Offensive Type Research Articles

Polski model prowadzenia śledztw w sprawach oszustw podatkowych popełnianych metodą karuzelową

This article is devoted to an analysis of the Polish model of conducting an investigation in cases of tax fraud committed with the carousel method, clearly indicating the superiority of the offensive (dynamic) type over the static (conservative) type. It concerns the economic evolution of an organized crime and discusses the carousel mechanism, raising the issue of carousel crimes and their legal qualification. The article presents the main features of a dynamic and static model through the prism of specific goals facing investigators in this type of case. Finally, it presents selected methodological guidelines aimed at the most extensive possible implementation of the model of conducting an investigation preferred due to the level of activity in cases of tax carousel fraud.

Characterization and mechanical properties of offensive language taxonomy and detection techniques

Machine learning is the sub field of Artificial Intelligence which is responsible for developing a system that has the capability to learn and improve from past experience. There is an increasing demand for the offensive language detection because there is a large code-mixed text. Sometimes there is a possibility of code-mixed texts which are written using native scripts. If the system is getting trained on the data which is created using single language then it will leads to failure because of complexity. Using online communities and social media platforms has become increasing now. Recently many of the researchers have been investigating different ways of identifying the abusive content and developing systems to detect its different types like aggression identification, cyber bullying detection, hate speech identification, offensive language identification and toxic comments identification. Developing mechanisms to detect this is a challenging task. In the last few years, machine learning techniques and deep learning concept has been playing a significant role in the development of solutions for offensive language detection. So, considerable efforts have also been devoted to the development of machine learning techniques and deep learning models which is used to identify toxic content in recent years. First, this survey provides offensive language taxonomy and detection approaches. Then, the article focuses on the offensive language identification and toxic comments identification approaches. This article reviews various models used, type of learning model, languages for which the developed model is applied, other methods or approaches that were compared against this model, dataset used, offensive language detection type and performance metrics. The findings from the review are as well summarized and they urge that further effort is required to get improvement in the current state-of-the art approaches. This article also focuses on future work to improve the offensive language classification and toxic comments identification.

ASSESSMENT OF NURSES MANAGEMENT SKILLS FOR CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS

The Nurses usually use physical restraints for maintaining patients’ therapies and devices in a critical ill setting like ICU, like central lines, endotracheal tubes and the arterial lines. It has been found that about up to 78% among the critical ill patients who have been admitted into various types of ICUs and may have a need for applying a physical self-possession due to the alterations found among their levels of the awareness while during their stay at ICU ward. The nurses' attitude, knowledge and their practice for physical self-control played a vital role for nursing care which has to be provided for restrained patients to prevent form complications in ICU. We have conducted our research to assess nurse's attitudes, knowledge and practice regarding their physical self-control among the most critically ill patients in ICU. We have used a descriptive type of design for our study. The number of nurses used for our study was 66 in total who are working at Lahore School of Nursing, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. From our study most of the samples were female, who had a bachelor degree in nursing, with experience of more than 5 years, the aged was ranged between 21-30 years old, along with not attended any of the previous degree or equivalent educational program related with self-control or restraints were under consideration. It was found from our study that majority of samples under study were with reasonable level of nursing knowledge, offensive type of attitude however, around 90.8% out of all nurses showed a satisfactory and moderate type of practice for applications of the physical self-control or restraints for critical ill patients in ICU. It was frond from correlation among the socio-demograhpic characters and nurses` knowledge, the practice and attitude, no significant type of correlation was recorded while among the nurses' age vs knowledge, the practice and attitude, a significant and positive correlation was found while among the nurses’ knowledge, gander and practice was also found a significant correlation along with nurse’s practice and qualification, a significant positive correlation was also among the nurses’ practice score, attitude and experience. It was concluded from our study that, a reasonable level of nurses' improper attitude, knowledge and a satisfactory practice for physical self-control or restraints was found among the critically ill patients in ICU. From our study we have suggested that there must be some proper training programs to teach nurses to develop their knowledge and physical restraints while working in ICU for proper care of patients.

