Official Capacity Research Articles

Istanbul – Kushta – Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830–1930 ed. by Christoph Herzog and Richard Wittmann

Reviewed by: Istanbul – Kushta – Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830–1930 ed. by Christoph Herzog and Richard Wittmann A. Ebru Akcasu (bio) Istanbul – Kushta – Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830–1930 Christoph Herzog and Richard Wittmann, editors Routledge, 2019, 324 pp. ISBN 9781138631311, $160.00 hardcover. Foreigner accounts of nineteenth-century Ottoman Istanbul invariably have a passage, if not a whole page or more, devoted exclusively to the city’s diversity. One of the most iconic of these is the “The Bridge” section in Edmondo de Amicis’s 1877 travelogue Constantinople, in which the author illustrates a “changing mosaic of races and religions that is composed and scattered continually with a rapidity that the eye can scarcely follow” (25). This “mosaic” that was such a prevalent feature of Orientalist accounts was carried into the historiography as a prop that escaped scrutiny until Ottoman studies followed the current of a more social, urban, and biographical turn, and Ottomanists began to engage more deeply with alternative sources, such as self-narratives. Istanbul – Kushta – Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830–1930, edited by Christoph Herzog and Richard Wittmann, is a new addition to a growing body of literature that aims to shed light on the identities of individuals who no doubt also crossed the Galata Bridge in anonymity. Part of the series “Life Narratives in the Ottoman Realm: Individual and Empire in the Near East,” Istanbul – Kushta – Constantinople offers twelve glimpses into life in late Ottoman and early Republican Istanbul. The contributions are distributed across four sections: “European and Ottoman women in the empire,” “Outside observers of Istanbul,” “Jewish communities,” and “Armenian and Bulgarian Christian communities.” As the headings suggest, the work addresses several registers of identity and contributes to the editors’ stated aims, which include complicating the puzzle of imperial realities, and “help[ing] to understand better the defining role that ethnic diversity played in shaping the city” (1)—a city of one hundred and thirty-five appellations, as they point out. In its effort to capture the city’s diversity, the volume gives voice to Ottomans and non-Ottomans alike. Among the latter, Kent Schull’s and Pablo Martín Asureo’s studies of American and Hispanic observations expand foreigner accounts of the imperial city, which have hitherto privileged great power representations, mostly of educated elites whose impressions had more or less been in harmony [End Page 855] with their home states’ interest-driven objectives and essentialist rhetoric with respect to the sultan’s dominions. Asureo’s account of Hispanics who journeyed to the Ottoman domains in official and unofficial capacities carves a place for figures that have mostly been ignored in late Ottoman historiography and is mindful in demonstrating the transatlantic reach of the accounts they produced. Also reaching across the Atlantic, Schull’s critique of Edward Said’s identity hierarchy particularizes the American gaze that is too often conflated with (some of) Europe, despite being quite distinct. A significant body of shared intertexts across the broader imaginary “West” granted, this difference is accentuated by Schull’s reflection that the “self-doubt, sense of national anxiety and humility [of the Americans] translates into contempt for European views of the Orient” (65). The remainder of the contributions that work with foreigner narratives highlight the Constantinople episodes of the lives of individuals from “German-speaking countries” (9), as Gudrun Wedel phrases it. These diverge from the more traditionally dominant voices speaking on the Ottoman capital, in terms of gender, class, or religion, and allow the reader to see that a common regional origin or linguistic culture did not anticipate similar experiences of the city. Although one observes foreigners and the other Ottomans, Wedel’s prosopography and Börge Sagaster’s study of “The Imperial Harem Network” share the approach of studying a set of women the authors each define through shared experiences in space and time. More specifically, Sagaster analyzes autobiographical works by those who are referred to as “former inmates” (44) of the harem to demonstrate how the institution’s culture changed from the era of Sultan Abdülmecid I (r. 1839–1861) through the reign of Sultan Mehmed Vahdeddin (r. 1918...

