Resource Officers Research Articles

An Urgent Need for School-Based Diversion Programs for Adolescent Substance Use: A Statewide Survey of School Personnel

PurposeThere has been growing interest in reserving punishment as a last resort to address substance use in schools. However, there is significant variability in adoption of alternative approaches. This study reported school personnel's perceptions of diversion programs, identified characteristics of schools/districts that currently have diversion programs, and defined barriers of implementation of diversion programs. MethodsOne hundred fifty six school stakeholders from Massachusetts' K-12 schools, including district administrators, principals and vice principals, school resource officers, guidance counselors, and nurses, completed a web-based survey in May–June 2020. Participants were recruited through e-mail distributed via professional listservs, direct school outreach, and community coalitions. The web survey queried beliefs, attitudes, and actions that schools take regarding substance use infractions as well as perceived barriers to implementing diversion programs. ResultsParticipants endorsed strong beliefs that punishment was an appropriate school response for student substance use, particularly for nontobacco-related infractions. Despite these personal beliefs, diversion programs were rated as more effective but less commonly used than punitive approaches (37% of respondents reported having diversion programs in their schools/districts vs. 85% used punitive approaches) (p < .03). Punishment was more likely to be used to respond to cannabis, alcohol, and other substances compared to tobacco (p < .02). Primary barriers of implementing diversion programs included funding, staff training, and parental support. DiscussionBased on school personnel perceptions, these findings lend further support for a transition away from punishment and toward more restorative alternatives. However, barriers to sustainability and equity were identified that warrant consideration when implementing diversion programs.

Student safety and casualty mitigation during an active school shooter simulation: an exploratory study

PurposeReducing fatalities and increasing the number of students able to remain safe during an active shooter event is paramount to the health and well-being of schools and communities. Yet, methodological limitations and ethical concerns have restricted prior research on security measures during school shooter lockdown drills. This study aims to fill that gap by using virtual reality (VR) to statistically examine the effectiveness of active shooter response protocols in a simulated high school.Design/methodology/approachUsing a full factorial, within-subjects experimental design, this exploratory investigation used VR technology to investigate whether automatic classroom door locks, centralized lockdown notifications and the presence of a school resource officer (SRO) significantly impacted student safety and casualty mitigation. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 37 individuals who volunteered to participate in 24 school shooter scenarios within a simulated virtual environment.FindingsMultiple one-way analysis of variances indicated significant main effects for automatic classroom door locks and SRO presence. Automatic locks yielded faster lockdown response times, and both factors were significantly associated with higher numbers of secured classrooms.Originality/valueFindings from the current study address the gap in existing literature regarding evidence-based school safety protocols and provide recommendations for using VR simulations to increase preparedness and reduce fatalities during an active school shooter event.

The age of automation: what skills do employees need to stay relevant?

PurposeThis viewpoint paper envisions the key competencies that employees should cultivate to thrive amidst the age of automation.Design/methodology/approachThis paper synthesises recent academic and contextual papers on the topic of workplace automation, alongside the author’s practical knowledge as a Global Program Manager for Robotic Process Automation projects in an S&P 500 company.FindingsFour skill building blocks are created which will help employees stay relevant in the age of automation: process engineering, automation technology, self-leadership and humanistic.Originality/valueIn this new era of automation, the skills of today will no longer be sufficient for employees to remain competitive in future. This paper contributes to literature by envisioning and presenting four skill blocks that could serve as a blueprint for human resources officers and executives to create the future learning plans and hiring strategies of their organisations, as they grow along the automation maturity curve.

The Mediating Role of Management Functions (Planning, Implementation, and Control) in Influencing the Restoration of Limoto Wetland

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the gap between wetland management functions and the extent of wise use and sustainable harnessing of livelihood opportunities through restoration programs. This study contributes to the comprehension of wetland management functions concerning wetland restoration through the promotion of sustainable livelihoods.&#x0D; Methodology: A cross-sectional research design was adopted. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and interviews. FGD was conducted with five groups of beneficiaries of livelihood options. Interviews were carried out with seven key informants who were thought to be knowledgeable about the wetland restoration alternative livelihood options. These included local council chairmen from communities near the wetland, village opinion leaders, district natural resources officers, IUCN Representatives, NEMA officials, and the wetland department.&#x0D; Findings: Results showed a positive but insignificant relationship between planning function and restoration activities. Furthermore, results also indicated a negative significant relationship between implementation and restoration activities. Finally, findings revealed that there was a relationship between the control function and restoration activities. It was found out that Wetland restoration is a process that helps to transform the wetland area that has been impacted by human or natural activity into an area that can sustain native habitats. Wetlands cover 6% of global and 13% of Uganda's land cover. Over the past forty-five years, wetlands have lost 30% and 36% of land cover globally and in Uganda respectively.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: Many wetlands, particularly those in rural Uganda are, however, getting degraded through mainly conversion of land use to agriculture, exploitation, and settlements despite the existing resource management regime. The study recommends inclusive management functions to achieve a successful wetland restoration.&#x0D;