Study of Gay Slang in Bungus Teluk Kabung Padang

This research is sociolinguistics study of slang used by the gay in Padang which focuses on the use of slang especially in Bungus Teluk Kabung. This research using Wardhaugh and Holmes theory about varieties of language. The objectives of this research are (1) To identify the slang word employed by gay in Padang (2) To analyze the social context of the use of slang words in Padang (3) To reveal the reason why they use slang words. This research used descriptive qualitative and quantitative approach that is the research produces analytical procedures that do not use statistical analysis procedure. The source of data in this study is the gay conversation in Padang especially in Bungus, while the data in the form of words or diction derived from gays” utterances. The data in this study was collected by using the voice recording technique then they were classified and analyzed. The trustworthiness was attained by using credibility through two kinds of triangulation: by observes and theories.
 The results of the research show three points. First, there are three types of gay slang employed by gay in Bungus that are offensive type, vulgar type, and taboo type. Second, the social context of slang use by gay in Padang. Third, the reason why they use slang. Based-on record strategy has the highest frequency among other strategies since the dialogues are among gay Bungus members who have a close relationship and know each other very well. And the next, the function of the study of gay slang in Bungus it teaches how to use the slang language and have the conversation go well and run smoothly. As a conclusion, the study of gay slang are the way to analyze some types of slang language in gay Bungus, social context, and to know the reason why they use that slang.

Killing with proficiency: Integrated post-translational regulation of an offensive Type VI secretion system.

The Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is widely used by bacterial pathogens as an effective weapon against bacterial competitors and is also deployed against host eukaryotic cells in some cases. It is a contractile nanomachine which delivers toxic effector proteins directly into target cells by dynamic cycles of assembly and firing. Bacterial cells adopt distinct post-translational regulatory strategies for deployment of the T6SS. ‘Defensive’ T6SSs assemble and fire in response to incoming attacks from aggressive neighbouring cells, and can utilise the Threonine Protein Phosphorylation (TPP) regulatory pathway to achieve this control. However, many T6SSs are ‘offensive’, firing at all-comers without the need for incoming attack or other cell contact-dependent signal. Post-translational control of the offensive mode has been less well defined but can utilise components of the same TPP pathway. Here, we used the anti-bacterial T6SS of Serratia marcescens to elucidate post-translational regulation of offensive T6SS deployment, using single-cell microscopy and genetic analyses. We show that the integration of the TPP pathway with the negative regulator TagF to control core T6SS machine assembly is conserved between offensive and defensive T6SSs. Signal-dependent PpkA-mediated phosphorylation of Fha is required to overcome inhibition of membrane complex assembly by TagF, whilst PppA-mediated dephosphorylation promotes spatial reorientation and efficient killing. In contrast, the upstream input of the TPP pathway defines regulatory strategy, with a new periplasmic regulator, RtkS, shown to interact with the PpkA kinase in S. marcescens. We propose a model whereby the opposing actions of the TPP pathway and TagF impose a delay on T6SS re-assembly after firing, providing an opportunity for spatial re-orientation of the T6SS in order to maximise the efficiency of competitor cell targeting. Our findings provide a better understanding of how bacterial cells deploy competitive weapons effectively, with implications for the structure and dynamics of varied polymicrobial communities.

Polityczno-wojskowy wymiar rywalizacji między Chińską Republiką Ludową a Stanami Zjednoczonymi Ameryki w XX i XXI wieku

<p>Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i analiza problematyki rywalizacji Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi Ameryki w wymiarze polityczno-militarnym w XX i XXI wieku. W tekście skupiono się na głównych obszarach tej rywalizacji. W okresie zimnej wojny relacje ChRL i USA ewoluowały od wrogości do taktycznego zbliżenia, skierowanego przeciwko wspólnemu zagrożeniu w postaci ZSRR . Po jej zakończeniu Chiny kontestują amerykańskie przywództwo hegemoniczne, które jest główną barierą dla rozszerzania przez nie wpływów. Dotychczas państwa te konkurowały głównie w A zji Wschodniej i A zji Południowo-Wschodniej, jednak wraz z rozwojem mocarstwowości Chin obszar ten rozszerza się na pozostałe regiony Azji i inne kontynenty. Główna teza artykułu zakłada, że obecnie w interesie Chin leży ukształtowanie wielobiegunowego układu międzynarodowego. W około 50-letniej perspektywie zdystansują one jednak USA i innych konkurentów, osiągając dominującą pozycję na świecie. Podstawowym paradygmatem przyjętym podczas badań jest realizm strukturalny ofensywny.</p>

