Office Waste Research Articles

PLANNING FOR WASTE COLLECTION AND STORAGE IN NGEPUNG VILLAGE, KEDAMEAN DISTRICT, GRESIK

Ngepung Village is a village located in the eastern part of Kedamean District, Gresik Regency with an area of 5.08 km2. Ngepung Village is divided into 3 Hamlets, 5 Rukun Warga (RW), and 14 Rukun Tetangga (RT) consisting of 3493 people. Waste management in Ngepung Village still uses the old paradigm, namely gathering-burning or gathering-wasting. The purpose of this study is to determine the existing condition of waste management in Ngepung Village and to plan waste collection and storage. The research method includes direct measurement of waste generation, interviews, observation and documentation. Determination of sampling using simple random sampling according to SNI 19-3964-1994. Data analysis used quantitative descriptive techniques. The results of the study stated that most of the residents of Ngepung Village used plastic bags as garbage containers. The average value of waste generation in Ngepung Village is 2.05 L/org.day or 0.31 kg/org.day. Meanwhile, the composition of waste is dominated by organic waste of 60.49%. The waste collection plan consists of 2 types of waste containers, namely organic and inorganic containers, with a housing waste container capacity of 25 liters per family, a 70 liter office waste container capacity, 100 liter pesantren waste containers, 30 liter schools, and 25 liter places of worship. Garbage collection is planned to be carried out every 3 days with 3 cycles using 5 units of three-wheeled motorized carts with a capacity of 1.25 m3.

Scalable Preparation of Cellulose Nanofibers from Office Waste Paper by an Environment-Friendly Method.

Waste paper is often underutilized as a low-value recyclable resource and can be a potential source of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) due to its rich cellulose content. Three different processes, low acid treatment, alkali treatment and bleaching treatment, were used to pretreat the waste paper in order to investigate the effect of different pretreatments on the prepared CNFs, and CNFs obtained from bleached pulp boards were used as control. All sample fibers were successfully prepared into CNFs by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidation. It was quite obvious that the bleached CNFs samples showed dense fibrous structures on a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while needle-like fibers with width less than 20 nm were observed on a transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, the bleaching treatment resulted in a 13.5% increase in crystallinity and a higher TEMPO yield (e.g., BCNF, 60.88%), but a decrease in thermal stability. All pretreated CNFs samples showed narrow particle size distribution, good dispersion stability (zeta potential less than −29.58 mV), good light transmission (higher than 86.5%) and low haze parameters (lower than 3.92%). This provides a good process option and pathway for scalable production of CNFs from waste papers.

Up-cycling of waste paper for increased photo-catalytic hydrogen generation of graphitic carbon nitride under visible light exposure

BackgroundUp-cycling of waste papers to value-added carbon products has significant environmental and economic benefits in real life. This work aims to recycle the waste papers to construct amorphous carbon modified graphitic carbon nitride composite photocatalysts for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation from water under visible light. MethodsAmorphous carbon (labeled as a-C) was yielded from the office waste papers by simple sulphuric-acid treatment and then combined with graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) to form the g-CN/a-C composite photocatalysts by the thermolysis of a-C and melamine mixture. Significant FindingsThe addition of a-C enlarges the surface area of g-CN from 11.52 m2 g−1 of pristine g-CN to 28.12 m2 g−1 of g-CN/a-C-100. In addition, the a-C incorporation can significantly separate the electrons from the photoexcited g-CN owing to the excellent conductivity of a-C. As a result, an increased photocatalytic H2 generation was realized under visible light exposure. The g-CN/a-C-100 sample with optimized a-C contents offers the highest photocatalytic H2 generation rate of up to 17.1 μmol h−1, which is ∼12 times higher than that of pristine g-CN under the same condition. The present study manifests the great potential of the recycling of office waste papers for increased photocatalytic H2 generation.

