Official Position Research Articles

Reflecting the language of ancient civilizations: A diachronic transition of “爵” and contrastive analysis of Sino-Korean Chinese characters

This study focuses on the historical and cultural significance of the Chinese character “爵” (jue), reflecting the culture of the ancient Bronze Age, and examines its semantic evolution and characteristics from a cognitive linguistic perspective. In addition, it compares and contrasts this with its use in Korean hanja (Chinese characters used in the Korean language). The research highlights that in ancient China, “爵” was initially used to denote a ceremonial wine vessel, symbolizing authority and social status, and was closely associated with rites and nobility. Over time, the meanings of “爵” expanded to include titles of nobility and official positions. Furthermore, the study explores the impact of Chinese culture and language on Korea, showing how “爵” and its related concepts were adopted and adapted within the Korean language and culture, maintaining some of its original meanings while also developing unique interpretations. It suggests that many Korean hanja words share identical meanings with their Chinese counterparts, but some have evolved distinctively, especially in the realm of religion, highlighting the interplay and diversity of cultural and linguistic influences between China and Korea.

Leadership Soft Skills, Perceived Trustworthiness and Structural Empowerment: A Correlation

To generate trust inside organizations, administrators with soft skills must build relationships and alliances with their staff, as well as create work conditions that empower employees to carry out their responsibilities. Administrators must essentially boost perceptions of trustworthiness. To solve this shortcoming, educational administrators must be informed and cautious about the notions of soft skills, dependability, and structural empowerment. This article investigates the relationship between each component of leadership soft skills, structural empowerment, and perceived trustworthiness. The mediating function of structural empowerment in the link between leadership soft skills and the perceived trustworthiness of the Head of Faculty was also investigated. This study collects its quantitative data using a survey questionnaire. The survey included 225 respondents who worked as administrative professionals in clerical and office assistant positions at three major campuses of Malaysian public higher education institutions in Malaysia's northern state. The study found that perceived trustworthiness and structural empowerment were substantially connected to all eight components of leadership soft skills. However, structural empowerment did not act as a bridge between leadership soft skills and perceived trustworthiness.

Abstract B020: DNA methylation and pancreatic cancer in select gene promoter regions: A repeated measures case-control study of US military service members

Abstract Introduction: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a devastating disease, its etiology is not fully understood, and there is a paucity of non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis. While DNA methylation (DNAm) holds promise, associations between DNAm and PC risk are poorly understood, especially regarding temporal changes in associations. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate potential associations between DNAm in pre-diagnostic serum on 9 genes (BNIP3, CDKN1C, CLDN4, LCN2, p16, RASSF1, SFN, SPARC, and TFPI-2) and 2 repetitive elements (Alu and LINE-1) and PC risk in a US Department of Defense cohort. Methods : The study population included 82 PC cases, diagnosed 1991 - 2007, and 229 controls individually- matched on age (within 5 years), sex, race, and serum draw time period. Cases had up to 3 pre- diagnostic serum samples. Controls had 1 serum sample collected 0-10 years before their selection date (date of case diagnosis). DNA was extracted from serum and the percentage of cytosines at a given CpG site that were methylated was quantified via Pyrosequencing. For serum samples within a time window (<2, 2-<5, and 5-10 years pre-diagnosis), we computed odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association of each CpG site with PC risk (66 sites in total across all genes and repetitive elements) with conditional logistic regression models. DNAm was evaluated as both a binary variable and a continuous variable. Results : In samples collected 5-10 years before diagnosis, those with no DNAm (0% DNAm) had increased odds of PC compared to those with DNAm (>0% DNAm) in the promoter region of BNIP3 (Chr10:131982293 OR, 95% CI: 5.63, 1.16 – 27.28) and those with lower DNAm (<median) had increased odds of PC compared to those with higher DNAm (≥median) in the promoter regions of CDKN1C (Chr11:2886398 OR, 95% CI: 4.07, 1.16 – 14.31; Chr11:2886388 OR, 95% CI: 3.51, 1.24 – 9.96) and RASSF1 (Chr3:50340841 OR, 95% CI: 3.98, 1.15 – 17.45). Similarly, in samples collected 2 - <5 years before diagnosis, lower DNAm (<median) was associated with increased odds of PC compared to those with higher DNAm (≥median) in the promoter region of TFPI-2 (Chr7:93890717 OR, 95% CI: 3.82, 1.20 – 12.15). In models with DNAm as a continuous measure and in samples collected <2 years before diagnosis, a 1% increase in DNAm in the promoter region of SFN was associated with increased odds of PC (Chr1:26863188 OR, 95% CI: 1.23, 1.01 – 1.51). There was no evidence of associations between DNAm on Alu, CLDN4, LCN2, LINE-1, p16, or SPARC and PC risk. Conclusions : Our findings of increased risk of PC associated with lower DNAm on BNIP3, CDKN1C and TFPI-2 and higher DNAm on SFN genes suggest there may be molecular patterns occurring prior to PC diagnosis that could be considered further for developing non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of this aggressive carcinoma. The opinions and assertions expressed herein do not reflect the official policy or position of the Uniformed Services University, the Department of Defense, or the National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: Jordan McAdam, Ruth M Pfeiffer, Alexander P Keil, Ann Meyer, Anwar E Ahmed, Dechang Chen, Jennifer Rusiecki. DNA methylation and pancreatic cancer in select gene promoter regions: A repeated measures case-control study of US military service members [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Advances in Pancreatic Cancer Research; 2024 Sep 15-18; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(17 Suppl_2):Abstract nr B020.

