Offensive Smell Research Articles

表皮ブドウ球菌（Ｓｔａｐｈｙｌｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ ｅｐｉｄｅｒｍｉｄｉｓ）と不快な足臭との関係について

The bacteria isolated from foot skins of 17 volunteers by the swab sampling method were mostly gram-positive cocci, which were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis by the ID-kit SP-18 (Nissui Co., Ltd). After incubation of S. epidermidis on agar plates containing oleic acid and Tween 80 for 24 h at 35 C, the smell noticed was similar to an offensive smell of human pes. However, under the same conditions, the smell of another staphylococcal species was different from that of S. epidermidis. Except for the staphylococcal species, the colonies isolated from the skins were mostly those of yeast (unidentified) and gave off no offensive smell. From these results, it was considered that the smell of human pes might be given off by S. epidermidis, and if this species is inhibited, the smell would also be inhibited. A selective bactericide for gram-positive bacteria, which is a lotion containing deoxycholic acid, was applied to the feet of the 17 volunteers. The experiments showed that the application obviously decreased the counts of colonies of S. epidermidis and inhibited the smell as compared with controls.

Study on the Factors of the Change of Citizens' Attitudes Towards the Construction of Incineration Plants

Environmental disputes often arise in the process of planning such public facilities as highways, airports, incineration plants or wastewater treatment plants. Especially in the case of incineration plants, many residents are afraid that their environment would be damaged by smoke and offensive smell from them.We surveyed nine incineration plants among thirteen plants in the twenty-three wards of Tokyo and interviewed some residents living around them. From this survey, it was considerd that the recent incineration plants seemed to give less damage on the environment than that of the old ones in terms of smoke, offensive smell and waste water from them. But some people still have bad images against it. The causes of an environmental dispute like this supposed to be closely related to citizens' images or consciousness on incineration plants.The purpose of this paper is to find out the factors which affect citizens' consciousness on incineration plants. we, therefore, conducted interview surveys of both the related staff to this problem in the Tokyo Metropolitan Government and the members of the opposing citizens' group against the construction. We conducted questionaire sheet surveys in the areas of the two plants, Adachi and Katsushika, based on these interviews.From the analysis of the data collected in case studies, the following three were concluded. (1) Garvage carts have more influences on forming citizens' consciousness than the operation of the incineration facilities. (2) There are two factors which affect on the change of the citizens' attitudes towards the plants. The one is the image of incineration plants held by the citizens' before the disputes and the other is their experiences through participation in the movement against the construction. (3) The citizens' experienced the dispute would have much better images than before.

Epidemic

EPIDEMIC / Ninotchka Rosca IT OCCURRED TO LÁZARO REYES, M.D., that if he could kill one child—just one child—everything would be all right again. The problem was to find the child. Having found him, Lázaro would know what to do: a quick glide of the scalpel across the throat, the body hung by its feet over the garden faucet drain. He was sure his hands wouldn't tremble; he would not hesitate. Such was his rage against that face of innocence: black mop of hair, brown-gold eyes, snub nose and full lips, atop a lanky body within filthy, loose clothes. On the accursed day reality turned brittle, a series of omens had warned him. First, his pot of cattleya, those well-bred orchids, had teetered on his bedroom windowsill and seemingly by itself, slid out the open window to smash on the driveway below. On his way to the bathroom, his feet had been snagged by his ten-year-old daughter's skateboard which, propelled by an immense kick, had zoomed down the corridor, to the stairs and into infinity. Then, his air-conditioned car, usually well-mannered, coughed, spat smoke and uttered a terrible bleat at the turn of the ignition key. It died, leaving him stranded in his own garage, for his daughters had taken the second car while the third, of course, was with his wife who was visiting her parents in the province. His own chauffeur was still on vacation, which could've explained the car's tantrum but that still left him running for the diesel public bus at nine in the morning to wedge himself into the packed humanity of offensive smells inside. The bus had taken him to the shopping center where he hoped to catch a cab. Despite the hour, a million people were aboard, marching in and out of shops, standing on the curb, darting forward with flailing hands and managing to lure one cab after another away from him. The summer heat and the noise made him light-headed. His collar, limp with sweat, was a comatose snake about his neck. He was certain his blood pressure was rising. A sudden pain in the area of his kidneys jolted him into turning around. But it was only a look, a stare, from a boy, age ten. "Want me to call you a cab, mister?" the boy asked. He used the proper third person plural pronoun of the native language, signalling his immeasurable respect for the being of Lázaro Reyes, M.D. At his nod, the boy took off, sprinting through and among the moving vehicles. Lázaro lost him in the confusion of the traffic. He thought he spotted him, playing matador with a rampaging bus, but when the kid raised his face, Lázaro saw it was the wrong child. Then again, another boy crossed the highway, zigzagging through black exhaust fumes but he had a pack of ciagarettes in his hand and was The Missouri Review · 87 selling them, stick by stick, to harassed drivers of mini-buses. Wrong kid. Lázaro shifted his weight from foot to foot; it was taking quite a while—fifteen, twenty minutes. Again that jolt in his kidney area. He looked over his right shoulder. Another boy of the same age, almost a twin of the first. "Want a cab, mister?" The same articulation of respect. Lázaro nodded; the boy took off. After five minutes, he was back, leading a cab, his waving right hand laying an imaginary red carpet toward Lázaro on the curb. The doctor pulled out his wallet, untangled a peso bill and handed this to the boy who, with a grin and a flourish, opened the passenger door. At that instant, the first boy came running, leading another cab through traffic and throng. "Sir, sir," he called out. "Too late," Lázaro told him, just as the second cab eased itself behind the first. The boy's face mirrored the shock of those words. It seemed to Lázaro that, in the twenty minutes he's been gone, he'd managed to get himself even filthier. Sweat streaks ran from...