The Third Administrator? Perceptions of School Resource Officers in Predominantly White Elementary Schools

Purpose: While studies of collective leadership tend to focus on administrators and teachers, schools have other staff present that contribute to leadership in ways that affect the students. We focus on school resource officers (SROs), which have become increasingly common in suburban, predominately White schools and elementary schools because, absent law enforcement responsibilities, little is known about SROs in these settings. We examine perceptions of SRO impacts while exploring differences across roles and between White and non-White participants. Methods: The study is mixed methods, drawing on interviews, focus groups, and surveys of SROs, administrators, teachers, students, and parents. The setting is a suburban county with SROs in all elementary schools. Findings: We describe seven domains of SRO impacts ranging from school climate to learning environments. SROs are often seen as providing general assistance similar to a vice principal, with some describing SROs as an auxiliary “third administrator.” In addition, SROs tend to over-estimate their positive effects compared to school-based stakeholders and underestimate their role in student discipline compared to non-White stakeholders. Implications for Research and Practice: Understanding that SROs in elementary schools can be seen as part of schools’ collective leadership helps us to understand the influence they have on students and the school environment. We question the appropriateness of SROs inclusion in collective leadership, suggesting school leaders not rely on SROs for non-law enforcement duties, if at all. The results have implications for future collective leadership studies and understanding why efforts to remove police from schools have often stalled.

Wetland Restoration Dilemma in Uganda: Investigation of Alternative Livelihood Options for Restoring Limoto Wetland in Eastern Uganda

Purpose: Motion 145 adopted by the 5th IUCN World Conservation Congress in 2012, called for an evaluation of alternative livelihood programs' contributions to biodiversity conservation. And since then, alternative livelihood opportunities are employed globally as a way to protect biodiversity, notably for wetlands. This study aims to advance the evaluation of alternative livelihood options' effects on biodiversity. The objective of the study is to describe the effectiveness of alternative livelihood options in the restoration of the Limoto wetland. &#x0D; Methodology: A cross-sectional research design was adopted. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and interviews. FGDs were conducted with five groups of beneficiaries of livelihoods options. Interviews were carried out with seven key informants who were considered to be knowledgeable about the wetland restoration alternative livelihood options. These included village local council chairpersons from communities near the wetland, opinion leaders, district natural resources officers, IUCN Representative, NEMA official and wetland department.&#x0D; Findings: The study revealed that the livelihood options initiated for Limoto wetland restoration were ineffective and unsustainable. While, the study further revealed that the wetland restoration program had led to food shortages due to loss of wetland farmland. The study findings showed that re-encroachment was substantially due to a lack of perceived relevance and dissatisfaction with the alternative livelihood options.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study concludes that wetland re-encroachment is caused by the beneficiaries’ dissatisfaction of the alternative livelihood options introduced. Therefore, the study recommends the alternative livelihood options be determined using a co-creating design, where the communities are involved and this is in accordance with National Environment Act No.5, 2019 Uganda.&#x0D;

Implementasi Aplikasi Informasi Kajian Islami di Masjid Nurul Iman

Environmental issues in the target municipalities are issues that affect the sustainability of the municipalities' own future development processes, namely waste disposal (environmental management) issues. This activity aims to provide an understanding that a healthy environment is the fulfillment of the rights earned by communities, and the concept of the right to a good environment to develop useful and profitable waste management skills. It is intended to be offered to eligible partners for devotion. and be healthy yourself. The method used consists of a preparation phase, an implementation phase, and a reporting phase. During the implementation phase, Abdimas activities are carried out using socialization and demonstration techniques. Socialization occurs through the engagement of performance goal partners and actively and interactively between resource personnel and participants. The resource officer stressed that a healthy environment is the realization of the rights that communities have earned. In the demonstration, food waste composting technology (Takakura technology) was introduced to reduce waste in the community target area. This Abdimas action went according to plan.