Officer Candidate Slate for the 2024-2025 Election

I am honored to serve as President-Elect for AMWA this year. This afforded me the privilege to chair the Nominating Committee, who propose a slate of officers for the upcoming governance year. The process is as follows: any interested AMWA member is invited to submit a board interest form for consideration of one of three elected offices: President-Elect, Secretary, and Treasurer. The Nominating Committee then reviews the forms and qualifications of candidates who meet the eligibility criteria and collectively agrees on a candidate for each officer position to submit to the AMWA Board of Directors (BOD) for consideration.

On the practical application of the provisions establishing liability for corruption crimes in official activities committed by officials of legal entities under public law

The article explores the major criminological indicators that illustrate the practical application of criminal law provisions establishing liability for corruption crimes in official activities that are committed by officials of legal entities under public law. By analyzing the provisions of the notes to Articles 45 and 364 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, along with the features characterizing the perpetrators of crimes in the sphere of official activities, the author outlines the range of criminal offenses in the area under study. These offenses include, in particular, abuse of power or official position (Article 364 of the CC of Ukraine); acceptance of an offer or promise, or receipt of an undue benefit by an official (Article 368 of the CC of Ukraine), and unlawful enrichment (Articles 3681, 3682, 3685 of the CC of Ukraine). Based on official statistical sources (the Office of the Prosecutor General and the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine), the author conducted a long-term criminological analysis of the situation with the crimes under study and determined the absolute, average, and relative values in the period from 2016 to 2023, as well as the indicators reflecting the correlation between the number of recorded criminal offenses and the number of detected and convicted persons for each type of crime in this category. The calculated indicators revealed a dramatic gap between the number of recorded criminal offenses and the number of detected persons, as well as the number of detected and convicted persons. This discrepancy suggests that the criminal justice system has low efficiency in combating crimes of the studied category, with the real scale of these offenses, given their significant latency, far exceeding the officially recorded indicators. The study conducted by the author holds an independent value both for scientific purposes and for law enforcement activities and provides the relevant basis for information support in combating corruption crimes in official activities that are committed by officials of legal entities under public law; most importantly, it provides a clear understanding and assessment of the efficiency of the relevant criminal law provisions and serves as a prerequisite for developing the measures to improve the efficiency of criminal justice authorities in this area.

Peculiarities of forensic characterization in the investigation of criminal offenses committed by judges

