Office Paper Research Articles

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ РАБОТЫ ОРГАНОВ, СНАБЖАЮЩИХ АРМИЮ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВИЕМ, В ПЕРИОД ВРЕМЕННОГО ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ)

Цель. Целью исследования является рассмотрение на основе архивных материалов и опубликованных источников вопроса организации работы органов, ответственных за снабжение армии продовольствием в условиях Первой мировой войны, в период деятельности Временного правительства (на примере одной из центральных губерний, Нижегородской) как одного из направлений работы власти, сложившейся после победы Февральской революции 1917 г. в России.Метод или методология проведения работ. Основу исследования образуют анализ и синтез материала, историко-системный метод, а также принципы научной объективности и историзма.Результаты. Автор характеризует систему работы ответственных лиц за снабжение армии продовольствием в период деятельности Временного правительства, делает акцент на обязанностях уполномоченных лиц, заключающихся главным образом в выполнении выданных нарядов в срок, что в Нижегородской губернии достигалось не всегда. Рассмотрена и охарактеризована система работы органов, основанная на поручениях и назначениях (при наличии исключений), проанализированы основные документы в деятельности: делопроизводственные бумаги и балансовые счета.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в сфере изучения политической и экономической истории XX в. и могут быть использованы при разработке курсов по краеведению.

Fine Art of Thermoelectricity.

A detailed study of hitherto unknown electrical and thermoelectric properties of graphite pencil traces on paper was carried out by measuring the Hall and Seebeck effects. We show that the combination of pencil-drawn graphite and brush-painted poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films on regular office paper results in extremely simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly thermoelectric power generators with promising output characteristics at low-temperature gradients. The working characteristics can be improved even further by incorporating n-type InSe flakes. The combination of pencil-drawn n-InSe:graphite nanocomposites and brush-painted PEDOT:PSS increases the power output by 1 order of magnitude.

E.H. Duckworth’s Clean-Up Lagos Campaigns: the political use of ex-centric colonial discourse on African dirt

On April 3 1952, former colonial Inspector of Education, Edward Harland Duckworth (1894–1972) – founding editor of the cultural magazine Nigeria – announced the birth of a sanitation venture he christened “The Clean-Up Lagos Campaign” in a Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation radio programme. The initiative declared war on “squalor and filth” in Nigeria’s colonial capital, Lagos. Duckworth urged Nigerian citizens to join his army of “volunteers” to wipe Lagos clean of literal dirt, and by extension, eliminate the moral stench exhaled by advertising bills plastered on buildings and monuments. The short-lived campaign was amply disseminated in the Nigerian press and (alongside its two encore performances of 1960 and 1967) featured in confidential Commonwealth Office papers of enormous political import at the height of the Nigerian Civil War. However, it was not Duckworth’s first intrusion into Lagos’ sanitary arena. This article examines Duckworth’s ex-centric discourse on dirt as a remarkable permutation of more generalised colonial standpoints. While Duckworth’s ambivalently enunciated views on dirt respond to his personal eccentricity and undisguised quest for power and recognition, his campaigns, rather than mere asides to an eccentric colonial life, shed light on one of the most understudied dimensions of Nigerian colonial history – the political use of deviance.

Enhanced production of microbial lipids from waste office paper by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus

Waste paper has a potential to serve as renewable feedstock for the biorefineries of fuels, chemicals and materials due to rich in cellulose and its abundance at low cost. In the present study, pretreated waste office paper (WOP) was enzymatically hydrolysed and used for lipid production by Cryptococcus curvatus. The results suggested that the WOP hydrolysate supplemented with ammonium sulphate (2 g/L) and yeast extract (0.5 g/L) as nitrogen source at a C/N ratio of 80 were the most suitable for high yield of lipids. The biomass, lipid yield, lipid content and lipid coefficient achieved from batch cultivation of C. curvatus using untreated and pretreated WOP hydrolysates were 6.32 and 15.20 g/L, 1.39 and 5.75 g/L, 22 and 37.8%, and 99.9 and 234.6 mg/g sugar with the productivity of 0.02 and 0.08 g/L/h, respectively. The fatty acid profile of the lipids indicated that the oleic acid was the major fatty acid followed by palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid which is quite similar to plant/vegetable oils. Thus, the results suggested that the waste office paper could be an alternative feedstock for production of microbial lipids for biodiesel.