Realism Versus Constructivism in Their Competition for Dominance in Politics: The Case of Russia

This article focuses on the general theoretical issue of realism versus constructivism (or normativism) in politics, with a case of the present-day Russia as the main and most telling (but not the only) example. We present four assertions that we are going to defend. First, we claim that in the sphere of international relations, political realism of the offensive type, after decades of more tempered USA–USSR relations, is again challenging its opponent: political constructivism. Second, political realism is winning in the sphere of domestic politics and policy in the leading countries as well. Third, we touch upon theoretical issues and discuss the ontological nature of political realism in comparison with political constructivism and the kindred of the latter with normativism, legalism, constitutionalism and liberalism. Political constructivism as a concept is underestimated and rarely used. Our article explicates the concept of political constructivism, which is a novel contribution to political theory and political philosophy. Fourth, we show that political constructivism, being the most advanced achievement of political civilization compared to archaic realism, has not lost the game so far and should be upheld in its battle with the remnants of the wild political past. Sliding back to political realism would turn humankind into another degraded animal species instead of making it the pilot in continuing human progress.

Analisis Portofolio Produk-Pasar untuk Mengembangkan Perencanaan Pasar Strategis pada Perusahaan Jasa Logistics

Generally, companies will get continuous success because they have commitment towards strategic market planning, where they continuously auditing work performance, exploring cost decision, and investing to the balance improvement in short and long term and looking for new chances. Therefore, the suitable strategic marketing planning for companies are offensive type by invest to grow and defensive way by protecting position. However, in protecting market share, a company could invest to protect their position in developing market, to protect one high share, to protect one follower share position, and to protect one niche position.

Study of aggression related to coping, self-appreciation and social support among adolescents

The goal of our study is to identify possible sources of aggressivity, such as the self-appreciation and modalities of coping used by the teenage participants. Our analysis refers to gender, self-image, coping modalities) and social variables (differences of support, class) of the surveyed teenagers. The used instruments were: Anger Expression Scale (Spielberger et al, 1985); Ways of Coping Scale (Lazarus & Folkman, 1985); Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg 1965). The participants were 447 students of 11^th and 12^th grade, with a mean age of 17,4 years old. The results show a significant correlation between the level of self-appreciation, modalities of coping and level of aggressive expression. The inward or outward orientation of aggression shows differences depending on the subject's gender. Self-appreciation is more positive among boys and is strongly related to the expression of aggression and used coping modalities. There is also evidence of significant interaction between suppressed anger and self appreciation. Inwardly expressed anger was more associated with avoidant coping, and outwardly expressed anger with planful problem - solving, distancing and self-controlling. The offensive actions and type of study also show noteworthy interactions. Analysis of variance suggested that easier anger expression is indicative of the occurrence of hostile acts in the last six months. The general manifestation of anger and the outwardly expressed anger considerably interact with differences of the social support from their fathers perceived by our participants. The support of mothers was especially significantly related to suppressed anger.

Important Aspects of Beach Pollution to Managers: Wales and the Bristol Channel, UK

At 20 UK beaches, 1844 respondents were interviewed, 421 on the southern shore of the Bristol Channel, England, 660 in north and middle Wales, and 763 in south Wales. The modal group was female aged 30–39, whilst professionals, retired people, and housewives were the main socioeconomic groupings. The research goal was to determine: how important the beach was to the user, the state of the beach with respect to litter aspects, and the offensiveness of various beach pollution types. The modal response to beach importance was that the beach was “very important” for holidays. Respondents generally perceived the beach grade to be in line with the actual beach litter grade assigned according to an official litter protocol. The exception was for results obtained from the southern shore of the Bristol Channel, where frequent occurrences of cotton buds (Q-tips) were often ignored by the public as being representative of a sewage transport system. At every beach, sewage-related debris (SRD) was rated as the most offensive pollution type followed by oil on both water and beach.