The article is devoted to the analysis of the degree of scientific development of the issues of criminalistic characterization. The scientific approaches to determining the essence of the criminalistic characterization of crimes in the structure of the investigation methodology are considered. The importance of this scientific category is emphasized. It is noted that one of the most important components in the structure of the forensic methodology is the forensic characterization of a crime. The author reviews the literature in the field of criminal law, criminal procedure, forensics, and operational and investigative activities related to abuse of power or official position by a judge in the administration of justice, and also their detection and investigation. The author presents different approaches to the concept and structure of forensic characteristics in general and, in particular, to the structure of forensic characteristics of acceptance of an offer, promise or receipt of an unlawful benefit. Based on the results of the analysis of court practice on combating undue advantage in Ukraine in recent years, it is established that a significant share of such encroachments falls on the judiciary. The author analyzes the concept and components of the forensic characterization of criminal offenses committed by judges. It is found that its structure includes the following elements: identity of the offender, identity of the victim, method of commission, object of the offense, setting, time and place of commission, motive and purpose of the criminal offense, typical traces of the crime (“trace pattern”). The existence of interrelations between the elements of forensic characterization makes it possible to use a systematic approach in the study of this issue. It is stated that the subject of criminal encroachment is an unlawful remuneration; the author identifies the ways of committing and concealing a crime; the author proposes to divide the ways of direct receipt of unlawful benefit into certain types; the elements of the “trace picture” are revealed; it is emphasized that the most typical places of giving and receiving unlawful benefit by judges are the office, other premises of a particular institution or organization, and public places; the author also emphasizes the characteristic features of the offender and the victim. The analysis of monographs, dissertations and other scientific works on the outlined issues has shown that the fundamentals of the methodology for investigating criminal offenses committed by judges remain undeveloped.

Features of preventing abuse of authority or official position committed by public servants

Corruption in Ukraine is recognized as a threat to national interests, sustainable development and European integration. Despite the significant efforts made by the state and international institutions to overcome corruption in the main spheres of public life, its level still remains high. When defining the essence of corruption, one should first of all proceed from the fact that it cannot be reduced to any specific socially dangerous act, to a specific offense. Corruption is the result of the historical development of society and the state, including Ukrainian society and the Ukrainian state. At the same time, in the last decade, corruption in Ukraine gained an unprecedented scope and influence on political, economic and other social processes. It іs found that the problems of countering corruption in Ukraine in many respects coincide with similar problems in other countries. This coincidence is caused by the same social essence of corruption as the corrosion of power, which consists in the abuse by officials of state authorities and local self-government bodies of power or official position for selfish or other personal interests. Regardless of the differences in the state system, the main socio-economic prerequisites of corruption are the same in principle for all countries − the imperfection of the mechanism of the exercise of power, the desire of subjects endowed with power to use this power for personal purposes, and the main directions of combating corruption − restrictions, neutralization and elimination of its social prerequisites, causes and conditions of corrupt acts, determination of restrictions and prohibitions for civil servants, establishment of responsibility for their violation. The reduction of corruption to a certain type of offense by a certain part of scientists and practitioners is one of the most significant mistakes in the understanding of corruption. Corruption is a social phenomenon that has social conditions, social patterns of development and exerts a negative influence on social processes. Existing in society and being a product of social relations, it permeates various social spheres of society, deforming social relations in different ways.

인재(訒齋) 최현(崔晛)의 성리학에 관한 연구 - 인재(人材) 등용과 활용을 중심으로

This study aims to examine the selection and utilization of talents by Injae Choi Hyun, a mid-Joseon figure, in connection with his Neo-Confucian characteristics. Born in Jeonju, he demonstrated exceptional academic talent from a young age and raised a militia during the Imjin War, earning commendations. He subsequently held various official positions, actively engaging as both a scholar and an official. His academic orientation is characterized by a foundation in Neo-Confucian tradition while emphasizing practicality. He sought to promote national development by integrating scholarly principles with political practice. In particular, he advocated for a fair and efficient personnel system, criticizing the flaws of the existing nepotismbased system (Mun-eum) and proposing various reforms to address these issues. He also emphasized the importance of protecting and nurturing talent, arguing that the king should fairly evaluate and protect capable individuals to contribute to national progress. His approach combined Neo-Confucian principles with practical needs, striving to address the challenges faced by Joseon society at the time.

공무원 채용시험 과목의 변화가 공공봉사동기에 미치는 영향: 이중차분법을 중심으로

In 2017, the subject ‘Constitution' was added to the Open Competitive Examination for Grade 5 public officials to strengthen the assessment of public service values among applicants. This study examines the impact of this new subject on Public Service Motivation (PSM) among newly recruited Grade 5 public officials. Survey data spanning from 2013 to 2023 from the Korea Institute of Public Administration was utilized to measure PSM. The study employed the Difference-in-Differences (DID) method, a quasi-experimental design technique, to enhance causal inference. The treatment group consisted of new Grade 5 public officials, while the control group comprised new Grade 7 public officials. Visual and statistical tests confirmed the parallel trend assumption. Despite a decade-long decline in PSM scores for both groups, the introduction of the 'Constitution' subject resulted in a 0.127-point increase in PSM scores among new Grade 5 public officials. This suggests that the changes in examination subjects effectively achieved their intended objective by selecting individuals with high public service motivation. Unlike other countries with intense competition for public official positions, Korea did not experience adverse selection issues, where individuals with low PSM were recruited.