Alkaline Pre-Treatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste Papers to Fermentable Sugar

Waste paper is known to be the major component of organic solid waste. In this research, waste paper was used as a feedstock for the production of fermentable sugar with the aid of two (2) microorganisms. The waste papers used included newspaper, office paper and foolscap paper. Enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out on the waste papers after the alkaline treatment using Aspergillus niger and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at different temperatures of 25oC, 37oC and 42oC. The highest yield was obtained from the foolscap paper, which produced reducing sugar at a maximum concentration of 486.66 mg/L after two weeks using Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 37oC. On the other hand, hydrolysing using Aspergillus niger, produced reducing sugar at a maximum concentration of 365 mg/L at an optimum temperature of 25oC with office paper

Switching alternating current (AC) using a fully screen‐printed current‐driven transistor

The authors report on a large area, fully screen-printed transistors, using nanostructured silicon as the active material. The transistors are produced by simple screen printing processes under ambient conditions without the need for post-processing steps. The devices can be operated as two-way switches both with a direct or alternating current (AC). The authors demonstrated the operation of the devices printed on flexible substrates (office paper 80 g/m2) using silver as the conductive electrodes and highly doped p-type nanostructured silicon as the active layer. A method of switching sinusoidal AC using a single printed transistor is demonstrated at a frequency of 50 Hz at ambient condition. The silicon used as active materials, present domains, and blocks at a microscopic level, with an electric behaviour similar to one of the varistor-like components used as surge suppressors. So, unlike conventional transistors which rely on electric field modulation or charge injection, these AC switches operate by activation transport of charge carriers in the active silicon layer. Switching AC is achieved by applying a signal to the base which results in a change of the current's direction from between the collector and base to between the base and emitter.

Synthesis of cellulose from office waste paper and the effect on mechanical properties of cellulose/kenaf/epoxy composite

Environmental and open public health aspects have an important and increasing role, especially in the exploration of natural fibers from recycle materials. The aim of this study is to synthesis cellulose from office waste paper and use it as a reinforcement filler to develop biocomposites. Epoxy reinforced kenaf fiber and cellulose composite were prepared in this study using polymer casting technique consisting of grinded kenaf fibre (natural fibre) 5% and epoxy 95% as reinforcement element. Cellulose was synthesized from recycled office papers and used as a filler to prepare cellulose/kenaf reinforced epoxy composite. Effect of cellulose to the mechanical properties of the composite were investigated. Samples were fabricated by weight percentage of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% of cellulose content. For mechanical properties impact test, Rockwell harness and tensile testings were conducted.

Paper making in a low carbon economy

Paper and pulp manufacturing industry produces versatile products from renewable feedstock that are easily recycled. It is the fourth largest industrial sector in terms of energy use. Much of the energy used comes from biomass derived fuels or high efficiency combined heat and power plants so the industry is not considered as carbon intensive. But at production paper making emits five times the CO₂/tonne of steel; this is gradually removed from the atmosphere by the growth of replacement trees which can take between 7 and 90 years. This study reviewed existing literature to establish estimates for future energy requirements, and way that these could be met with minimum carbon emissions in a world where there are electricity grids with low carbon intensities, high recycling rates and growing demand for sustainable biomass. It was found that energy consumption could be reduced by 20% using technologies that have been demonstrated at an industrial scale. Most virgin pulp is made using the kraft chemical processing method. It was found that it should be possible to eliminate all fossil fuel use from this process, by combustion of by-product while exporting a small amount of electricity. Recycled paper is becoming the largest source of pulp. In this case the waste streams cannot provide sufficient energy to power the process, but process heat can be produced by burning some of the collected waste paper in steam plants or by using electric heat pumps. The energy needed to produce high quality office paper is nearly twice that required for non-deinked packaging paper. This couples with the lower pulp yields obtained with high quality pulp means that the environmentally preferred option for energy supply to the recycling process is dependent on the grade of pulp being produced.