Marketing Strategy at Middle Star Hotels in Makassar City

This study aim For analyze the marketing strategy implemented by the Middle Star Hotels in face competition. This study is study qualitative in nature descriptive. Population in this study is internal and external parties external from Middle Star Hotels, meanwhile informant study this is Sales Executive, Senior Human Resource Office, and two Customers. Data collection techniques are carried out with technique observation and interview. Data analysis technique used is SWOT analysis, that is something tool analysis used for formulate a strategy or identification various factor strategic based on internal factors as well external. This study results show that position on the Cartecius Diagram appear that Middle Star Hotels located in cell I with use an aggressive strategy, with a winning strategy cost, with give cheap price, so increase power buy consumer, this show that Middle Star Hotels face a number of opportunity and have various propelling force for get opportunities. Meanwhile, the position of Middle Star Hotels on the internal external matrix is also in cell I, namely position grow and develop or is in integration vertical which is position very competitive market in business powerful hospitality competitive tall between star hotels three other.

POLA KOMUNIKASI ORGANISASI DALAM PENINGKATAN KINERJA PEGAWAI DINAS ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL PROVINSI SUMATERA UTARA

This research is entitled Organizational Communication Patterns in Improving Employee Performance at the Energy and Mineral Resources Office of North Sumatra Province. The purpose of this study was to determine how organizational communication patterns can improve employee performance at the Energy and Mineral Resources Office of North Sumatra Province. The results showed that (1) The Energy and Mineral Resources Office of North Sumatra Province uses a wheel communication pattern in which the head of the department provides information through oral communication during routine meetings and writing in the form of letters or information submitted in Whatsapp groups consisting of all employees. (2) for the performance of employees is classified as good because the quantity of all employees in completing the task is in accordance with the set target, then the quality of the workers is classified as good even though there are limited human resources, discipline, craftsmanship, and cooperation between employees is classified as good. (3) the communication pattern that can improve employee performance is the Y communication pattern because only the head of the department and the head of the field / section conduct meetings so that other employees can continue to do their respective duties so that the quantity and quality of employee work is maintained and more effective because the information conveyed by the head of the department during the meeting can be conveyed back from the head of the field / section to the employees in the field / section.

Knowledge and factors related to the understanding of using plastic bags by homemakers in Quan Hau town, Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh province in 2022

Objective: Plastic bags are currently an environmental hazard as they take a long time to decompose, and other methods of destruction cause environmental pollution. The study was conducted to learn knowledge and identify factors related to knowledge of using plastic bags by the homemakers in the household of Quan Hau town, Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh Province in 2022. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design. The study conducted interviews with 300 main homemakers in the household of Quan Hau town, Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh Province in 2022. Results: 42.3% of the subjects had general knowledge about using plastic bags, of which 40.3% of homemakers answered correctly about the origin of plastic bags as petroleum, 91.3% of the group answered correctly about the decomposition of plastic bags, 27.7% of homemakers answered correctly about the decomposition time of plastic bags. Factors related to knowledge include: (1) Personal and family factors (education level, occupation, average income/month), (2) socio-environmental factors (awareness of programmes and policies on reducing the use of plastic bags). Conclusions: The rate of achieving general knowledge about plastic bags is 42.3%, the factors related to learning about plastic bags are personal, family factors, and socio-environmental factors. The study provides recommendations for families to get information about plastic bags. Along with the district committee, Quang Ninh Women's Union needs to strengthen their communication; and the District Office of natural resources and Environment needs to develop a plan for handling and classifying plastic bags.

Adoption of Human Resource Information Systems on Public Sectors in Tanzania

Tanzania’s public sectors have begun to use Information Systems (IS) in various HR functions over the last fifteen years due to the increased use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Organisations are increasingly implementing Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) to ensure that their human resources are used efficiently (HR). The purpose of this study is to investigate the functions and practices of the adoption of human resource information systems in Tanzania’s public sectors. The study areas were drawn from eight districts in the Mwanza region with the case study design accompanied by a mixed method technique. The population were 75 employees who were drawn from eight districts, yielding a sample size of 63 respondents. A non-probability sampling technique, known as purposive was employed to get relevant information from Human Resource Offices, ICT Officers, and Head of Departments from a sample size. The study employed survey questionnaires and interviews as methods for primary data collection and the self-administered questionnaires with closed-ended, 5-level Likert scale and semi-structured interview questions formats were used as tools for primary data collection. The study employed Statistics Package for Social Science (SPSS) to analyse descriptive and inferential Quantitative data and Atlas.ti to analyse the Qualitative data. The results of the study findings revealed that HRIS has been useful in eight districts in the Mwanza region in the management of human resources functions and practices and the study recommended that all public sectors in Tanzania should adopt HRIS to reduce the cost of HR operations.