Yellowstone Lake: An Evaluation of Patterns in Productivity

There is evidence to suggest that the primary productivity of Yellowstone Lake may have decreased during the last 1500 years, with an accelerated decline in the last 100 years. Shero and Parker (1977) analyzed diatom frustules preserved in lake sediments and described a gradual decrease in both numbers and volume of frustules over the past 1500 years, although species composition has remained relatively constant. Varley (1974, and personal communication) compared chemical analyses of lake water made in 1884 with recent analyses and found lower concentrations of several elements in the recent samples. He also notes that early visitors at the Lake Hotel often complained about the offensive smell of rotting "seeweed" piled 3-4 feet deep on the beach, whereas only scattered macrophyte detritus can be found on the lake shore today.

Yellowstone Lake: An Evaluation of Patterns in Productivity

There is evidence to suggest that the primary productivity of Yellowstone Lake may have decreased during the last 1500 years, with an accelerated decline in the last 100 years. Shero and Parker (1977) analyzed diatom frustules preserved in lake sediments and described a gradual decrease in both numbers and volume of frustules over the past 1500 years, although species composition has remained relatively constant. Varley (1974, and personal communication) compared chemical analyses of lake water made in 1884 with recent analyses and found 1ower concentrations of several elements in the recent samples. He also notes that early visitors at the Lake Hotel often complained about the offensive smell of rotting "sea weed" piled 3-4 feet deep on the beach, whereas only scattered macrophyte detritus can be found on the lake shore today.

Anaerobic axillary abscess.

Fifty-two patients with axillary abscesses were seen during two years. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 34, anaerobic bacteria from 12, and skin flora from five; in one case the pus was sterile. Seven patients with hidradenitis suppurativa had recurrent infection with abscess formation, which was bilateral in three. Anaerobes were isolated in five of these cases and skin flora alone in two. Anaerobes are secondary invaders in this condition, and histological examination shows that the primary abnormality is obstruction of pilosebaceous follicles and apocrine glands, associated with keratin plugging of the follicles. Chemotherapy offers little hope of cure, although metronidazole removes the offensive smell of the discharge. Radical surgery is usually indicated.

奄美群島におけるカメムシによる人体病害例

Presumably attracted by the light a large number of Cydnid bug, Aethus indicus, invaded into the houses in a town on Okinoerabu Island (37°30″N. 128°35″E) at about 8 pm. on July 18,1974. The invasion lasted for four nigths and occurred again August for five nights. The inhabitants were being afflicted with offensive smell emitted by the bugs and suffered from the contamination of food and drink with their stink fluid. In addition, 76 cases of earache caused by the entry of the bug should been treated by local clinics. Similar outbreak of cydnid bug and earache cases were recorded simultaneously from two adjacent islands, Tokunoshima and Yoron. The cases of the earache were 35 as reported from these two islands.