The structure of the anaerobic thermophilic microbial community for the bioconversion of the cellulose-containing substrates into biogas

Abstract The structure of the microbial community digesting various waste papers under the thermophilic (55 °C) conditions was analyzed by a multilateral approach, comprising the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and the high-throughput sequencing (HTS), supported by the light- and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The most abundant and diverse microbial populations were observed when the office paper, corrugated carton and the waste paper mixture were used, whereas the poorest communities were detected on the magazine paper and newspaper. These results were also confirmed by the DGGE analysis. Within Bacteria, the main groups were affiliated to Firmicutes (Acetivibrio, Herbinix, Thermoanaerobacterium, Tepidanaerobacter). Bacteria, identified as Acetivibrio cellulolyticus, due to the comparative analysis within databases, belong to the genus Ruminiclostridium. Methanothermobacter and Methanosarcina were among the dominant Archaea. The HTS analysis showed the high prevalence of Clostridia (Ruminiclostridium). The representatives of all the trophic groups, needed for an efficient bioconversion of the wastepaper into the biogas, were detected by HTS as well, including diverse hydrolytics and fermentative species. The presence and amount of the syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria Tepidanaerobacter and Thermoanaerobacterium, and their tight association with the hydrogenotrophic methanogens, are discussed concerning the completeness and effectiveness of the bioutilization of different types of non-pretreated papers.

Methane production through anaerobic co-digestion of sheep dung and waste paper

A large amount of sheep dung (SD) produced on farms in China is a potential feedstock for production of clean energy in the form of biogas. Similarly, waste paper can be a notable energy source that is worth exploiting. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of co-digesting nitrogen-rich SD with the carbon-rich corrugated board (CB) or waste office paper (OP) in varying volatile solids (VS) ratios, to produce methane. Synergistic effect of co-digesting SD with CB and SD with OP on methane production was found in this study. The highest methane yields of 151.62 and 198.85mL/g-VS were obtained during the co-digestions of SD with CB at 4:1 ratio (SDCB) and SD with OP at 2:3 ratio (SDOP), respectively. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that the microbial diversity and richness in SDCB and SDOP co-digests were higher than in SD and OP mono-digests, respectively. Characteristic bacteria and archaea in the digests were strongly substrate-related and might contribute to methane production. The validated results indicated that methane production through anaerobic co-digestion of SD and waste paper can be an efficient way that could not only reduce environmental pollution but also contribute to methane production.

Printability of papers recycled from toner and inkjet-printed papers after deinking and recycling processes.

In our contemporary world, while part of the fibers used in the paper industry is obtained from primary fibers such as wood and agricultural plants, the rest is obtained from secondary fibers from waste papers. To manufacture paper with high optical quality from fibers of recycled waste papers, these papers require deinking and bleaching of fibers at desired levels. High efficiency in removal of ink from paper mass during recycling, and hence deinkability, are especially crucial for the optical and printability quality of the ultimate manufactured paper. In the present study, deinkability and printability performance of digitally printed paper with toner or inkjet ink were compared for the postrecycling product. To that end, opaque 80 g/m2 office paper was digitally printed under standard printing conditions with laser toner or inkjet ink; then these sheets of paper were deinked by a deinking process based on the INGEDE method 11 p. After the deinking operation, the optical properties of the obtained recycled handsheets were compared with unprinted (reference) paper. Then the recycled paper was printed on once again under the same conditions as before with inkjet and laser printers, to monitor and measure printing color change before and after recycling, and differences in color universe. Recycling and printing performances of water-based inkjet and toner-based laser printed paper were obtained. The outcomes for laser-printed recycled paper were better than those for inkjet-printed recycled paper. Compared for luminosity Y, brightness, CIE a* and CIE b* values, paper recycled from laser-printed paper exhibited higher value than paper recycled from inkjet-printed paper.

Effects of temperature and particle size on the biochemical methane potential of municipal solid waste components

The effects of temperature and substrate size on the biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay were tested using eight municipal solid waste components. Two sample sizes were tested; size-reduced particles (x < 2 mm) which are typically used for BMP assays and unground samples (x > 20–100 mm) more similar to an as-disposed condition. Two incubation temperatures (35 and 55 °C) were tested for each component. BMPs for office paper, newspaper, paperboard, and coated paper displayed little difference with regards to temperature or particle size. Mesophilic corrugated cardboard BMPs were significantly greater than their thermophilic counterparts. Hardwood, softwood, and cotton BMPs varied with particle size and temperature. Particle size reduction may increase the bioavailable carbon compounds for wood, but this step was not necessary to achieve similar methane yields for paper products. Extrapolating BMP results to predict landfill methane generation may have greater uncertainty for wood wastes and cotton textiles than paper products.

