SEER, 99, 4, OCTOBER 2021 780 more repressive and few churches and clergy remained active, those wanting to preserve their faith had only one option: ‘an escape from public space into a more isolated area — the family’ (p. 212). On one point, Osiecki perhaps over-interprets an archival report to speculate that the Church leader, Catholicos Gevorg V, might have died in February 1928, rather than the official (and to my mind more likely) date of May 1930. On another point, I disagree with Osiecki. He notes in passing that the election in 1932 of Archbishop Khoren Muradbekian as the new head of the Church, the Catholicos, was ‘[b]y the intrigue and under the threat of GPU persecutions’ (p. vii). Muradbekian was in fact the state’s second — and less favoured — choice. Ironically, that election was the freest of all the elections for Church leader in the Soviet period — in 1941 (which was abandoned), 1945 and 1955. The translation does not appear to have been checked by an English native speaker and many of the names and abbreviations for institutions, for example, appear in Polonized form and are often inconsistent (USSR in some places, ZSRS in others, NKJ and NKJU for the People’s Commissariat of Justice). Some personal names are misspelled. Thisbook—whichisderivedfromOsiecki’sdoctoralthesisattheJagiellonian University in Kraków — should be welcomed as the first in English to give a comprehensive account of the Armenian Church in Armenia in the first Soviet decade, drawing on a wide range of archival sources especially in Armenia and Georgia as well as published sources. Osiecki combines this history with a look back to pre-Soviet Armenia and also to the Ottoman Empire, as well as setting the life of the Church in the wider political context. London Felix Corley Klinger, William and Kuljiš, Denis. Tito’s Secret Empire: How the Maharaja of the Balkans Fooled the World. Hurst and Company, London, 2021. xv + 361 pp. Illustrations. Notes. £30.00. Tito’s Secret Empire, co-authored by the renowned late Croatian journalist Denis Kuljiš and the late Croatian historian William Klinger, who predeceased Kuljiš by four years under tragic circumstances, is an unconventional albeit compelling work devoted to the political career of Josip Broz Tito. The book is divided into four chronological sections, ‘A Comintern Agent’, ‘Commander of a Secret Army’, ‘The Secret Empire’, and ‘The Brijuni International’, which attempt to compartmentalize the key stages of Tito’s political career. The first section begins with Tito’s experiences during the REVIEWS 781 Russian Revolutions as an Austro-Hungarian prisoner of war, his conversion to the Communist cause, and charts his gradual ascent within the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ). The second section deals with Tito’s wartime role as leader of the KPJ-led Partisan resistance and consolidation of power in Yugoslavia. The third section, which constitutes the largest part of the book, covers the period from 1944 to 1964. It focuses on Tito’s post-war ‘imperial’ plans, which entailed exporting Communist revolutions to Albania, Greece, Italy and beyond, ultimately leading to the split with Joseph Stalin in 1948. The fourth section is the shortest, consisting of one chapter covering the period from 1964 until Tito’s death in May 1980. This is the period of constitutional reform and ‘liberalization’ in Yugoslavia, and corresponds to the era of Tito’s leadership within the Non-Aligned Movement and his efforts to export anticolonial revolution to the Third World. Originally published in Serbia in 2019 under a slightly different title, the book synthesizes two distinct intellectual styles that reflect the professional backgrounds of its authors. While it is based on research in Yugoslav archives and some previously unpublished material, stylistically it occasionally reads more like a feuilleton than a scholarly biography and unmistakably bears Kuljiš’s journalistic style and polemical tenor. There is no bibliography nor do the authors provide a critical review of the existing literature that would situate their study in the burgeoning historiography of Tito, as several excellent scholarly biographies have been published over the last decade alone. Similarly, the notes are sparse, often only a few per chapter, and hardly comprehensive. Structurally, the book lacks balance: while the first three...