Effect of bases on the analysis of arsenic with silver diethyldithiocarbamate

A small amount of arsenic has been determined colorimetrically by using silver diethyldithiocarbamate in pyridine (Ag-DDTC method). On the other hand, H. Bode reported that a similar reaction also occured in Ag-DDTC chloroform solution by an addition of several solid organic bases such as ephedrine. Recently, S. Nakao et al. obtained a good result by an addition of dimethylformamide.In this paper, 24 kinds of liquid organic bases were examined. This method based on the fact that AsH3 reacts with Ag-DDTC in chloroform containing the bases, and the light absorption and the calibration curve of colored products were examined.The amount of Ag-DDTC and of organic bases in the samples were 1.03×10-4 mole and 3×10-2 mole in 10ml of chloroform solution, respectively. However, in the case of triethylamine, 0.26×10-4 mole of Ag-DDTC in 10ml of chloroform was enough for this purpose. It was concluded from the results that the bases which give an absorption in the visible region to the solution are triethylamine, 2, 4-lutidine, 2, 6-lutidine, α-picoline, β-picoline and γ-picoline. The calibration curves obeyed Beer's law in the concentration range from 1 to 25ppm.Among these bases, triethylamine gave the best results, namely, in the case of triethylamine, the amount of Ag-DDTC necessary was quarter of other cases. Therefore the authors concluded that triethylamine, which has less offensive smell and is cheaper than pyridine, can be used for the determination of arsenic with Ag-DDTC instead of pyridine.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF OFFENTIVE SMELL COMPONENTS IN BEESWAX

Beeswax of commerce can be divided into two main groups, viz., wax separated from the bee of occidental specis, and that from the bee of oriental species.Beeswax beeing natural material, the quality is, regionally and climatically, more or less dissimilar, it is inevitable that beeswax itself catches an ordor of flower by reason that the bee collects nectar of flower.With the progress of the various raw materials in recent cosmetic industry materials gone through deordorizing process come to be put on the market. In order to control raw msterials, it is most necessary to ascertain the substance with should disappear by deordrization, but it was considerable difficult to search the nature of substances that are infinitesimal.The author examined about the nature of these substances by dint of Gas-chromatogrph. Firstly, steam distillation was made to reproduce the deordorizing process, and offensive smell components extracted form distillate were run through gas-chromatgraph.In considertion of increase of the height of the peak by the addition of an authentic substance that is suspected of corresponding to a certain peak, identification was carried out about seven kinds of aldehyde. The present study was made only about beeswax of occidental species.

Refining of Low Temperature Cresol No. 1

Abstract Low temperature cresol No. 1 has an offensive smell, and its spontaneous coloration is remarkable. It was treated with an oxidizing agent and active clay for the purpose of refining, and then washed with sodium bicarbonate solution in order to remove carboxylic acids which give a strong peculiar smell. Refined cresol which has no more offensive smell and shows a little spontaneous coloration, was obtained. The impurities in the low temperature cresol No. 1 and in the refined cresol were measured, and it was found that in the refined cresol every impurity was decreased; especially unsaturated carboxylic acids, carbonyl compounds and basic oil were diminished. In the strong acid oil were detected, propionic, iso-butyric, n-butyric, iso-valeric, n-valeric acids and catechol, in the weak acid oil, p-cresol, 2,4- and 2,5-dimethylphenols, in the neutral oil, n-propyl methyl ketone, mesityl oxide, n-amyl methyl ketone, iso-butyl methyl ketone, o-hydroxybenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde, 4-methylcyclohexanone, acetophenone, p-xylene, mesitylene and naphthalene and in the basic oil, 2-, 3-, 4-methylpyridines, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4-dimethylpyridines, 4-ethylpyridine and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, respectively. Sulfur compounds were measured in accordance with chemical forms, and it was found that free sulfur and mercaptans are contained as the predominant components, and alkyl disulfides as the next; a little hydrogen sulfide, alkyl sulfides and thiophenes are also present. Coal tar contains many components, and two hundred and eighty-two, or three hundred and ninety-four components have already been reported in the literature of the subject. But n-propyl methyl ketone, mesityl oxide, n-amyl methyl ketone, iso-butyl methyl ketone, o-hydroxybenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde and 4-methylcyclohexanone, that have been identified in this study, are not found in literature. Among those substances listed above, many have strong peculiar smell, and exhibit spontaneous coloration. The refined cresol, which was treated with the oxidizing agent, active clay and sodium bicarbonate solution, scarcely has any offensive smell and exhibits only a slight spontaneous coloration. Measurement of the impurities in the refined cresol shows that almost all the above mentioned substances have been removed. Thus it is concluded that an offensive smell and spontaneous coloration of the low temperature cresol No. 1 arise, at least partially, from these substances.