(Invited) Solid Oxide Cell Design for High Power Density and Reliability: Applications in Power and Fuels Production

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) offer a carbon-neutral solution to power generation, fuel flexibility, and robust design suitable for stationary and air transportation applications. OxEon Energy developed an air electrode supported (AES) cell design that demonstrated 63% increase in power density compared with its heritage cell design in short stack tests.OxEon Energy team has been advancing solid oxide technology for over three decades and the stacks operate fully reversibly in fuel cell and electrolysis cell modes. The SOEC/SOFC technology builds on the success of the SOEC stack installed on NASA’s Mars Perseverance Rover as part of the MOXIE (Mars Oxygen In-situ resource utilization Experiment) mission. The MOXIE stack produced propellant grade, high-purity O2 by electrolyzing Mars atmosphere CO2. MOXIE stack used an electrolyte supported design to meet the reliability requirements for a space mission.An infiltrated air electrode cell design was developed to increase fuel cell stack specific power (kW/kg). Electrolyte thickness, the most resistive element of the SOFC, was reduced from ~250 microns to 70 microns. The fabrication process results in a bi-layer of dense scandia stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) electrolyte and a porous yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) matrix for air electrode infiltration. Fuel electrodes are screen printed. The reduced thickness of the electrolyte offers a compromise between improved performance over electrolyte supported design, while meeting robustness required for aerospace applications.Producing infiltrated electrodes with well-adhered and homogeneous distribution of active material is a challenge that requires multiple infiltration-calcination cycles to deposit sufficient material. Key variables are precursor chemistry to reduce the number of infiltrations and prevent interaction between electrode layers; intermediate calcination temperatures; and process development using infiltration equipment that enables volume production. OxEon partnered with National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) for electrode infiltration process development and PNNL for button cell and short stack validation testing.SOFC fuel flexibility was demonstrated in button cells and stacks previously; performance was nearly identical among hydrogen, ammonia, and reformed natural gas. Durability testing shows similarly stable performance in each fuel.A 10-cell AES stack was tested in SOFC mode at 800 °C in H2 and NH3 fuel feeds at 0.7 V/cell, and the same stack was operated in steam electrolysis to produce H2. SOFC testing demonstrated powder density of 0.35 W/ cm2 at 0.7 V/cell in the AES stack in ammonia feed; an electrolyte supported stack with equivalent materials measured 0.20 W/cm2 at 0.7 V. Long term testing in steam electrolysis showed stable performance at 800 °C and 1.2 V/ cell.Button cell tests show the thin electrolyte cell structure is capable of an area specific resistance (ASR) of 0.25 Ω-cm2 in H2- and NH3 fuel feeds. OxEon’s continued AES cell development is focused on improving manufacturability, infiltrated electrode stability, and implementing degradation mitigation strategies developed for electrolyte supported cell structures. Improved performance with AES cell design has critical implications for future integration in OxEon’s technology suite: SOEC systems to generate H2 and syngas from renewable energy, and Fischer-Tropsch to produce synthetic fuels.This material is based on research sponsored by Air Force Research Laboratory under agreement number FA8649-22-P-0792. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. government. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Figure 1

THE POSITION OF THE TWO IRAQI KURDISH PARTIES (PDK, PUK) ON THE SINJAR AGREEMENT 2020

On October 10, 2020, the Sinjar agreement was signed to restore stability and normalise the situation between the federal government in Baghdad and the Kurdistan Regional Government-Iraq after a disagreement and conflict between the two parties on how to manage the district in terms of administration and security. Following the deteriorating situation that the Sinjar district has become after its liberation from the terrorist organisation ISIS in 2016, the agreement the territory. This study aims to indicate the official position of both Kurdish parties on the aforementioned agreement. The analysis also assumes that there is a difference in their positions on the deal based on several reasons. However, this agreement dates back to the situation in the district before the occupation of ISIS and the returning of the Kurdish influence to the region. However, the position of the two Kurdish parties was different regarding the agreement. The Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) was more interested in the agreement and its implementation compared to the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), and this comes because the performance of the agreement will restore the influence of the KDP to the district exclusively and will remove the impact of the allies of the PUK from the militias of the Kurdistan Workers Party PKK and the Popular Mobilization Forces PMF from it.