Capacidad intelectual en niños con desnutrición crónica

Esta investigación es de carácter cuantitativo, con un nivel descriptivo y correlacional cuyo objetivo fue analizar la relación entre el componente intelectual y nutricional en un grupo de 76 menores escolarizados de una institución educativa de carácter oficial seleccionada por conveniencia, 38 sujetos hicieron parte del grupo control (sin desnutrición) y 38 conformaron el grupo caso (con desnutrición crónica). La evaluación clínica de la capacidad intelectual se realizó a través de la prueba RIAS; además de la valoración nutricional; de acuerdo con los resultados se encontró un menor desempeño en los sujetos tanto del grupo caso como del control a nivel de las escalas de inteligencia verbal, no verbal e índice de memoria; sin embargo, no se presentaron diferencias significativas en los grupos en funcion del componente intelectual. Por lo anterior se concluye que al investigar el factor de implicación nutricional en los menores se debe tener en cuenta el análisis de otro tipo de variables como es el psicosocial la cual podría estar explicando el desempeño análogo obtenido por los grupos evaluados.

Brief of Amici Curiae Professor Clark D. Cunningham and Professor Jesse Egbert on Behalf of Neither Party, Blumenthal v. Trump, No. 19-5237 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 8, 2019)

On June 14, 2017, 30 Senators and 171 members of the House of Representatives filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia against Donald J. Trump, in his official capacity as President of the United States of America. The complaint alleged that the President had violated both the Domestic Emolument Clause and the Foreign Emolument Clause of the Constitution through his continued ownership interest in The Trump International Hotel in Washington, D.C. and many other businesses that receive payments from domestic and foreign governments. On September 15, 2017, the President filed a Motion to Dismiss, arguing that when the Constitution was ratified the term “emolument” had two distinct meanings – a “narrow” sense limited to “profit arising from an office or employ” and a “broad” sense meaning “benefit, advantage or profit” – and that emolument in the Constitution only referred to the narrow meaning. On April 30, 2019, the district court denied the President’s motion, concluding that the meaning of emolument is “sweeping and unqualified” and includes “any profit, gain or advantage.” Blumenthal v. Trump, 373 F.Supp.3d 191, 207, 212 (D.D.C. 2019). On August 21, 2019, the district court certified its decision for immediate appeal. The appeal is currently set for argument in the D.C. Court of Appeals on December 9, 2019. On October 8, 2019, professors Clark Cunningham and Jesse Egbert filed this amicus brief in support of neither party in the D.C. Court of Appeals, reporting the results of the research described in their forthcoming law review article, Using Empirical Data to Investigate the Original Meaning of ‘Emolument’ in the Constitution, 36 Georgia State Law Review (January 2020), available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3460735. Cunningham and Egbert applied the tools of linguistic analysis to newly available “big data” collections encompassing written language in common usage in the Founding Era to investigate the original public meaning of “emolument” at the time the Constitution was ratified. This data is accessible on the public website of the Corpus of Founding Era American English (COFEA), which contains in digital form over 95,000 texts created between 1760 and 1799, totaling more than 138,800,000 words. Cunningham and Egbert posed the research question: “Is there evidence that Americans in the Founding Era could have used the word “emolument” to describe revenue derived from ownership of a hotel?” They accessed every text in COFEA in which emolument appeared – over 2800 examples of actual usage – and analyzed all of these texts using three different computerized search methods. Their research results produced several different findings, each of which provided evidence that Founding Era Americans could have used “emolument” to describe revenue derived from ownership of a hotel. Using the word in such a way would have been consistent with what they discovered to be the broad meaning and wide usage of emolument. Further, their research revealed actual examples where “emolument” was specifically used to refer to revenue from ownership interest in a business. When they embarked on this research project, Cunningham and Egbert had no expectation that the results would favor any particular party to this case. Their amicus brief takes no position as to the affirmance or reversal of the District Court’s decision denying Petitioner’s Motion to Dismiss, noting that original public meaning may be only one of many factors taken into account when applying a constitutional text to a current issue. Egbert is a professor of applied linguistics who has authored or co-edited three books and more than 60 peer-reviewed publications. Cunningham is a law professor who has written previously about applying linguistics to the interpretation of legal texts, including Plain Meaning and Hard Cases, 103 Yale L.J. 1561 (1994), Using Common Sense: A Linguistic Perspective on Judicial Interpretations of 'Use a Firearm', 73 Washington University Law Quarterly 1159 (1995), and A Linguistic Analysis of the Meanings of 'Search' in the Fourth Amendment: A Search for Common Sense, 73 Iowa L. Rev. 541 (1988).