Chief Human Resource Officers and accounting disclosures: Illuminating the firm’s most important asset or window dressing?

Social activism, including movements towards equal pay, gender rights, and racial equality, has heightened public scrutiny, exerting pressure on firms to reassess and reform their human resource practices to ensure they align with current social and ethical norms. Chief Human Resource Officers (CHROs) have a potentially important role in defining and promoting appropriate human resource practices through human resource disclosures in corporate annual reports. We empirically examine the effect of CHROs on expanded human capital resource (HCR) disclosures, recently mandated by the SEC. We find that CHROs have a greater effect on the quality of HCR disclosures when they belong to the top management team, and less so when they belong to groups that are more poorly represented in top management, such as women, racial or ethnic minorities, or non-US nationals, and CHROs holding a liberal arts degree. Jointly considering the characteristics of CHROs, CEOs, and CFOs, we additionally find that pro-democratic political ideology is related to higher quality HCR disclosures. This study contributes to the literature by introducing a generalizable measure of HCR disclosure quality, uncovering significant heterogeneity in HCR disclosure quality across large US firms, and highlighting the role of CHROs in this process. In doing so, this study documents evidence that individual top executives in addition to the CEO and CFO can have a measurable effect on voluntary financial disclosures.

Influence of Human Resource Capacity on Public Health Service Delivery in County Governments in Western Kenya Region

Poor health service delivery has been linked to the devolution of health services, with some health workers walking off the job due to inadequate pay and unsafe working conditions. This research aimed at determining the influence of human resource capacity on public health service delivery by county governments in the Western Kenya region. The study was anchored on human capital theory. Descriptive survey and causal-comparative research designs were adopted with a target population of 966 personnel consisting of the CECMs, Chief Officers, Directors and County Nursing Officer for Health, Medical Superintendents, Hospital Administrator, Human Resource Officer, Head of Pharmacy, Head of Nursing, Health Records Information Officer, Head of Laboratory, Head of Clinical Services and number of patients admitted, treated and discharged drawn from four Counties of Bungoma, Busia, Kakamega and Vihiga. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires and interview schedules. Content analysis was used for qualitative data while quantitative data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The SPSS Software version 26 was used for statistical analysis. The hypothesis tested for significance of the study at 5% significance level. From the results the beta value for human resource capacity from the regression model was 0.690 at p&lt; 0.05. Human resource capacity explains 47.6% (R2 =0.476) of variance in public health service delivery, thus hypothesis was rejected. Consultation is a necessary part of the decision making process. In this regard, as many of the perspectives of workers who are directly affected by the decision as feasible should be considered.

Influence of Participative Leadership Style on Public Health Service Delivery in County Governments in the Western Kenya Region

Poor health service delivery has been linked to the devolution of health services, with some health workers walking off the job due to inadequate pay and unsafe working conditions. This research aimed at establishing the influence of participative leadership style on public health service delivery by county governments in the Western Kenya region. Taking a positivist approach, the study was anchored on participative leadership theory. Descriptive survey and causal-comparative research designs were adopted with a target population of 966 personnel consisting of the CECMs, Chief Officers, Directors, and County Nursing Officer for Health, Medical Superintendents, Hospital Administrator, Human Resource Officer, Head of Pharmacy, Head of Nursing, Health Records Information Officer, Head of Laboratory, Head of Clinical Services and number of patients admitted, treated and discharged drawn from all four counties of Bungoma, Busia, Kakamega, and Vihiga. Primary data was collected using both structured questionnaires and interview schedules. Qualitative data was analysed by content analysis while quantitative data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The SPSS Software version 26 was used for statistical analysis which was both descriptive whereby frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviation were clearly shown in the form of both tables, models and charts. The hypothesis tested for significance of the study at 5% significance level. From the results, the beta value for participative leadership from the regression model was 0.777 at p&lt;0.05. Participative leadership explains 60.4% (R2 =0.604) of the variance in public health service delivery. Therefore, the hypothesis was rejected. The study recommends establishing transparent and straightforward policies and procedures for managing human resources, which are essential for promoting productivity, equity, and workplace peace. In order to improve service delivery, the report suggests that county governments implement methods to promote collaborative decision-making. Consultation is a necessary part of the decision making process. In this regard, as many of the perspectives of workers who are directly affected by the decision as are feasible should be considered.