DISSENTING OPINION: A DIFFICULT PATH TO FINDING THE TRUTH (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINIAN JUDGES' INTERPRETATION OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL LAW)

The article is devoted to the issue of the dissenting opinion of a judge, which is relevant to modern law enforcement practice and legal theory and which may be expressed when a judge who participated in a collegial consideration of a case does not agree with the position of the majority of the panel of judges. The authors analyse the existing approaches to the institution of dissenting opinions in different legal systems, the factors that negatively affect the existence of dissenting opinions in the justice system, provide examples of dissenting opinions of Ukrainian judges expressed in different jurisdictions, their significance for law enforcement practice and the public outcry they caused. It addresses the procedural issues that may potentially arise during the judicial proceedings and the formation of a dissenting opinion of a judge. The authors conclude that the institution of dissenting opinion is of undoubted value for justice and the authority of the court in the State and emphasise that the specifics of the text of a judge's dissenting opinion against the background of lapidary normative regulation by the rules of procedural law may indicate the genre independence of the content of a dissenting opinion in judicial discourse as compared to a court decision. The authors propose the concept of dissenting opinion, by which they mean an official legal position of a judge which is formed during collegial consideration of a case as a result of an internal conviction which does not coincide (partially does not coincide) with the position of the majority of judges in terms of reasoning or final conclusion, and which is formalised in a procedural document which is an act of competent (professional) and doctrinal judicial casual interpretation. In addition, the authors present synthesised features which characterise a judge's legal opinion as a dissenting opinion, including the statement that it is undoubtedly a phenomenon of a democratic society; it has the features of an institution of law, albeit with lapidary normative regulation; it is issued by a judge within his/her competence as a result of judicial discretion and inner conviction; has a prognostic and forward-looking character, since it sometimes serves as a means of overcoming outdated views that impede progressive legal development, evolution of sustainable approaches, and as a basis for the formation of a new legal position, which in the future may be transformed into a majority position and become a sustainable practice; besides, it is derivative, optional, as it is not binding, unlike a court decision, and is not an act of justice, as it is not issued in the name of the state and is not a mandatory part of a court decision.

Impact of internal standard selection on measurement results for long chain fatty acids in blood

IntroductionInternal standards correct for measurement variation due to sample loss. Isotope labeled analytes are ideal internal standards for the measurement of fatty acids in human plasma but are not always readily available. For this reason, quantification of multiple analytes at once is most often done using only a single or few internal standards. The magnitude of the impact this has on method accuracy and precision is not well studied for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry systems. ObjectiveThis study aims to estimate bias and changes in uncertainty associated with using alternative fatty acid isotopologue internal standards for the estimation of similar or dissimilar long chain fatty acids. MethodUsing a previously reported method for the quantification of 27 fatty acids in human plasma using 18 internal standards we obtained estimates of bias and uncertainty at up to three levels of fatty acid concentration. ResultsWith some notable exceptions, method accuracy remained relatively stable when using an alternative internal standard (Median Relative Absolute Percent Bias: 1.76%, Median Spike-Recovery Absolute Percent Bias: 8.82%), with larger changes in method precision (Median Increase in Variance: 141%). Additionally, the degree of difference between analyte and internal standard structure was related to the magnitude of bias and uncertainty of the measurement. ConclusionThe data presented here show that the choice of internal standard used to estimate fatty acid concentration can affect the accuracy and reliability of measurement results and, therefore, needs to be assessed carefully when developing analytical methods for the measurement of fatty acid profiles.Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Public Health Service, and the US Department of Health and Human Services.

The nature and extent of the Taliban’s involvement in the drug trade before and after the regime change (1994–2022): insights from experts

ABSTRACT This article considers what experts know about the nature and extent of the Taliban’s involvement in the drug trade from 1994 until 2022. The findings indicate that the Taliban has been consistently involved in the drug trade in various roles and capacities. This involvement, fortified by familial and tribal connections with key drug trade actors, allows the Taliban to establish local legitimacy and strengthen its influence in rural areas. Despite the Taliban’s transition from insurgency to governance in August 2021, factions within the group have remained involved in the drug trade, and some drug traffickers hold official positions in the Taliban-led government. Study findings reveal that the Taliban’s opium ban serves strategic objectives, which include gaining political recognition and increasing opium prices. These findings underscore the importance of independent and comprehensive monitoring of the Taliban’s counternarcotics policies and urge caution in any engagements regarding counternarcotics initiatives with the Taliban-led government.