Josef Wiesehöfer. “Anmerkungen zu Literalität und Oralität im teispidisch-achaimenidischen Iran”

The A. provides an overview of the languages attested in some kind of official capacity, including Old Persian, Imperial Aramaic and Achaemenid Elamite, and their respective uses in the Achaemenid Empire. He briefly tackles the question of multilingualism and the role of translator-scribes in the administration, and emphasizes the role of the spoken word in the Ancient Iranian world until deep into the Sasanian period.

Holding Domestic Judges Accountable under International Criminal Law – A Useful Step to Foster the International Rule of Law?

This article explores, whether domestic judges might be held accountable under international criminal law (ICL). To date, international criminal justice has almost entirely focused on prosecuting political or military leaders. The Justice Case tried before the Nuremberg Military Tribunal in 1946 marks the most prominent exception. Prior to it, the judiciary – otherwise considered the epitome of justice – had mutated into a murderous machinery under Nazi rule. Judicial decisions do have far-reaching implications possibly constituting or contributing to international crimes. This holds true in a wide range of cases, for instance on practices of warfare and torture, on the use of certain weapon technologies, or on policies relating to minorities or racial segregation. I argue that domestic judges are accountable when engaging in international crimes. The article delves into technical aspects of criminal law; as well as the notions of judicial independence and immunity. While guaranteeing the rule of law, these two notions challenge the core idea of ICL: its equal application vis-a-vis all perpetrators of international crimes irrespective of official capacity. In order to differentiate due judicial conduct and its abuse in violation of ICL, I suggest a threshold a judicial act needs to exceed for entailing accountability for an international crime.

Southeast Asia Strategic Multilateral Dialogue on Biosecurity.

A strategic multilateral dialogue related to biosecurity risks in Southeast Asia, established in 2014, now includes participants from Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and the United States. This dialogue is conducted at the nonministerial level, enabling participants to engage without the constraints of operating in their official capacities. Participants reflect on mechanisms to detect, mitigate, and respond to biosecurity risks and highlight biosecurity issues for national leadership. Participants have also identified factors to improve regional and global biosecurity, including improved engagement and collaboration across relevant ministries and agencies, sustainable funding for biosecurity programs, enhanced information sharing for communicable diseases, and increased engagement in international biosecurity forums.

Brief of <i>Amici Curiae</i> Professor Clark D. Cunningham and Professor Jesse Egbert on Behalf of Neither Party, In Re: Trump, No. 18-2486 (4th Cir. Jan. 29, 2019)