Biorefinery production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate using waste office paper hydrolysate as feedstock for microbial fermentation

Waste paper, a major fraction of municipal solid waste, has a potential to serve as renewable feedstock for the biorefineries of fuels, chemicals and materials due to rich in cellulose and abundant at low cost. This study evaluates the possibility of waste office paper (WOP) to serve as a potential feedstock for the biorefinery production of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate). In this study, the WOP was pretreated, enzymatically saccharified and the hydrolysate was used for PHB production. The hydrolysate mainly consists of glucose (22.70g/L) and xylose (1.78g/L) and the corresponding sugar yield was about 816mg/g. Ammonium sulphate and C/N ratio 20 were identified as most favorable for high yield of PHB. The batch fermentation of Cupriavidus necator using the pretreated WOP hydrolysate resulted in cell biomass, PHB production and PHB content of 7.74g/L, 4.45g/L and 57.52%, respectively. The volumetric productivity and yield achieved were 0.061g/L/h and 0.210g/g sugar, respectively. The results suggested that WOP could be a potential alternative feedstock for the biorefinery production of bioplastics.

Paper‐based Electrochemical Devices Coupled to External Graphene‐Cu Nanoparticles Modified Solid Electrode through Meniscus Configuration and their Use in Biological Analysis

AbstractThis paper demonstrates, for the first time, the use of paper‐based electrochemical devices coupled to external solid working electrodes. The paper‐based electrochemical cells were fabricated using inexpensive and largely available office paper, according to a simple protocol that consists on the creation of hydrophobic barriers using paraffinized paper and preheated metal stamp. The counter and reference electrodes were integrated to the paper platform through the deposition of carbon and silver inks, respectively. The electrochemical paper analytical device (ePAD) was coupled to external glassy carbon rod electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide doped with Cu nanoparticles through meniscus configuration. The analytical usefulness of this electrochemical approach was demonstrated through the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and caffeine in biological samples. The analytes were successfully quantified in real urine samples and limits of detection of 24.6 nM (paracetamol) and 36.1 nM (caffeine) were obtained. The paper platform showed good stability (RSD of 1.07 % for the peak currents and 1.43 % for the peak potentials) and satisfactory performance. The use of solid electrodes coupled to paper electrochemical devices, firstly demonstrated here, opens new possibilities for the utilization of ePADs in electrochemistry and electroanalytical chemistry and offers advantages such as the extremely reduced consumption of reagents and the minimal generation of wastes.

Portable and low-cost colorimetric office paper-based device for phenacetin detection in seized cocaine samples

An office paper-based colorimetric device is proposed as a portable, rapid, and low-cost sensor for forensic applications aiming to detect phenacetin used as adulterant in illicit seized materials such as cocaine. The proposed method uses white office paper as the substrate and wax printing technology to fabricate the detection zones. Based on the optimum conditions, a linear analytical curve was obtained for phenacetin concentrations ranging from 0 to 64.52µgmL‒1, and the straight line was in accordance with the following equation: (Magenta percentage color) = 1.19 + 0.458 (CPhe/µgmL‒1), R2 = 0.990. The limit of detection was calculated as 3.5µgmL‒1 (3σ/slope). The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated using real seized cocaine samples and the spike-recovery procedure.

Making a difference: working at Freedom from Torture.