Longitudinal associations between urinary biomarkers of phthalates and replacements with novel in vivo measures of placental health.

What is the longitudinal association between gestational phthalate exposure and in vivo placental outcomes? Phthalates were adversely associated with placental microvasculature, stiffness, and presence of calcification, with different metabolites associated with different outcomes. Phthalate exposure is ubiquitous and implicated as a contributor to adverse pregnancy outcomes, possibly through impacts on the placenta. A total of 303 women were recruited in early pregnancy and prospectively followed for up to eight visits across gestation in the Human Placenta and Phthalates study. At each visit, women provided urine samples and underwent placental ultrasounds. Urine was analyzed for 18 metabolites of phthalates and replacements. We took the geometric mean of repeated measurements to reflect pregnancy-averaged phthalate or replacement exposure for each participant (n = 303). Placental microvasculature, stiffness, and microcalcification presence were quantified from ultrasounds at each visit. Higher scores reflected worse placental function for all measures. Generalized linear mixed models were created to estimate the association between pregnancy-averaged exposure biomarker concentrations and repeated outcome measurements for microvasculature and stiffness. Gestational age at the time of calcification detection was modeled using Cox proportional hazards models. Monocarboxyisononyl phthalate and summed di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites were associated with impaired microvasculature development, such that an interquartile range increase in concentration was associated with 0.11 standard deviation increase in the microvasculature ratio, indicating poorer vascularization (95% CI: 0.00, 0.22); 0.11 [95% CI: -0.01, 0.22], respectively. Monoethyl phthalate was associated with increased placental stiffness (0.09 [95% CI: -0.01, 0.19]) while summed di-iso-butyl phthalate metabolites and monobenzyl phthalate were associated with increased hazard of calcification detection (hazard ratios: 1.18 [95% CI: 0.98, 1.42]; 1.13 [95% CI: 0.96, 1.34]). Outcomes used in this study are novel and further investigation is needed to provide clinical context and relevance. We found evidence of associations between select phthalate biomarkers and various aspects of in vivo placental health, although we did not observe consistency across placental outcomes. These findings could illustrate heterogeneous effects of phthalate exposure on placental function. This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ZIA ES103344), and NIEHS T32ES007018. The authors declare that they have no competing interests to disclose. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the CDC, the Public Health Service, or the US Department of Health and Human Services. N/A.

Gabinetes y medios de comunicación: una lucha desigual que empobrece la información

This article aims to analyse the transformation of relationships between press offices and media professionals, especially concerning the strategies of institutional communication departments to convey their messages while bypassing journalistic quality filters. The study explores how this occurs and the challenges in preventing it within media newsrooms. To achieve this, twelve in-depth interviews were conducted with industry professionals who have held or currently occupy key positions in institutional communication offices and have prior experience in the news media or have even returned to media roles. The results highlight the demanding immediacy and precarious working conditions faced by many journalistic newsrooms. These conditions contribute to a greater ease for institutional messages to be initially published without any filter or in-depth analysis by journalists. This paves the way for communication offices to effectively place their messages in the public domain and achieve the desired impact.

Городское самоуправление Якутска при правительстве адмирала А.В. Колчака в 1919 г.: выборы, организация и упразднение

Статья посвящена анализу городского самоуправления Якутска в 1919 г., особое внимание уделено его состоянию в период Гражданской войны и последующей ликвидации городского управления после большевистского переворота. Исследование освещает выборы и структуру городского управления при А.В. Колчаке с учетом принципов историзма и объективности. В результате анализа стало ясно, что в декабре 1918 г. правительство ограничило избирательные права горожан. Последние выборы в городскую думу прошли в 1919 г., был сформирован новый состав органов городского самоуправления. The article explores the historical context of city self-government in Yakutsk during the revolution, addressing the lack of historical research on this topic during the Civil War in Russia. The study aimed to analyze the structure of self-government institutions, personnel composition, and the electoral process, considering the factors influencing these processes during the social upheaval of the Civil War. It also examines the liquidation of city self-government following the Bolshevik coup in December 1919, including the subsequent arrest of its members. The scientific innovation lies in providing the first comprehensive representation of the election process and the personal composition of the Yakutsk city government (City Duma and City Council) during Admiral A.V. Kolchak’s reign, using a methodology based on historicism, objectivity, consistency, and comprehensiveness. The retrospective method revealed cause-and-effect relationships and recurring patterns in the historical evolution. In December 1918, Admiral A.V. Kolchak annulled the decree issued by the Provisional Government in April 1917 and amended city government elections, limiting citizens’ electoral rights through changes to the electoral qualifications. The last elections were held in the fall of 1919, resulting in a city self-government consisting of 25 members with an average age of 47.96 years, predominantly holding official or employee positions and having secondary education. The composition and number of members of the city self-government changed multiple times, and the city authorities continued to rely on the city regulations of 1892 when forming the executive committees. On the night of December 14–15, 1919, the local Yakutsk garrison executed an armed revolt and apprehended Admiral A.V. Kolchak’s followers. From December 15, 1919 to January 1, 1920 Soviet power entities were established, marking the dissolution of the city government and the subsequent arrest of its members.