低乾クレゾール1号の精製

Low temperature cresol No. 1 has an offensive smell, and its spontaneous coloration is remarkable. It was treated with an oxidizing agent and active clay for the purpose of refining, and then washed with sodium bicarbonate solution in order to remove carboxylic acids which give a strong peculiar smell. Refined cresol which has no more offensive smell and shows a little spontaneous coloration, was obtained. The impurities in the low temperature cresol No. 1 and in the refined cresol were measured, and it was found that in the refined cresol every impurity was decreased; especially unsaturated carboxylic acids, carbonyl compounds and basic oil were diminished. In the strong acid oil were detected, propionic, iso-butyric, n-butyric, iso-valeric, n-valeric acids and catechol, in the weak acid oil, p-cresol, 2,4- and 2,5-dimethylphenols, in the neutral oil, n-propyl methyl ketone, mesityl oxide, n-amyl methyl ketone, iso-butyl methyl ketone, o-hydroxybenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde, 4-methylcyclohexanone, acetophen...

A New Paper Chromatography Solvent for Amino-Acids

PHENOL and collidine have remained the most widely used pair of solvents for two-dimensional paper chromatography of amino-acids since their introduction by Consden, Gordon and Martin1. The use of the latter solvent, however, is attended by certain disadvantages such as double spots and haloes2, an offensive smell and possible toxic effects3,4 and, in some countries, difficulty of supply. Alternative solvents have been suggested, for example, butanol – acetic acid5, acetone – water2 and pyridine – amyl alcohol6. Some defects of the latter system have recently been reported7.

Franklin and the Ghostly Drummer of Tedworth

tT HE supernatural in seventeenth-century English folklore is well illustrated by the legend of the Drummer of Tedworth. The story of the regular appearances of a ghostly drummer in the south of England during the seventeenth century stirred such contemporary philosophical minds as Henry More and Joseph Glanvill as well as the unlearnedly credulous. Glanvill, after conducting a personal investigation at the scene of the appearances, wrote a frenzied vindication of the genuineness of the phenomenon. Some years later the incident provided Joseph Addison title and plot for a not very successful comedy, The Drummer; or, the Haunted-House. In the I730's the legend as well as the noisy spirit himself migrated to Pennsylvania, where the exploits of a supernatural drummer in the outskirts of Philadelphia were described in the pages of Benjamin Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette. In England the drummer appeared first of all at Wiltshire to plague a certain John Mompesson of Tedworth, who had had difficulties with a human drummer in March, i66i. Hearing a drum beating in a neighboring town, Ludgarshal, he had investigated and discovered that a drummer with forged papers had been collecting money under false pretences. The drummer was ordered for trial, his drum confiscated and retained by the constable until April, when the bailiff sent it to Mompesson. From that time on, Mompesson was incessantly disturbed by thumpings and knockings throughout his house. During the time of his wife's labor in childbirth, the drummer politely desisted, but afterwards returned with increased fury. He began beating tunes on the children's bedsteads, lifting them out of their beds, and following them around the room. Once a servant, seeing a moving board in the room, asked that the spirit give him the object. The spirit thrust it into his hand, the servant returned it, and it was passed back and forth twenty times, until the servant stopped under his master's orders. When the spirit departed that morning, it left behind an offensive sulphurous smell.

