Official Celebrations Research Articles

Official celebration (Paris, 5 May 1994)

Official celebration (Paris, 5 May 1994)

Rethinking Race in Brazil

Introduction: the Repudiation of theCentenário13 May 1988 was the 100th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in Brazil. In honour of that date, various official celebrations and commemorations of thecentenário, organised by the Brazilian government, church groups and cultural organisations, took place throughout the country, even including a speech by President José Sarney.This celebration of the emancipation was not, however, universal. Many Afro—Brazilian groups staged actions and marches, issued denunciations and organised cultural events repudiating the ‘farce of abolition’. These were unprecedented efforts to draw national and international attention to the extensive racial inequality and discrimination which Brazilian blacks – by far the largest concentration of people of African descent in any country in the western hemisphere – continue to confront. Particular interventions had such titles as ‘100 Years of Lies’, ‘One Hundred Years Without Abolition’, ‘March for the Real Liberation of the Race’, ‘Symbolic Burial of the 13th of May’, ‘March in Protest of the Farce of Abolition’, and ‘Discommemoration (Descomemoraçāo) of the Centenary of Abolition’.1The repudiation of thecentenáriosuggests that Brazilian racial dynamics, traditionally quiescent, are emerging with the rest of society from the extended twilight of military dictatorship. Racial conflict and mobilisation, long almost entirely absent from the Brazilian scene, are reappearing. New racial patterns and processes – political, cultural, economic, social and psychological – are emerging, while racial inequalities of course continue as well. How much do we know about race in contemporary Brazil? How effectively does the extensive literature explain the present situation?

Exploring the Fringe / 1: The Self-Determined Audience

The Canadian Fringe Festivals are a uniquely new form of theatre within the realms of “fringe” theatre, other Fringe Festivals, and Canadian theatre in general. As a theatre event the Fringes are unique in terms of their actual and ideological relationship to institutionalized theatre; their economical and philosophical relationship with artists and audience, and most significantly, their neglect or rejections of “normally” imposed artistic value / criteria. As a festival event the Fringes are uniquely situated somewhere between official celebration and popular celebration. And the audience, whether it is understood as a theatre audience, or Festival participants, is unusual by its ever-increasing size, its modes of participation, and its influence on the artists and the work they produce for the Fringes.

Preparations for the official celebrations in 1988 of the millennium of the Baptism of Kievan Rus’

Preparations for the official celebrations in 1988 of the millennium of the Baptism of Kievan Rus’

Family Strategies in Nineteenth-Century Cabinda

In the nineteenth century, the entrenched power of three Cabindan families, Nsambo, Npuna and Nkata Kolombo, was challenged by the rise of the Franques. The dominant figure, Francisco Franque, amassed wealth through a close alliance with Brazilian slave traders and through freighting goods and passengers in ‘coasting’ vessels which were locally built. At the same time he invested in a large household and attracted to his village dependents who provided labour and armed support for the expansion of his territorial base. Beyond the village, Franque, like other ‘big men’ at Cabinda, depended on an alliance with kinsmen for the defence of family interests. In the last quarter of the century, the Franques were weakened by the end of the slave trade, by disputes over inheritance rights, following the death of Francisco Franque, by the challenge of Manuel José Puna and by the emigration of junior family members in search of employment in the colonial economy of Angola and neighbouring territories. After 1885, under Portuguese colonial rule, the household was no longer a principal unit of production and family cohesion was no longer relevant. European settlers and companies moved into prime land and the emigration of workers, including women, intensified in the face of deteriorating economic conditions. Some individuals continued to have access to privilege, as far as that was possible in Angolan colonial society, through education. At Cabinda, the Portuguese authorities gave at least nominal recognition to some senior family members, for example at official celebrations. The name of the old families lived on through prominent individuals although their collective power and influence had been drastically undermined.

Edouard Manet's “Rue Mosnier”: “Le pauvre a-t-il une patrie?”