Symptoms of offensive type Taijin-Kyofusho among Australian social phobics

This study investigated the culture specificity of Taijin-Kyofusho (TK) offensive type by examining whether symptoms of the disorder covary with social phobia and determining the proportion of those who meet criteria for a diagnosis of TK offensive type among Australian socially phobic individuals. The study included a total of 94 participants who met the DSM-IV criteria for social phobia and 39 normal controls who did not meet criteria for any mental disorder. All participants were born in Western countries and resided in Australia. Results showed that levels of offensive worry were significantly elevated in socially phobic individuals and decreased after treatment of their social phobia, pointing to a close relationship between symptoms of TK offensive type and social anxiety. Correlational analysis indicated that TK offensive type and social phobia appear to represent distinct constructs, although the two constructs were clearly strongly related. However, diagnostic examination revealed that the prevalence of reported offensive symptoms (eight out of 94; 8.5%) was extremely low among participants with social phobia in Australia and none of them met the full criteria for TK offensive type. The mixed findings relevant to the existence of TK offensive type among an Australian sample with social phobia are discussed in relation to cultural influences on life interference, referral behaviors, and diagnostic customs.

A Memory of Justice as a Democratic Pedagogical Force

Read through the strictures of realpolitik, the decision to conciliate the transition to democracy in Argentina via the public educational display of Trial of the Military (in 1985) can be deemed a...

Two Cognitions Observed in Taijin-Kyofusho and Social Anxiety Symptoms

The offensive type is most characteristic in four types of social fear or anxiety in Japan, Taijin-kyofusho. This type is characterized by cognitions of other-offending and avoidance-by-others. The present purpose was to investigate which cognition is more important in the pathogenesis of the Offensive type. 220 undergraduates completed the Other-offending Cognition and the Avoidance-by-others Cognition Scale, the Interaction Anxiety Scale, and Audience Anxiety Scale. Partial correlations, controlling for each cognition in turn, showed a significant association only between scores on Social Anxiety Disorder and the other-offending cognition. Change in the other-offending cognition may have therapeutic importance.

Effect of milnacipran on insight and stress coping strategy in patients with Taijin Kyofusho

ObjectiveTaijin-Kyofusho (TKS) is a Japanese culture-bound syndrome similar to social anxiety disorder. Recent studies have shown antidepressants to be effective in treating TKS. The effects on insight or coping strategies have not, however, been studied. The present study investigated changes in insight and stress coping strategies during treatment with milnacipran.MethodThe study was a 12-week open trial in 16 patients with offensive type TKS. Offensive anxiety was assessed by an original TKS scale. Insight regarding TKS symptoms was assessed by the “Insight into obsessions and compulsions” subscale of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Coping strategies were assessed by the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. The primary efficacy variable was global improvement on the Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI).ResultsOf the sixteen patients, only 10 completed the study and seven patients responded to the drug (a score of 2 or less on CGI at endpoint). Six patients dropped out in the first few days because of nausea. Last observation carried forward analysis (N=16) showed a significant reduction of offensive anxiety of TKS. Insight and emotional coping strategies were also significantly improved.ConclusionThe results suggested that not only TKS symptoms, but also insight and stress coping, may be improved by treatment with milnacipran.

Fighting Human Trafficking in Bavaria

Human trafficking—which we primarily observe in the form of trafficking in children and women, often linked to prostitution—is an especially reprehensible and offensive type of organized crime. It deeply injures human dignity. It is a modern form of slavery, which has already claimed many victims. In such cases, fundamental human rights, such as physical integrity, personal freedom, and sexual self-determination, are violated. Ever since the passage of Germany’s 37 Criminal Law Amendment Act of 19 February 2005, with regard to the term “human trafficking,” the German authorities differentiate between human trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation and for purposes of labor exploitation. Human trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation refers to the exploitation of persons in a state of exigency or helplessness (associated with transportation to a foreign country) in order to bring them into or continue prostitution or force them to perform sexual acts on or before a perpetrator or third party, or to have sexual acts performed on them by a perpetrator or third party. Human trafficking for purposes of labor exploitation means exploiting the situations cited above in order to bring persons into slavery, bondage, or debt slavery, or to compel individuals to continue to labor under working conditions in which an obvious disparity exists to other employees in a comparable work situation. The law prescribes punishments for those convicted of prison sentences ranging from six months to ten years. Aggravating factors for sentencing—which call for a minimum prison sentence of one to ten years—exist if the victim is a child, if the perpetrator has severely abused the victim during the crime or has endangered the victim’s life, if he has committed the crime for profit or as a member of an organized criminal enterprise, or if he has made the person begin or continue prostitution or perform sexual acts using violence, threats of violence, or through deception. Persons promoting human trafficking by recruiting, transporting, transferring, housing, or taking in another person will be punished with prison sentences ranging from three months to five years. (The attempt to commit any of the above acts is also punishable.) In addition, a prison sentence of six months to five years has been set for the offense of forced marriage.