Did you become a doctor to make a difference? Many of us did. I work as a volunteer at Freedom from Torture seeing clients seeking asylum who say they have been tortured. I spend many hours with them, hearing their stories and examining their minds and bodies for the evidence that torture may have left. That is the short version. But this is what it’s actually like. The building is an airy, friendly, multinational space, with a water feature and a bleached wooden floor. In my room I read the Home Office papers on my client including their screening interview on arrival here. ‘Where are you from?’ ‘What did you pay for a space on the dinghy?’ ‘Which way did you come?’ This is followed by a more detailed interview with an immigration officer. With no papers, people have to prove their nationality: ‘Which countries border yours?’ ‘Whose picture is on the bank notes?’ I wonder, suddenly, if I could …

Sustainable monitoring of Zn(II) in biological fluids using office paper

Herein, we describe a sustainable and inexpensive approach to monitor Zn(II) in biological fluids by fabricating an office paper-based electrochemical sensor. By following two easy steps, consisting of wax patterning and electrode screen-printing, the office paper provides an effective electroanalytical tool that is easily extensible to a broad range of analytes. This approach would be able to develop affordable user-friendly sensing devices, tackling the lack of resources in regions with poor-settings/facilities. In order to provide more details regarding the screen-printed electrodes fabrication, office paper, Whatman #1 chromatrographic paper, and polyester have been characterized with electrochemical, morphological, and mechanical tests and compared. Using office paper, Zn(II) has been detected linearly up to 2μg/mL with a detection limit equal to 25ng/mL and a relative standard deviation of 8%. To highlight the feasibility, reliability, and easiness of the proposed electrochemical sensor, Zn(II) has been detected in serum and sweat at physiological level (μg/mL), and the accuracy of the method has been verified by satisfactory recoveries close to 100%.

Electron beam for preservation of biodeteriorated cultural heritage paper-based objects

Unsuitable storage conditions or accidents such as floods can present a serious threat for large quantities of book making them prone to attack by harmful microorganisms. The microbiological degradation of archives and book collections can be efficiently inhibited with irradiation processing. Application of EB irradiation to book and archive collections can also be a very effective alternative to the commonly used ethylene oxide treatment, which is toxic to the human and natural environment.In this study was evaluated the influence of EB irradiation used for microbiological decontamination process on paper-based objects. Three different kinds of paper (Whatman CHR 1, office paper and newsprint paper) were treated with 0.4, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 25kGy electron beam irradiation. Optical and mechanical properties of different sorts of paper treated with e-beam, before and after the radiation process were studied. These results, which correlated with absorbed radiation doses effective for the elimination of Aspergillus niger (A. niger) allowed to determine that EB irradiation with absorbed radiation dose of 5kGy ensures safe decontamination of different sorts of paper-based objects.

Generalization of Purchasing of Particular Materials within The Conditions of The Army of The Czech Republic

Abstract The paper deals with the way of central purchasing of office paper of various formats and with an assessment of opportunities to generalize processes for creation of acceptable solutions. The aim is to suggest and verify opportunity for generalized processes that can be utilised within the military conditions. Basic scientific methods and statistical analysis with implication of interval classification by Sturges rule were used within the research. The findings of the research are beneficial especially for generalizing purchasing processes of other materials. This process can be used for purchasing of furniture or spare parts and accessories for military vehicles.

Point-of-need simultaneous electrochemical detection of lead and cadmium using low-cost stencil-printed transparency electrodes

In this work, we report a simple and yet efficient stencil-printed electrochemical platform that can be integrated into the caps of sample containers and thus, allows in-field quantification of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in river water samples. The device exploits the low-cost features of carbon (as electrode material) and paper/polyester transparency sheets (as substrate). Electrochemical analysis of the working electrodes prepared on different substrates (polyester transparency sheets, chromatographic, tracing and office papers) with hexaammineruthenium(III) showed that their electroactive area and electron transfer kinetics are highly affected by the porosity of the material. Electrodes prepared on transparency substrates showed the best electroanalytical performance for the simultaneous determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Interestingly, the temperature and time at which the carbon ink was cured had significant effect on the electrochemical response, especially the capacitive current. The amount of Cd and Pb on the electrode surface can be increased about 20% by in situ electrodeposition of bismuth. The electrochemical platform showed a linear range comprised between 1 and 200 μg/L for both metals, sensitivity of analysis of 0.22 and 0.087 μA/ppb and limits of detection of 0.2 and 0.3 μg/L for Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively. The analysis of river water samples was done directly in the container where the sample was collected, which simplifies the procedure and approaches field analysis. The developed point-of-need detection system allowed simultaneous determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in those samples using the standard addition method with precise and accurate results.