강학(講學) 활동을 통해 본 노서 윤선거의 생애

This paper examines the life of Yun Seon-geo (1610-1669), a prominent figure among 17th-century Gihosarim scholars, with a focus on his scholarly activities. The study divides his life into pre- and post-Byeongjahoran periods, exploring his experiences as a scholar in Ganghwado, his role as a jingsa, and his practical engagement within the Gihosarim community. During the Byeongjahoran, Yun Seon-geo abandoned the pursuit of official positions and dedicated himself to scholarship. Despite being called upon by the central government, he consistently remained in Ganghwado, earning the nickname ‘sajoesin’ due to his unwavering commitment. This consistency reflected his Confucian spirit, prioritizing integrity over empty titles and superficial achievements. Yun Seon-geo inherited the scholarly traditions of Ugye Seonghon and Yulgok Yi I, embodying the practical philosophy of the Gihohakpa school. His life exemplified the application of scholarship to real-world contexts. He maintained lifelong friendships with fellow Gihosarim scholars, integrated Confucian principles into daily life, and actively promoted scholarship through educational endeavors. Yun Seon-geo’s pragmatic approach to learning and scholarly engagement provides valuable insights not only for his contemporaries but also as a foundation for studying literary transmission among later scholars and literati.

Pelaksanaan Seleksi Perangkat Desa Sidomukti Kecamatan Jenawi Kabupaten Karanganyar dengan Sistem Computer Based Test (CBT)

Sidomukti Village is a village located in Jenawi District, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java. This Community Service aims to carry out selection of village officials in Sidomukti Village, Jenawi District, Karanganyar Regency. The vacant village official position is Head Of Noyu Hamlet. The Village apparatus selection exams carried out include written exams and computer pratical exams in accordance with Karanganyar Regent regulation Number 81 of 2022 concerning Mechanisms for Appointing and Dismissing Village Apparatus. The result of the Community Service activities was the election of head of Noyu Hamlet, Sidomukti Village, Jenawi District, Karanganyar Regency, as stated in the Minutes of Selection of Sidomukti Village Apparatus, Jenawi District, Karanganyar Regency.

Characteristics of the qualification of exceeding authority or official authority by a military official personal by subjective characters

The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to improve the legal regulation of the activities of military personnel in the context of the modern political, social and military situation, which requires careful consideration of issues related to their compliance with the law and the preservation of law and order. The main purpose of the study is to analyze and clarify the criteria for the legal qualification of exceeding the power or official authority of a military official on subjective grounds. Within the framework of this analysis, subjective signs of exceeding power or official authority are considered, in particular, awareness of the socially dangerous nature of the committed actions, the compliance of these actions with regulatory and legal acts, the consequences of violations and their connection with the official position. The study also considers the possibility of the emergence of an ideal set of criminal composition in case of committing several offenses in one act. The obtained conclusions will contribute to clarifying the qualification of offenses and understanding the ratio of illegal actions of a military official and their consequences. The methodological basis of the research is based on the analysis of normative legal acts, law enforcement and jurisprudential analysis, as well as on the analysis of judicial practice. The use of these methods allows for a detailed analysis of issues related to the legal qualification of the criminal offense provided for in Art. 426-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The results of the study can be useful for legislators, law enforcement agencies, military groups and judicial authorities. They will help to improve the legal regulation of the activities of military officials, ensuring the preservation of law and order and legality in this area of legal relations. The practical significance of this study also lies in the correct application of the norms of criminal legislation during the investigation of the abuse of power or official authority by a military official. In the conclusions, it is proposed to supplement Art. 426-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.