Management of Bio-Waste by the Paper Mulch

Mulch is a type of protective covering placed on or spread over the soil surface that helps to conserve soil moisture, suppress weed growth and enrich the soil. The paper mulch is the most complete mulch and has numerous beneficial effects upon the soil and plants. This mulch which is produced from office waste paper, newspaper and wrapping papers, conserves soil moisture, is effective at suppressing and inhibiting weed growth, enhances agro-ecosystem health by improving the air and water movement through the soil; providing moist conditions thereby promoting micro-organisms and worm populations; promoting plant growth and product, promoting leaf litter build up and helping to improve the pH balance in the soil.

Waste office paper filled polylactic acid composite filaments for 3D printing

Developing 3D printable waste paper based biocomposites is a potentially greener alternative to traditional waste paper recycling methods. In this paper, waste office paper (WOP) filled polylactide acid (PLA) biocomposites were prepared as filaments for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). The morphology, rheology, thermal properties, and physical properties of PLA-WOP composites were investigated. Results revealed that the addition of WOP improved the composites’ melt flow abilities. The Tg and Tm of composites remained similar to the neat PLA. However, tensile strengths of the prints decreased with the increase of WOP content, which could be attributed to the heterogeneous dispersion and aggregation caused by the abundance of WOP in the system. When 5% WOP was used, the elongation at break increased in comparison with pure PLA specimens. Nonetheless, when the WOP content was increased to 15%, the elongation at break decreased. To improve the mechanical properties of the prints, a silane coupling agent (γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxylsilane, KH570) was used to modify WOP granules. The mechanical properties were clearly enhanced post KH570 treatment. Furthermore, FTIR analyses demonstrated that the hydrogen bonding improved interfacial adhesion between WOP fillers and the PLA matrix. Thermal decomposition showed that the PLA-WOP composites had virtually no degradation below 260 °C, indicating that the composite filaments are safe for indoor 3D printing.

Efficient utilization of waste paper as an inductive feedstock for simultaneous production of cellulase and xylanase by Trichoderma longiflorum

Waste paper, one of the major components of municipal and industrial wastes, has considerable potential as a low-cost inductive feedstock for enzyme production. In this study, four kinds of waste papers were used for simultaneous production of cellulase and xylanase by Trichoderma longiflorum. The highest FPase activities (3.21 IU/mL and 2.97 IU/mL) were achieved using waste office paper (WOP) and corrugated board (CB), respectively, followed by magazine paper (MP, 2.51 IU/mL) and tissue paper (TP, 2.34 IU/mL). The maximum β-glucosidase activities (0.51 IU/mL) and xylanase activities (382.59 IU/mL) were obtained from CB substrates, which were higher than that in the reported literature using waste paper. Correspondingly, the soluble protein concentrations and SDS-PAGE profiles from CB fermentation revealed that more enzymes were secreted during fermentation compared with other waste paper. Moreover, the structural features of different waste paper were characterized by using SEM and XRD technique and revealed that the structural variations were mainly caused by the raw wood sources and papermaking processes, and further affected the fermentation capacity. In addition, a higher β-glucosidase activity of 0.80 IU/mL were obtained from the mixed carbon source of CB and wheat bran (WB), which were significantly improved and increased by 56.86% when compared with the CB as single carbon source. This study confirmed that the waste paper without pretreatment could be efficiently utilized as an inductive feedstock for simultaneous production of cellulase and xylanase by T. longiflorum. Therefore, these findings obtained from this study will provide a more widely insight into investigating the low-cost inductive feedstock for enzyme production, which were of great benefit both for the economy and environment.