On June 12, 2017, District of Columbia and State of Maryland filed suit in United States District Court for District of Maryland against Donald J. Trump, in his official capacity as President of United States of America. The complaint alleged that President had violated both Emoluments Clause and Foreign Emoluments Clause of Constitution through his continued ownership interest in The Trump International Hotel in Washington, D.C. On September 29, 2017, President filed a Motion to Dismiss, arguing that when Constitution was ratified term had two distinct meanings -- a sense limited to arising from an office or employ and a broad sense meaning benefit, advantage or profit -- and that emolument in Constitution only referred to narrow meaning. The district court denied President's motion, concluding that the term 'emolument' in both Clauses extends to any profit, gain, or advantage of more than de minimis value, received by [the President], directly or indirectly, from foreign, federal, or domestic governments. District of Columbia v. Trump, 315 F. Supp. 3d 875 (D. Md. 2018). On December 20, 2918, Court of Appeals for 4th Circuit granted President's motion to stay district court proceedings, and ordered parties to address not only procedural issues regarding President's mandamus petition but also the underlying issue[] of whether two Emolument Clauses provide plaintiffs with a cause of action. The appeal is currently set for argument on March 19, 2019. On January 29, 2019, Professors Clark Cunningham and Jesse Egbert filed this amicus brief in support of neither party in 4th Circuit, reporting results of research described in their paper Scientific Methods for Analyzing Original Meaning: Corpus Linguistics and Emoluments Clauses, available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3321438. Cunningham and Egbert filed amicus brief to present a different, scientifically-grounded approach for researching original public meaning of emolument. They applied tools of linguistic analysis to newly available big collections encompassing written language in common usage at time of ratification. This data is accessible on public website of Corpus of Founding Era American English (COFEA), which contains in digital form over 95,000 texts created between 1760 and 1799, totaling more than 138,800,000 words. Cunningham and Egbert accessed every text on COFEA in which emolument appeared -- over 2500 examples of actual usage -- and analyzed all of these texts using three different computerized search methods. They found no evidence that emolument had a distinct narrow meaning of arising from an office or employ. All three analyses indicated just opposite: emolument was consistently used and understood as a general and inclusive term. When they embarked on this research project, Cunningham and Egbert had no expectation that results would favor any particular party to this case. Their amicus brief takes no position on merits of President's Petition for Mandamus, and offers no view on affirmance or reversal of District Court's decision denying Petitioner's Motion to Dismiss, nothing that original public meaning may be only one of many factors taken into account when applying a constitutional text to a current issue. Egbert is a professor of applied linguistics who has authored or co-edited three books and more than 60 peer-reviewed publications. Cunningham is a law professor who has written previously about applying linguistics to interpretation of legal texts, including Plain Meaning and Hard Cases, 103 Yale L.J. 1561 (1994); Using Common Sense: A Linguistic Perspective on Judicial Interpretations of 'Use a Firearm,' 73 Wash. U. L.Q. 1159 (1995); and A Linguistic Analysis of Meanings of 'Search' in Fourth Amendment: A Search for Common Sense, 73 Iowa L. Rev. 541 (1988).

Expressing identity: toward an understanding of how trans individuals navigate the barriers and opportunities of official identity

ABSTRACTThis paper will explore the ways in which trans individuals navigate the barriers and loopholes presented by the challenges of having their identities recognized in an official capacity. This will be accomplished by examining a selection of trans narratives in order to better understand the strategies employed by these individuals to find some congruence, or not, between their own identities and those permitted under an official system that still often only recognizes males and females. The case of official surveys will further demonstrate the means by which trans individuals find ways to express their self-identity within the limited confines of official options. The implications of this research are to improve our understanding of the limitations of official identities and the ways in which those who fall outside their often limited options navigate a system that, arguably to a large degree, still does not acknowledge their existence.

Czy „Król może czynić źle”? Odpowiedzialność cywilna za wykonywanie władzy publicznej w prawie angielskim

The principle of state liability has been widely recognised in 20th century and codified in certain jurisdictions. English law, however, has been traditionally reluctant to recognise the liability of Crown distinct from the of its servants. According to the long-standing principle of rule of law, servants of the Crown should be liable for torts committed in their official capacity just as individuals. The principle has been allegedly designed to protect the individuals from arbitrary decisions of public authorities, which fall in their actions under jurisdiction of common courts. It was not until the advance of Crown Proceedings Act 1974 when the Crown took material liability for torts committed by its servants. The nature of tortious liability of the public bodies, however, remained peculiar. The aim of this article is to indicate that the underlying concept of individual liability of servants, once designed to protect the individuals, now restricts the scope of civil liability of public bodies in English law.

Guilt in the Archive: Photography and the Amritsar Massacre of 1919

What role should photographic evidence play in current debates about whether or not Britain should apologise for the historic crimes of empire? This article examines the photographs that emerged from the Amritsar Massacre of 13 April 1919, considering what such documents can tell us about the relationship between atrocity and the imperial project. Colonials working in both official and unofficial capacities turned to photography in their attempt to justify this bloody twentieth-century episode. Such photography addressed colonial debates concerning the scope of moral and legal, individual and collective, and British and Indian culpability for the Massacre. It is therefore important that we attend to such visual evidence at the Massacre’s centenary, as the United Kingdom is urged to apologise for the infamous slaughter of Indian men, women, and children.