Edouard Manet's Rue Mosnier Decked with Flags records the appearance of a Paris street decorated in celebration of the fête de la République of June 30, 1878 (Fig. 1). With the exception of the festivities that had marked the opening of the Universal Exposition two months earlier, the fête was the first official celebration of a national holiday since Napoleon III presided over the fête Impériale of 1869. Described by Emile Zola as “une rue neuve et silencieuse du quartier de l'Europe,” the rue Mosnier was clearly not a major thoroughfare.

Events and Notices

EVENTS AND NOTICES Prepared by John and Barbara Curtis 631 Walnut Lane Haverford, PA 19041 On March 14, 1981, several hundred persons gathered at the Friends Meeting House on Arch Street in Philadelphia to open the ceremonies marking the 300th anniversary of William Penn's arrival in the Delaware Valley. Edmund Bacon, formerly director of city planning for Philadelphia, presented a film in color with musical accompaniment called "William Penn: The Challenging Vision." The Charter Day celebration included a talk by Quaker author and poet Mary Hoxie Jones on "William Penn, Statesman." Friends of Philadelphia Monthly Meeting were responsible for the arrangements for the meeting. The film was made possible in part by funding from the Girard Bank. Scholars concerned with the history of Quakerism participated in a threeday conference in Anglo-American history held in Philadelphia March 19-22. The theme of the sessions was "The World of William Penn." In eleven meetings at several locations including the Arch Street Friends Meeting House, a group of over 100 scholars, graduate students, archivists and other interested persons explored aspects of the political, economic, cultural and religious dimensions of the founding years of the colony of Pennsylvania. Among Friends presenting papers or serving as commentators were Hugh Barbour, Edwin Bronner, Melvin Endy and Francis Jennings. Throughout the spring of 1981 a series of events examining the influence of the Quakers in the lower Delaware Valley was sponsored by the Harrison Township (N.J.) Historical Society with support from the National Endowment for the Humanities and other public and private foundations. The tenweek series of programs included lectures, workshops and tours of sites of historic interest in Salem, Gloucester and Cumberland counties. The entire project was called "1675-1981, an Exhibit for All Ages Depicting ... a Friendly Legacy." The official celebration of the 300th anniversary of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting took place on Saturday, September 19, 1981, at the Friends Meeting House in Burlington, N.J. Four addresses, given in two sessions, dealt with various activities of Friends not only in connection with the founding years of New Jersey and Pennsylvania but also with regard to the relations of British and American Friends. Roger Wilson, former Clerk of London 129 130Quaker History Yearly Meeting and Professor of Education at Bristol University, discussed relations with London Yearly Meeting. Haverford College has announced the award of the T. Wistar Brown Fellowship for research in Quaker studies in 1981-82 to Dr. Peter Paul Jonitis of Lewiston, Maine. Jonitis has taught sociology at Bates College and at Florida Southern University. He will be working on contributions of Friends to early American prison reform efforts. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, publisher of the Pennsylvania Magazine of Hutory and Biography, has appointed J. William Frost to the editorship of the magazine effective with the issue of July 1981. Professor Frost will continue to serve Swarthmore College as Professor of Religion and Director of the Friends Historical Library. ...

Focus

As the official celebrations of the centenary of the state education system opened on 1 May, a disquieting warning that Secondary Education for All was still far from a reality was given by Sir Alec Clegg, chief education officer of the West Riding.

«WAR FILM» AS GENRE: MOTIVES OF MEMORY IN THE IMAGINATIVE SYSTEM OF FILMS OF THE 1970TH YEARS ABOUT THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