The use of unconventional organic waste for vermicomposting in Surgut greenhouses

The paper discusses the use of non-traditional types of organic waste in vermicomposting in greenhouses on the territory of the middle taiga forest zone of Western Siberia. Experimental studies were carried out in the laboratories of the scientific and educational center and the center for collective use of the Institute of Natural and Technical Sciences of Surgut State University in 20012020. The main objects of the study were brewers grains, waste from the production of the Kristal brewing company in Surgut and wastewater sludge from the treatment facilities of the Gorvodokanal in Surgut. Additionally, the composition of complex composts included sand, office waste paper, waste coffee, food waste, leaf and grass litter, bird droppings and the microbiological additive Tamir. The compost worms of the Eisenia foetida Prospector species were used as vermiculture. 10 juveniles were launched in the first series of experiments and 50 juvenile worms were launched in the second series. The resulting vermicomposting is more effective in quality than the original substrates. The use of the hybrid Prospector can be effectively used in the disposal of non-traditional organic waste. Complex composts mature more efficiently when microbiological additives are added. In the studied substrates the content of heavy metals was reduced to MPC norms.

Enzymatic deinking of office waste printed paper: optimization via response surface methodology

In traditional deinking process, large amounts of chemicals are required which makes these methods expensive and polluting. Also, application of sustainable material implies the use of green processes to reduce waste and pollution. Green enzymatic deinking processes are alternatives to those technologies that have negative effects on the environment. In this work, we applied response surface methodology for deinking the electrophotography-printed paper based on a systematic experimental pattern. The individual and interactive effects of enzymatic deinking parameters including time, temperature, and enzyme dosage on the handsheet properties were investigated. Different analyses were carried out to determine the best process conditions of enzymatic deinking to optimize the handsheet properties (i.e., tensile, burst, whiteness, and brightness). The obtained responses of an oven-dried fiber at 45 min, 43 °C and the enzyme concentration of 1 mg/15 g were 12.44, 0.65, 72.20, and 87 for tensile strength, burst strength, whiteness, and brightness, respectively. Measuring the optical density of the deinked handset after printing showed that the printability of the deinked paper is in the desired range.

Reinforcing effect of nanocrystalline cellulose and office waste paper fibers on mechanical and thermal properties of poly (lactic acid) composites

AbstractNanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was prepared from office waste paper (OWP) by sulfuric acid hydrolysis method in this paper and it was used to prepare a series of poly (lactic acid) PLA/NCC composites by using a dissolution method in solvent N, N‐dimethylformamide solution. The results indicated that with the addition of only 3 wt% NCC, the composites exhibited outstanding mechanical property. The tensile, bending and impact properties of the PLA/3NCC composite were improved by 8.2%, 13.1%, and 35.9% than those of pure PLA, respectively. On this basis, office waste paper fibers (OWF) were also used as a physical blended filler to enhance PLA/NCC composites to reduce the preparation cost of PLA composites and the perfect PLA/NCC/OWF sample was easily manufactured by melting–blending and injection molding. According to the crystallization and melting performance table, both NCC and OWF can act as nucleating agent to promote the crystallization properties on composites, while the blends did not have positive effect on thermal stability. Furthermore, the water absorption and degradation properties of PLA composites were also studied. This work not only provided a novel idea for the utilization of office waste paper but also successfully produced environment friendly composites with favorable mechanical properties and crystallization performance.

Waste Office Papers as a Cellulosic Material Reservoir to Derive Highly Porous Activated Carbon for Solid-State Electrochemical Capacitor

The conversion of biowaste to activated carbon (AC) for supercapacitor applications is recently gaining attention due to its extraordinary high specific surface area (SSA), hierarchical pore size distribution, and very good conductivity. Therefore, in this work, we have utilized waste office papers as a precursor to synthesize highly porous carbon to be used as an electrode material for supercapacitors. The sub-nanometre pores in as-synthesized office paper waste-derived activated carbon (OPDAC) material, facilitate easy flow of ions and surprisingly increase the specific capacitance up to 237 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. Moreover, an all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor using OPDAC electrodes delivers an ultrahigh energy density of 31 Wh/kg at a power density of 380 W/kg along with a long cycle life of 95% after 3000 charge-discharge cycles. Hence, these remarkable results pave the path for the usage of different biowastes for varying energy storage applications.