PENGARUH BUDAYA ORGANISASI, LINGKUNGAN KERJA DAN KOMPETENSI TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI PADA DINAS ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

This study aims to determine and analyze the variables of organizational culture, work environment and competency on employee performance at the Office of Energy and Mineral Resources of South Kalimantan Province simultaneously, partially and dominantly. The research method emphasizes the distribution of questionnaires distributed to 54 respondents. Data analysis techniques to find out the overall picture of the influence of the independent and dependent variables in this study, then carried out with multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study show the regression equation Y = 6.504 + 0.068.X1 + 0.099.X2 + 0.124.X3 + e. The three hypotheses in this study are proven and accepted that there is a simultaneous, partial and dominant influence on employee performance at the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources of South Kalimantan Province.&#x0D; Keywords: Organizational Culture, Work Environment, Competence, Employee Performance

Employee engagement and trust relationships during COVID-19 pandemic: the expanded role of internal communication

Internal communication turns into the most valuable aspect of strengthening the relationship between the organization and employees since it causes employees to become involved in maintaining the organization's sustainability during the crisis, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. By interviewing 10 Human Resource Officers, this study examines how to engage with the employees and enhance trust relationships through expanding the role of internal communication when COVID-19 was in the air. This study reveals that, as a department with a huge responsibility to build a relationship with employees during the pandemic, Human Resource Officers use various methods to communicate with the employees, including face-to-face and mediated communication. Internal communication built in this pandemic encourages trust and engagement with the employees. Human Resource Officers expand their internal communication role to strengthen employee engagement and build trust relationships, particularly in mediated communication. This study advances knowledge of the significance of human resource officers' roles in selecting internal communication strategies to foster employee engagement and trust during times of crisis.

Are abnormal audit fees informative about audit quality? The moderating role of office resource availability

We contribute to the literature on the relation between client‐level abnormal (excess) audit fees and audit quality by offering a novel perspective. We posit that audit office‐level resource availability moderates the relation between client‐level audit fees and audit quality. This is because office‐level resources (audit partners, staff, technology and administrative support) are generally shared across engagements and can augment those engagements that are resource constrained. We first provide evidence that office‐level resource availability is informative about audit quality incremental to client‐level abnormal fees and several other client and auditor characteristics, including office size. More importantly, we find that client‐level abnormal fees are informative about audit quality only for audit offices that are resource‐constrained but not for offices that are not resource‐constrained.