Taijin Kyofusho in University Students: Patterns of Fear and Predispositions to the Offensive Variant

Taijin Kyofusho (TKS), a disorder characterized by a fear of interpersonal relations, and regarded as a culture-bound disorder in Japan, is related to social anxiety disorder (SAD). A variant of TKS, the 'offensive type' involves fear of offending others by one's inappropriate social behavior or appearance. Reports of offensive-type TKS have hitherto been limited to a small number of case reports. To delineate the characteristics of offensive-type TKS and to determine the patterns of fear and factors involved, we investigated 111 Japanese university students who reported feeling tense or nervous in social or interpersonal interactions. We analyzed subjects' responses to items on a scale for TKS, and isolated five factors. Cluster analysis of the factor scores revealed a group (N = 25) with symptomatic profiles that fit 'offensive-type TKS.' Despite this group's high TKS scores, their scores on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Japanese version were relatively low. Our results suggest that the symptoms of some TKS sufferers do not fall within the SAD spectrum.

An empirical classification of social anxiety: Performance, interpersonal and offensive

This study empirically identified subtypes of social anxiety using a cluster analytic approach. From 87 out-patients with social phobia (taijin kyofusho) and 48 controls, social anxiety symptoms, social situations in which symptoms occur, and background information were evaluated. Factor analysis using the ratings of social anxiety symptoms identified four factors: socially inadequate feelings, performance anxiety, offensive fear, and tenacity. Four subtypes emerged from cluster analysis based on the factor scores and they were called performance anxiety type, offensive type, interpersonal anxiety type and mild type. Chi2 test and analysis of variance revealed the following: (i) the offensive type had the greatest symptom severity. Any situation could provoke symptoms, and interpersonal tense feelings became much stronger with persons of the same age; (ii) the interpersonal anxiety type was characterized by the fear of social interaction in daily life; and (iii) patients with the offensive type and the interpersonal anxiety type presented more difficulties than did those with the performance anxiety type on developmental and premorbid adjustment.

Power Simulation for All Electric Combat Vehicles

Research and development of electric weapons is currently in progress in several countries for their benefits of higher muzzle velocities and insensitive munitions compared with conventional chemical guns. The integration of these weapons aboard land based vehicles will likely require careful consideration of the energy balances and power flows to all of the major loads aboard. Leveraging against ongoing research in electric drive trains capitalizes on a common power system bus and sharing of prime power between these loads, and such conceptual vehicles are classified as "all electric". Early conceptual studies of "all electric" vehicle power systems under the complex dynamic loadings experienced in real mission profiles are needed to optimally configure and size their components. This paper describes a power simulation model built in the Matlab/ Simulink programming environment, which allows these early studies to be rapidly conducted. This tool can also be used to evaluate the relative penalty in mobility and firepower performance for degradation in selected component characteristics, thus highlighting weak links in the power system architecture. An example case study is presented showing the influence of reduced weapon pulsed energy storage on the mobility and firing performance of the vehicle in an offensive type mission profile.

AN ATTEMPT TO PREDICT PROBABLE COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS BY BRIEF PSYCHIATRIC EXAMINATION

One hundred and forty-six replacements to rifle companies were given a brief psychiatric evaluation prior to participation in combat duty. An arbitrary method of scoring divided the men into 4 groups in an effort to predict their combat effectiveness. An adequate control group of a similar group of men who were not examined was included. The examined and control groups participated in 5 combat periods, three of the offensive type and two of a defensive nature. A careful follow-up study of the individual performance in combat was accomplished. The results indicate that a moderate degree of success can be obtained by such a method. Analysis of results also demonstrated that the previous civilian performance of the individual is the most accurate prognostic indicator of his combat effectiveness. It is suggested that such a method would be of value as an aid to the screening of men for hazardous combat duties.