New Approach for Recycling Office Waste Paper: An Efficient and Recyclable Material for Oily Wastewater Treatment.

Recycling has attracted great attention in academia, because of the economic and environmental benefits to industry. An eco-friendly strategy for recycling office waste paper (WP) was used to sustainedly separate oil-water mixtures. The hydroxyl groups of cellulose endow WP with superlipophilic and superhydrophilic properties in air and superoleophobic features under water. WP could separate various oils from oil-water mixtures, with separation efficiencies exceeding 99%. Importantly, the superhydrophilic WP could separate oil-water mixtures containing HCl, NaOH, and NaCl with separation efficiency above 98.9% for at least 30 cycles. The superoleophobicity of WP was maintained in solutions of different pH values for at least 24 h, suggesting good durability and stability. This green method is renewable, clean, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. More importantly, the recycled office waste paper not only removes oil from oily wastewater (such as in oil spills) but also realizes the recycling of WP. This method could provide new insights into resource recycling.

Barriers to reusing and recycling office fit-out: an exploratory analysis of demolition processes and product features

Within the highly waste-generative context of Australia, waste from demolition of office fit-out significantly contributes to unsustainable landfilling. The extant literature is, however, slim on scrutiny of the situation. Therefore, this study aims to uncover office fit-out demolition processes and product features that drive high ratio of landfilling fit-out elements. The research used ten case projects and fourteen interviews to document visible and latent parameters of office fit-out waste. Waste-stream mapping and decision-tree techniques, in conjunction with basic descriptive statistics, were used to model and visualize the extent and drivers of unsustainable fit-out demolition. Further, an exemplar product features analysis was conducted to validate the identified drivers. The findings show that 78% of fit-out waste from the studied cases is landfilled. This high rate is attributed to both latent and visible factors. The main latent factor is high lease price of premium or high-quality offices which favours expeditious demolition with low consideration for reuse and recycling. Key technically visible barriers are volumetric furniture, heterogeneous fit-out assemblies, and insufficient critical mass. To move away from landfilling, production of office fit-out should be transformed for sustainable material adequacy, product re-configurability and de-constructability, and easy handling in the use phase.

Stabilization of MSW by using Cowurine

This paper inspected the fluctuation which happens in key boundaries like pH, temperature, dampness content, natural carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and so on during the 30 days standard observing of fertilizing the soil process.5 kg of city strong waste, old fertilizer, straw and soil, was blended in with 5%, 10%, 15% of cow urine of 3 kg civil strong waste for treating the soil. Treating the soil was finished by utilizing sixteenth containers model composter made up with legitimate air circulation and waste office and was kept in semi sun beams condition. Ph running 7.6 to 8.9 in the main stage, Temperature ascends from the primary day of process and become 55°C on18 day. Dampness content in manure was insecure all through the procedure because of changing microbial populace. The NPK substance of conclusive fertilizer are discover after finding the aftereffects of NPK got from fertilizing the soil treatment given to MSW and Cow urine are demonstrate that consolidated fertilizing the soil are an appealing technique for the executives of city strong waste.

Bacterial cellulose as reinforcement in paper made from recycled office waste pulp

Bacterial cellulose, produced during fermentation of Kombucha tea, was investigated relative to its ability to modify the characteristics of pulp from recycled office wastepaper. The produced bacterial cellulose wet films were dispersed and added rates of 5%, 10%, and 15% to the recycled office wastepaper. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses, scanning electron microscopy images and thermogravimetric analysis values were determined in order to characterize the pulp samples. The results of these analyses showed similar changes as the amount of added bacterial cellulose increased, which also meant an increased amount of filler attaching to the fiber matrix. The burst index and tensile index values were protected while the tear index value partially decreased as the amount of added bacterial cellulose increased. The brightness values of the bacterial cellulose reinforced papers did not change after thermal aging, while the changes in the yellowness values were quite limited. Higher water absorption rates, and lower air permeability values were obtained from bacterial cellulose reinforced recycled office wastepaper sheets, which corresponded to the addition of increased bacterial cellulose amounts. Considering the mechanical and physical properties of the reinforced paper, bacterial cellulose represents a promising alternative for the reinforcement of office wastepaper.