Radioisotope Safety: 12 Real-life Scenarios

HomeRadioGraphicsVol. 43, No. 4 PreviousNext Nuclear MedicineRadioGraphics FundamentalsRadioisotope Safety: 12 Real-life ScenariosHarit Kapoor1 , Vaibhav Gulati2, M. Elizabeth OatesHarit Kapoor1 , Vaibhav Gulati2, M. Elizabeth OatesAuthor AffiliationsFrom the Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (H.K.); Imaging Associates, National Heart Institute, New Delhi, India (V.G.); and Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, UK HealthCare/Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Ky (M.E.O.).Address correspondence to H.K. (email: [email protected]).Harit Kapoor1 Vaibhav Gulati2M. Elizabeth OatesPublished Online:Mar 23 2023https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.220077MoreSectionsFull textPDF ToolsImage ViewerAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked In AbstractThis slide presentation provides high-yield fundamental concepts, facts, and figures related to radioisotope safety through the use of illustrated real-life scenarios to improve situational recall in daily clinical practice.Suggested Readings1. ACR-AAPM radiation safety officer resources. https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Radiology-Safety/Radiation-Safety/ACRAAPM-RSO-Resources.pdf. Revised 2021. Accessed May 24, 2022. Google Scholar2. Baldwin JA, Bag AK, White SL, Palot-Manzil FF, O’Malley JP. All you need to know as an authorized user. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015;205(2):251–258. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar3. Chen MY. Radiation protection and regulations for the nuclear medicine physician. Semin Nucl Med 2014;44(3):215–228. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar4. Cho SG, Kim J, Song HC. Radiation safety in nuclear medicine procedures. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017;51(1):11–16. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar5. European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Guide on best practices in nuclear medicine. https://www.eanm.org/publications/technologists-guide/. Accessed May 24, 2022. Google Scholar6. Marengo M, Martin CJ, Rubow S, Sera T, Amador Z, Torres L. Radiation safety and accidental radiation exposures in nuclear medicine. Semin Nucl Med 2022;52(2):94–113. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar7. Mettler FA, Guiberteau MJ. Essentials of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier, 2018. Google Scholar8. O’Malley J, Zeissman H, Thrall JH. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging: The requisites. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier, 2019. Google Scholar9. Saha GB. Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine: A practical, concise guide. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019. Crossref, Google Scholar10. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Guidance document on radiopharmaceutical administration during lactation. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1923/ML19232A081.pdf. Updated 2020. Accessed May 24, 2022. Google Scholar11. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The Nuclear Medicine Licensee Toolkit. https://www.nrc.gov/materials/miau/med-use-toolkit/faqs-part35.html#3. Accessed May 24, 2022. Google Scholar12. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Regulations, guidance and communications page. https://www.nrc.gov/materials/miau/regs-guides-comm.html. Accessed May 24, 2022. Google ScholarArticle HistoryReceived: Apr 5 2022Revision requested: May 12 2022Revision received: June 8 2022Accepted: June 17 2022Published online: Mar 23 2023 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsAccompanying This ArticleRadioisotope Safety: 12 Real-Life ScenariosMar 23 2023Default Digital Object SeriesRecommended Articles RSNA Education Exhibits RSNA Case Collection Vol. 43, No. 4 Slide PresentationMetrics Altmetric Score PDF download

A Web of Punishment: Examining Black Student Interactions With School Police in Los Angeles

The presence of armed police officers in schools has sparked considerable policy debate and demands for reform. Thus far, much of the debate has centered on an empirical analysis of school resource officers rather than school police officers and their impact on particular student populations, especially those burdened by their greater vulnerability to punitive interactions such as detention and arrest. In this article the authors show that an examination of the data reveals that interactions between students and police follow distinct patterns with respect to race and geographic space. The authors use the “sociospatial dialectic” method to explain why certain student populations are most vulnerable to negative interactions with school police within particular spatial settings. Oral history interviews with 120 Black students in a large urban public school district reveal two self-reinforcing pathways: (1) soft coercion, when care and courtesy meet preemptive criminalization to produce punitive policing, and (2) shielding, when referrals to school police officers by school personnel shift blame onto students and invite the use of punitive policing without care. These findings underscore the racialized and contextually specific nature of school policing’s social and spatial processes for Black students in low-income communities.

Strategi Viral Marketing Melalui Instagram @Suweger.Indonesia Dalam Membangun Brand Awareness

&#x0D; This study aims to describe how a viral marketing strategy can occur on the Instagram account @suweger.indonesia and how the viral marketing activities carried out can build brand awareness. Considering that after the pandemic, people's interest in consuming modern drinks has increased, however, a large number of competitors in the city of Surabaya has made the business competition even tougher, therefore a strategy is needed to build brand awareness. This research is descriptive qualitative research, where the data collection method is through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The informants were selected based on a purposive sampling technique consisting of key informants, namely the Human Resources Officer and Marketing Manager of Suweger Indonesia, the main informant, namely the Content &amp; Social Media Officer who manages Instagram Suweger Indonesia and supporting informants, namely five Instagram followers @Suweger.Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that Suweger Indonesia uses a viral marketing strategy by implementing a viral marketing component. Meanwhile, Suweger Indonesia's marketing messages were analyzed based on the viral marketing dimension which influences a person's attitude in spreading the message, showing that the majority of supporting informants liked the messages shared by Suweger Indonesia. In addition, Suweger Indonesia also utilizes viral marketing elements so that the viral marketing activities carried out can be more effective. Based on supporting informant data, the viral marketing activities carried out by Suweger Indonesia have made the public aware of the Suweger Indonesia brand.&#x0D; Keywords: Viral Marketing; Instagram; Brand Awareness