The motif of the memory of the Great Patriotic War is the leading in the figurative system of soviet films of the 1970s on the military theme, which occupied a firm place in the production plan of film studios and significant in the genre palette of soviet cinema in 1968-1985. It was at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s that the memory of the war was institutionalized: official celebrations of the Victory Day were starting, active erection and opening of memorial complexes were being started, communities of war veterans were being formed, historical and patriotic novels and memoirs of military commanders, etc. Soviet cinema in the 1970s reflected this change in the country's memorial culture in a voluminous and diverse manner, artistically embodied on the screen various forms and meanings of individual and popular memory of the war. The two screen approaches, identified in this period, were analyzed, in which the comprehension of the war was realized. The first large-scale “artistic and documentary epics”, sustained in the mainstream of official Soviet historiography. Another artistic approach to understanding the war is not epic, not panoramic, but, on the contrary, “chamber” and “small-scale” in the coverage of events of a picture about the war time and the memory of generations returning to war. The material of the Soviet films of the 1970s, mainly theLeningradfiction cinema, reveals various ways of embodying the motive of memory in the artistic structure of paintings and its significance in the formation of the ideological and stylistic image of films. In war films, the motive of memory is a plot-forming beginning, realized as a narrative technique of flashbacks of the hero, is embodied in the parallel development of the story lines that close the events of the war and modernity, sounds in various non-diegetic material that opens or closes the film. It is concluded that the artistic focus on the preservation and actualization of the memory of the events of the war highlights the considered films in the original filmography community of soviet cinema of the 1970s. The cinematographic specificity of this community lies in the meaning of the artistic motive of memory in the imaginative system of films.

The Civic Sense of Pharaoh and Urban Development in Ancient Egypt

Nothing is less accurate than to picture the pharaoh as a hieratic ruler, son of Rec and himself a god burdened with a titulary of five names and the royal apparel of an oriental monarch, keeping aloof from his people to whom he appeared only on official celebrations in the temple, for there is abundant evidence about the actual contribution of the pharaoh to the welfare of his people, sometimes even through a personal initiative whether in public works in digging canals, wells, opening quarries and mines, building pre-planned towns or in founding and restoring the temples. The temples were, indeed, public institutions essential to the ethical life of the most religious of all peoples, as was the Nile and its inundation for their sustenance.

RECENT SYMPOSIA ON MATHEMATICAL GEODESY

A symposium on the subject of “Mathematical Geodesy” organised by the Italian Geodetic Commission was held in Turin on 21st and 22nd April, 1965 as a continuation of two preceding symposia on “Tridimensional Geodesy” held in Venice (1959) and Cortina d'Ampezzo (1962). The official celebrations to mark the Centennial of the Italian Geodetic Commission followed on 23rd April.

Centenary of Van der Waals

IN commemoration of the birth of J. D. v. d. Waals on November 23, 1837, an international conference on interaction between molecules will be organized by the "van der Waals Fonds" and the "Neder-landsche Natuurkundige Vereeniging". The ordinary sessions will be held in the van der Waals Laboratorium at Amsterdam on November 25 and 26, and an official celebration will take place on November 27. The object of the conference is to give a survey of some of the recent work connected with the idea of van der Waals forces. The programme will be published later. Sufficient time will be left for general discussion. A special number of Physica will appear during the conference ; it is hoped to be able to publish in this issue a number of papers on a variety of questions having some relation to the work of van der Waals. Physicists willing to contribute to it should send in their manuscripts before October 15, and though it will be impossible to read all these papers during the conference, it is hoped that they will play an important part in the discussions. The organizing committee, comprising Prof. J. D. v. d. Waals, Dr. A. Michels, Prof. Dr. J. A. Prins and Dr. H. B. G. Casimir, van der Waals Laboratorium, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, Amsterdam (C), will be glad to give further information.

PRAGUE

<h3>Pasteur Centenary</h3> January 18, the official celebration of Pasteur's centennial anniversary took place in Prague at the Charles University. The ceremony was opened by the rector of the faculty, Prof. C. Horacek, and by the dean of the medical faculty, Prof. C. Weigner, in the old university hall. The senior of the medical faculty, Prof. J. Hlava, afterward gave a lecture on the importance of Pasteur's discoveries in the development of the medical sciences. He is one of the few Czech scientists still living who knew Pasteur personally. The lecture of Prof. I. Honl followed, on the doctrine of Sacharow, who tries to defend the theory of spontaneous generation sixty years after Pasteur's discoveries. The ceremony was attended by the minister of public health, the Reverend Dr. Sramek, the French ambassador, representatives of other states, members of all the university faculties, and many students. <h3>Health Magazine for Czechoslovakia</h3> The Czechoslovak

On a Pair of Ancient Egyptian Double-Flutes

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