A pollution reducing enzymatic deinking approach for recycling of mixed office waste paper.

The efficiency of xylano-pectinolytic enzymes, co-produced by a single microbial strain Bacillus pumilus, was analysed for the recycling of mixed office waste paper through deinking and compared with the alkaline chemical deinking method. Enzymes showed maximum deinking at pH 8.5, pulp consistency of 10%, xylanase-pectinase dose of 12 and 4 IU per gram pulp, respectively, after 120 min of deinking period, and temperature at 50 °C. A chemi-enzymatic approach was employed with xylano-pectinolytic enzymes and various concentrations of deinking chemicals, which showed that enzyme-treated mixed office waste pulp requires only 40% chemicals for deinking, in order to get the almost same level of various handsheets properties, as obtained by the chemical method with 100% chemicals. Similarly, the effluent load of BOD and COD contents was also decreased by 17.90 and 19.75%. This combinational approach of deinking significantly improved the various properties of the handsheets and resulted in gain of 7.5, 9.38, 6.33 and 11.65% in tear factor, burst factor, breaking length and viscosity of the handsheets, while the effective residual ink concentration analysis of deinked handsheets of mixed office waste paper showed deinking efficiency of 22.45%, which revealed the removal of ink particles during enzymatic deinking steps.

Industrial scale-up of fiber recovery technology from mixed office waste fine screen rejects

Industrial-scale testing was performed for fine screen reject recovery technology with a mixed office waste (MOW) pulping line. Results showed that the recovery system removed macrostickies and dirt specks with an efficiency of 95.7% to 98.3% and 51.5% to 76.8%, respectively. These results were not affected by the running consistency (0.26% to 1.44%). The recovery system improved the physical strength of the pulp. Relative to untreated rejects, the tensile index increased 5.1% to 15.2%, the tear index increased 6.6% to 11.4%, and the breaking index increased 6.6% to 25.7%. Running consistency had no obvious effects on tensile strength and tear strength, but bursting strength increased with increasing running consistency (%). The volume energy consumption (y) increased with increasing running consistency (x), and a linear relationship of y = 0.73x + 4.2191 (R² = 0.9466) was observed. The specific energy consumption (y) of the pulp decreased with increasing running consistency (x), and the relationship could be expressed as y = 499.67x-0.906 (R² = 0.9959).

Study on the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/office waste paper fiber composites

AbstractEnvironment friendly composites with favorable mechanical properties and low water absorption performance were successfully produced from poly(lactic acid) (PLA), office waste paper fiber (OWF), and coupling agents. The perfect sample was easily manufactured by melting–blending and injection molding. The PLA/OWF composites were comparable with other PLA/plant fiber composites, and the results indicated that the PLA/OWF composites show better performance than PLA/wheat straw fiber composites and PLA/bamboo fiber composites. On this basis, influence of modification of OWF on the properties of composites was investigated. The infrared results show that the OWF modification by different coupling agents was successful, and the scanning electron microscopy indicates that prepared composites exhibit good interfacial compatibility due to preferable binding force between fiber and matrix. With addition of 2 wt% γ‐(2,3‐propylene oxides)propyl trimethylsilane, the composite exhibits high tensile strength of 58.96 MPa, reflecting increase of 14% than the pure PLA. According to the crystallization and melting performance table, OWF can act as nucleating agent to promote the crystallization properties on composites, while the coupling agents have little effect on thermal stability. This article confirmed that the OWF has appropriate properties and is suitable for preparing composite materials and this work provides a novel idea for the utilization of office waste paper.