State Responsibility for “Targeted Sanctions”

The United States and other actors such as the European Union impose “targeted sanctions” against foreign officials for acts carried out in their official capacity, or against legal entities of targeted states. This mirrors the practice and experience of the United Nations. The Security Council's practice of imposing comprehensive sanctions in the early 1990s quickly evolved into a practice of “targeted” or “smart” sanctions, to both improve effectiveness and to alleviate the significant effects of sanctions on the population of targeted states. However, the legal regime for resorting to sanctions is different when it comes to states acting unilaterally than it is for collective action within the framework of the UN Charter. This essay first clarifies some terminological issues. It then delves into the legality of the practice of unilateral “targeted sanctions,” and concludes that the most legally difficult aspect of these measures is their purported extraterritoriality.

Vreme i (u) ustav(u) - ovdašnje pravo s početnom filozofskom beleškom

Time can be seen as ideal, mental on one side and as realistic, objective phenomenon, on the other side. As more or less stable, present-day 'givenness' but also as 'program' projection. Time is respectable fact, relationship, process, flow: it is a factor of legality, component of predictability and consistency. It is a synchronization of occurrences, proceedings and its continuity. At the end, time can be viewed as a beginning, but also as a completion - as a moment, as a series of successive steps, as a restriction, as a space where something is actively taking place. And the 'silence' in the meaning of non-performance and delay constitute an unlawful act if the duty to act in official capacity is prescribed.

Twitter Influencers in the 2016 US Congressional Races

In this paper, I outline a method for collecting Twitter data to identify two types of political actors that are increasingly prominent in social media environments: influential politicians and politicized influencers. Influential politicians are those whose messages are readily retweeted (i.e., shared) while politicized influencers are users who retweet politicians’ messages and who themselves receive many retweets. I find that highly retweeted politicized influencers tend not to have formal political affiliations, and so are politically influential but not in an official political capacity. I then relate the Twitter data to electoral outcomes of the 2016 US congressional races. I find that, for richer candidates and incumbents, receiving many retweets is associated with higher vote percentages while, for poorer candidates and challengers, receiving retweets from highly retweeted users is associated with higher vote percentages. Better-off candidates should thus strive to be influential politicians, whereas worse-off candidates should aim to get retweeted by influential users. I argue that the rise of social media begs for a study of what we might call influencer politics, which allows for new empirical investigations into the role that social media play in shaping the democratic process.

Developing the Technique for Assessing the Degree of Victimization in Adults

Introduction. Victimity is a predisposition to become a victim of crime. Victimization is (a) the event of violence or the experience of violence, (b) the process of a subject’s transformation into a victim of criminal assault, and also (c) the result of this process. The objective of this paper is to describe the procedure of developing a technique for assessing victimization in adults. No attention has been devoted to such techniques (tests) for adults in previous research.
 Methods. A combination of external, deductive, and inductive strategies helped to elaborate test tasks intended to assess the degree of victimization. Two contrasting groups (N=389 and N=400) participated in a pilot study. The comparison of the pilot testing results in these groups enabled the authors to select the test tasks for men and women.
 Results. The findings confirmed that the developed test met standard reliability criteria (internal consistency and test-retest stability and reliability). The developed test also meets all the known validity criteria such as validation of the test construction process and substantive, obvious, concurrent (diagnostic), consensual, construct, convergent, contrast, and gender validity. The test scales (subtests) diagnose the following seven types of victimization: (i) overall victimization, (ii) implemented victimization, predisposition to (iii) aggressive, (iv) self-destructive, (v) dependent, and (vi) non-critical victimization, and (vii) the degree of a subject’s vulnerability to manipulation.
 Discussion. The construct of victimization as diagnosed by this test is positively correlated with the tendency to risky behavior, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem and negatively associated with assertiveness. All this corresponds well to the essence of victimization. The test standardization was carried out on a sample of 563 men and 513 women, representative of the study prospective population in terms of gender, age, education, profession, official capacity, social status, and region of residence. The representativeness of the study samples was confirmed by a normal distribution of test results.

