso, de um conhecimento mais apurado sobre síncopes e paragangliomas. A definição de síncopes progressivas é inexistente na literatura científica atual, podendo ser classificadas como um grupo à parte, merecendo abordagem diagnóstica efetiva mais precocemente, associada a desfechos com menor risco, mais breves e favoráveis.

Eternal Questions of Gifted Education from the Aspect of University Teachers

Almost every man has different conception about the meaning of talent. The situation is similarly complicated among the professionals: Talent has so many definitions that it needs to create different categories to organize them. Hence “talent” has no official unified definition, characteristics of talent gives a knotty question even to the professionals who care with the investigation of talent, not only for laymen. Is it coded into our genes? Is it a privilege just for some persons? Could it be measured objectively? Such and similar questions (seven) were integrated into the questionnaire of this research. The main goal was to explore the opinion of the university-teachers (N=273) who have experience about the cooperation with talented students. After a general investigation, I have compared the attitudes among different science-areas. After that, I have compared it with a miscellaneous (in the aspect of the science-area) control group which consisted from German professors (N=48). 3Due to the ANOVA-results, we can conclude that there was concordance among the scientists of the different areas about the eternal dilemmas: In the cases of six questions from the seven, there was no significant difference among the groups (science-areas). The only exception was the question about the appearing-time of the talent (early or late?).

Genesis of Approaches to Legal and Doctrinal Definition of Criminal Offense

The concept of a criminal offense according to experts has been known to the nationallegislator and law enforcement for about three centuries. In the pre-revolutionary period,the notion of misdemeanor along with the concept of crime was enshrined in the Code ofCriminal Laws of 1832, in all editions of the Code of Criminal and Correctional Penaltiesof 1845, in the Criminal Code of 1903. In these legal acts, offense, like crimes, wereconsidered as a variety of criminal illegal acts. In the Сriminal Сodes of the RSFSR in1922, 1926, 1960, the concept of a criminal offense was not fixed. In the draft Code of Criminal Offenses (1973), which was not adopted, the criminal offense was proposedto be considered as а non-criminal offence. In 1977, the Fundamentals of CriminalLegislation of the USSR and the Union Republics of 1958 and the Criminal Code of theRSFSR in 1960 introduced provisions on crimes that do not pose a great public danger. Inthe early 1990s, the introduction of criminal offenses as an independent group of criminalacts was proposed in some projects of the Criminal Code. The problem of a criminaloffense is not new for the domestic science of criminal law. In the criminal legal doctrineof the pre-revolutionary period, the allocation of criminal offenses was justified by dividing“according to the kind of iniquity”. In the Soviet period, the problem of a criminal offensebegan to be actively discussed from the 1960s. Most of academics considered thecriminal offense as a kind of crime, which has a certain degree of public danger. It wasquite popular that the criminal offense was viewed as a kind of socially dangerous actprohibited by Criminal Code along with a crime. Some researchers considered it as an actthat was not at criminal-illegal and criminally punishable. In the modern Russian doctrineof criminal law, essentially the same three basic positions have been preserved in thematter of determining the nature of a criminal offense.In the case of implementing thelegislative initiative, issued in the form of Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Courtof the Russian Federation of October 31, 2017 No. 42, the Criminal Code of the RussianFederation will introduce the concept of a criminal offense, which will be understood onlyas a sub-category of crimes of small gravity.

Feeling Offended: A Blow to Our Image and Our Social Relationships.

The paper presents a survey study that investigates the self-conscious emotion of feeling offended and provides an account of it in terms of a socio-cognitive model of emotions. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the participants’ answers, the study provides a definition of offense and of the feeling of offense in terms of its “mental ingredients,” the beliefs and goals represented in a person who feels this emotion, and finds out what are its necessary and aggravating conditions, what are the explicit and implicit causes of offense (the other’s actions, omissions, inferred mental states), what negative evaluations are offensive and why. It also shows that the feeling of offense is not only triggered about honor or public image, but it is mainly felt in personal affective relationships. The paper finally highlights that high self-esteem may protect a person against the feeling of offense and the constellation of negative emotions triggered by it.

Prospects, Problems, and Pitfalls in Comparative Analyses of Criminal Justice Data

AbstractOfficial crime and criminal justice data are influenced by different substantive (e.g., victims’ reporting rates), legal (e.g., offense definitions), and statistical (e.g., counting rules) ...