Production of microbial lipids utilizing volatile fatty acids derived from wastepaper: A biorefinery approach for biodiesel production

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) derived from organic wastes are being considered as low-cost feedstock for microbial lipid production as a valuable alternative to plant derived oils/biodiesel. In this study, VFAs were produced from anaerobic open culture fermentation of wastepaper and subsequently, used as a feedstock for lipid production by Cryptococcus curvatus. Total VFAs, yield and productivity achieved from waste office paper (WOP) and waste newspaper (WNP) were 17.3 and 10.2 g/L, 0.17 and 0.10 g/g TS, and 0.86 and 0.51 g/L/day, respectively. Biomass, lipid content and productivity achieved utilizing VFAs derived from WOP and WNP were 4.3 and 2.9 g/L, 41.2 and 27.7% DCW, and 0.037 and 0.033 g/L/h, respectively. The dominance of fatty acids such as oleic, palmitic, stearic and linoleic acid in the lipids suggests a high level of similarity with plant/vegetable oils used for biodiesel production. Therefore, VFAs derived from wastepaper could be potentially used as feedstock to produce microbial lipids towards cost-effective production of biodiesel.

Green ecofriendly bio-deinking of mixed office waste paper using various enzymes from Rhizopus microsporus AH3: efficiency and characteristics

Mixed office waste paper (MOWP) is a low cost, high quality and easily collected fiber source for the papermaking industry. Unfortunately, limits in the application of traditional deinking are related to the negative environmental impacts of using chemicals during the deinking process. Hence, enzymatic deinking has received growing attention in the last decade. This study investigates the effect of using the effective enzymes produced from Rhizopus microspores AH3 which is grown on watermelon peel waste (WPW) extract, as a bio-deinking method in the deinking of MOWP, which is difficult to recycle because of their ink type and printing process. The methodology involves preparation of samples, impregnation with water, enzymatic treatment, washing, papermaking, evaluation of the produced paper sheets. The evaluation includes determination of the optical and mechanical properties as well as topographic investigation via scanning electron microscope of produced paper sheets. The results showed that there is an improvement in both optical and mechanical properties of all paper sheets produced in this study. The best enhancement was for medium B30 which was extracted by boiling of WPW for 30 min. This treatment gave high enhancement because of the effect of the produced enzymes from Rhizopus microspores AH3, where cellulase, xylanase, lignin peroxidase, poly phenol oxidase and laccase were 1.62, 1.49, 1.38, 1.2 and 1.5 U/ml, respectively. Moreover, the tensile strain (maximum load) increased by about 77% as well as the brightness percentage achieved about 86.78% and the deinking ability was increased approximately 16%.

Production of microbial lipids from optimized waste office paper hydrolysate, lipid profiling and prediction of biodiesel properties

Waste office paper (WOP), was used to produce microbial lipids using Cryptococcus curvatus. Pretreatment of WOP with 1% (v/v) sulfuric acid removed the lignin without any inhibitor formation and increased the cellulose content. The optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of WOP were predicted at 92 h, 50 FPU/g cellulase, 50 CBU/g β-glucosidase, 5% substrate loading, 50 mL working volume and 156 rpm using the central composite design. The maximum sugar yield obtained in the validation experiment was 35.3 g/L. Ammonium chloride and yeast extract combination were more suitable for lipid production by C. curvatus with the carbon to nitrogen ratio of 60. A maximum biomass 11.48 ± 0.09 g/L was obtained at 120 h with a lipid yield of 4.95 ± 0.02 g/L. The lipid profile studies reveal the presence of 11 fatty acid methyl esters. These predominantly comprised of (%, w/w) 50.8% oleic acid, 25.7% palmitoleic acid, 7.1% stearic acid, and 6.5% myristic acid. The characteristic features of the biodiesel, such as cetane number, cold performance, density and iodine value met the requirements of the international standard (EN14214). Thus, the WOP could be a potential renewable feedstock to produce microbial lipids which are essential for the future sustainable production of biodiesel.