Freedom of Religion and Its Regulation in Nigeria: Analysis of Preaching Board Laws in Some States of Northern Nigeria

AbstractThe re-enactment of religious preaching board laws to regulate religious preaching in some states of Northern Nigeria generated debates between Government on the one hand and religious/human rights groups on the other. This research examines the Preaching Board Laws of Kano, Borno and Kaduna States in Northern Nigeria through the prism of the Nigerian Constitution and other democratic norms that relate to the right to freedom of religion in all democratic orders. It applies argumentative methodology to raise and analyse the following questions: how reasonable and justifiable are these religious preaching board laws in a democratic Nigeria?; what gave rise to the enactment of these laws in the states under study?; what judicial review mechanism would be employed to determine their reasonableness and justifiability in a democracy?; how do they accord with the freedom of religion clause in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria? The research establishes that some of the provisions of these laws are inconsistent with the provisions of the Nigerian Constitution and, by extension, international freedom of religion norms operating in all democratic orders. Second, Nigerian courts have not developed suitable balancing mechanisms for resolving conflicts between the right of the state to regulate and citizens’ right to freedom of religion otherwise called the two competing rights, in the light of which the research calls for the amendment of the laws to accord with the provisions of the Constitution and international freedom of religion norms acceptable in all democracies. The paper further recommends a harmonised proportionality test or judicial standard of review based on Nigeria’s religion-state relations and local experience for the use of courts, legislators and administrative agents coming face to face with this type of conflict in their official capacity.

The Last Voyage of the Alice B Toklas

The Last Voyage of the Alice B Toklas Jason Brown (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution (1981) Photo by simonsimages [End Page 34] When, at fifteen, I began my first summer as the Rural Carrier Associate of Howland Island, Maine, a post officer from the regional office showed up unannounced and reminded me that I must adhere to the agency's mission statement by [End Page 35] ensuring the "prompt, reliable, and efficient" delivery of the mail. In August I thought of his words as I held the official-looking letter that had arrived for the writer staying in my grandparents' guest cottage. Most people only received bills and handwritten notes from friends and relatives. Sometimes a postcard. My grandfather, who frequently asked me if I'd heard the writer say anything interesting, would love to see the contents of a typed envelope from the Jonathon Riley Agency, 333a Lafayette St., NY, NY. As I put the letter aside instead of in the writer's mailbox, I thought of the postal motto, which I had memorized the previous summer: Neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds. Halfway through sorting the rest of the mail, I picked up the writer's envelope again and ran my finger over the indentations left by the typewriter on the letters of the writer's name, Alexander Smith, and the name of the island. The bell on the door clanged, and hard-soled shoes tapped down the hall to my office/candy store. "Hey," the writer said. "Anything for me?" Through the dark glass of his Ray-Ban Aviators, he looked at me sitting on my swivel chair behind my desk complete with various cubbyholes for international, certified, and return service forms, as well as a number of rubber stamps I longed to use in an official capacity. I still held his envelope clamped between my thumb and forefinger. "Is that mine?" he asked, his eyebrow rising above the gold rim of his glasses. I nodded, relieved, and handed the envelope to him. He turned and walked away without saying goodbye. The writer's vanilla-colored envelope would have leaned at an angle in his brass box. The weaker envelopes, especially the blue par avion ones, began to sag from moisture after a few hours. Made of thicker paper, the writer's letter hadn't even bent in the mailbag on the boat ride from the mainland. At 1 pm I rushed home to eat the lunch Grandma had left for me. She'd taken the skiff to shop on the mainland, so I had a one-day reprieve from afternoon chores. The writer had only left fifteen minutes ahead of me, but when I arrived at our house and looked out the kitchen window across the field that stretched to the beach and the guest cottage, I saw no sign of him. [End Page 36] Most summers our house filled with cousins, uncles and aunts, and my sister, but for the last two weeks of August this year, I was alone with my grandparents. My sister was staying with my father and his new girlfriend over on China Lake, and my cousins were busy with their parents. I called out for my grandfather. When he didn't answer, I knew he was probably down at the island landing. I had just finished the first half of my sandwich when the door to the guest cottage flew open and smacked against the shingles. The writer lurched into the field, kicked a rotting log with the toe of his leather shoe, and yelped as he hopped on one foot. In his balled fist, he raised a crumpled letter the same color as the envelope that had come for him and threw it toward the mouth of the bay. The August winds on our part of the coast followed predictable patterns. The letter rose briefly, pushed a few inches, no more, toward the water, then slowly reversed course and blew back over his head. As he whipped the door to the cottage closed behind him, I watched the letter roll over...

Inhalation exposure to particulate matter in a work environment of firefighters

The paper presents the results of research into the concentration of respirable and total particulate matter (PM) in a work environment of firefighters. Measurements were carried out from September 2017 to October 2017 during official capacity of firefighters, i.e. during firefighting, liquidation of other local hazards. The PM concentration was examined by the gravimetric method. For this purpose, two GilAir 3 aspirators and glass fibre filters were used. During the whole duty, the samplers were placed in the pockets of the uniform, while the measuring heads were harnessed to the collar of the uniform. The deposited mass of PM in the different regions of the respiratory tract was calculated using the Eulerian Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry model. Especially high PM concentrations were noted during firefighting, The PM deposits in the head, the trachea and bronchiolar and pulmonary alveolar regions were different depending on the action the firemen had to deal with.

Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Leave of Amici Curiae Scholar Seth Barrett Tillman and Judicial Education Project to Be Heard at Oral Argument

Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Leave of Amici Curiae Scholar Seth Barrett Tillman and Judicial Education Project to be Heard at Oral Argument, District of Columbia & State of Maryland v. Donald J. Trump, in his official capacity as President of the United States of America, Civ. A. No. 8:17-cv-01596-PJM (D. Md. Dec. 31, 2017) (Messitte, J.) (filed by Josh Blackman et al.), ECF No. 78

EFECTOS DE LIOFILIZACIÓN SOBRE COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA Y CAPACIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE EN PULPA DE CUATRO VARIEDADES DE Mangifera indica

El mango, Mangifera indica L., es una de las frutas tropicales que destaca por su particular sabor y aroma, tiene amplia aceptación. En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto de la liofilización sobre la pulpa de cuatro variedades de mango: Chato, Rosado, Carne y Chupar. Se efectuó un análisis químico bromatológico por métodos oficiales (AOAC, FAO) y la capacidad antioxidante por DPPH antes y post tratamiento. No se encontró diferencias significativas entre las variedades de mangos salvo en el contenido de vitamina C (rosado y carne ~50 % +), y carotenoides (rosado ~70 % +); el procesamiento afectó la acidez con un incremento de 250 %, una disminución de carotenoides totales (27- 42 %) y actividad antioxidante (~50 %).

The legislative framework for salt iodization in Asia and the Pacific and its impact on programme implementation.

Fortification of food-grade (edible) salt with iodine is recommended as a safe, cost-effective and sustainable strategy for the prevention of iodine-deficiency disorders. The present paper examines the legislative framework for salt iodization in Asian countries. We reviewed salt iodization legislation in thirty-six countries in Asia and the Pacific. We obtained copies of existing and draft legislation for salt iodization from UNICEF country offices and the WHO's Global Database of Implementation of Nutrition Actions. We compiled legislation details by country and report on commonalities and gaps using a standardized form. The association between type of legislation and availability of iodized salt in households was assessed. We identified twenty-one countries with existing salt iodization legislation, of which eighteen were mandatory. A further nine countries have draft legislation. The majority of countries with draft and existing legislation used a mandatory standard or technical regulation for iodized salt under their Food Act/Law. The remainder have developed a 'stand-alone' Law/Act. Available national surveys indicate that the proportion of households consuming adequately iodized salt was lowest in countries with no, draft or voluntary legislation, and highest in those where the legislation was based on mandatory regulations under Food Acts/Laws. Legislation for salt iodization, particularly mandatory legislation under the national food law, facilitates universal salt iodization. However, additional important factors for implementation of salt iodization and maintenance of achievements include the salt industry's structure and capacity to adequately fortify, and official commitment and capacity to enforce national legislation.