水産蛋白質の利用試驗

Herring Milt, if hydrolized by adding dilute sodiumhydroxide and dilute hydrochloric acid, and then neutralized, tastes bad and does not fit for food. A test for its possible value a substitute of peptone in culture of microbes gave a negative result. Hydrolised products of fish meal obtained by treating with acid, alkaline or papain, are also of little value as human food. Fish meal treated with Rice-Koji (Aspergillus oryzae cultivated on boiled rice) becomes fit for food, tasting good. In order to remove an offensive smell of soy made from fish entrails, addition of koji to the soy proved effective. The offensive smell produced when fish meal is hydrolized with acid to amino acids can be improved by adding pieces of dried Laminaria.

On a bacterial disease of the turnip (Brassica napus)

In the autumn, when the activity of the turnip plant is mainly devoted to the storage of reserve material and the characteristic roots are increasing in size, it is not uncommon in this neighbourhood to find among the plants still growing in the fields some whose roots are quite rotten and with a highly offensive and peculiar smell.

II. On bacterium fœtidum : an organism associated with profuse sweating from soles of the feet

The feet of certain individuals are characterised by a peculiar powerful and foetid odour. This odour, although it is usually believed to be connected with the sweat from the feet, is really connected with the moisture that soaks the soles of the stockings and the inside of the boots. The moisture, which comes from the skin of the soles, especially from that of the heels, has no offensive smell whilst it is exuding, but it rapidly acquires the characteristic odour when taken up by the stocking. The fluid is not pure sweat, but is an admixture of sweat with serous exudation from the blood. This admixture occurs m persons whose feet sweat profusely, and who, from much standing or walking, acquire an erythematous or eczematous condition of the skin of the soles, the local erythema or eczema being favoured by the softening and macerating effect of the sweat on the epidermis. That the fluid is not sweat is shown by its reaction. In the case which furnished me with an opportunity for investigation the reaction with litmus paper applied to the wet heel was very faintly alkaline, the fluid stockings and on the inner surface of the sole of the boot being more decidedly, but still faintly, alkaline. At the same time the sweat on other parts of the body was acid.

Note on the shell-marl of the alluvial deposit of the Meadows, Edinburgh

The present communication to the Society is merely intended as a record of the few shells to be met with in the marl forming a portion of the lacustrine deposit of the Meadows. Its mode of formation has been ably described by the late Hugh Miller.* The first notice I am enabled to find of this deposit is in the ‶Lithology of Edinburgh,″† where we are told that a lake existed here in quite historical times, under the name of the Borough Loch. Fleming gives the following section of the alluvial materials— 1. Soil. 2. Lake peat. 3. Marl, with shells. 4. Silt, sand, or gravel. 5. Boulder clay. Vegetation enters largely into the composition of the marl containing the shells, which is of a very tenaceous character, so much so that it is a matter of some difficulty to reduce it to a sufficient state of division, to admit of the extraction of the smaller shells. It also appears to contain some little quantity of lime, and when heated gives off a most peculiar and offensive smell, no doubt caused by decaying vegetable, and perhaps animal matter. I have been enabled to trace this layer over a considerable part of the Meadows; its thickness varies from a few inches to some feet; Miller says as much as 6 feet.‡ The occurrence of these shells is mentioned by both Fleming and Miller; they are all of living species, and inhabit the ditches and ponds of the neighbourhood. Miller§ gives the following list,—two species of Cyclas,

On the Death of Fishes during the Monsoon off the Coast of India

On steaming between Mangalore and Cananore, on the west coast of the Peninsula, I was sensible of a very offensive smell, which at last I found to proceed from the sea itself. When I landed at Cananore, I found that the sea-breeze brought in a similar smell—a little modified in intensity, of course; and, on inquiry, I found that for some time after the S.W. monsoon the sea was always very offensive,—that thousands of fish were thrown up on the shore dead. The cause of this was attributed to the mass of fresh water poured into the sea during the monsoon. In three months, 120 inches of rain, on an average, fall upon an area of, say, 60 miles in width, for the whole length of the coast-line, from each running mile of this coast; therefore there will be about 800,000,000 of gallons poured into the sea daily; but, as most of this will come out of the rivers, of course, at certain points, the quantity will be multiplied twofold. The natural consequence will be the destruction of all animal and vegetable life, which, being adapted for salt water, must die after a time in fresh water. There will, therefore, be layers of Shells covered by strata of sand and mud. Sea-weeds in various stages of decomposition, and Fish, small and great, deposited at the bottom of these seas. I saw thousands of dead fish floating, and there were, no doubt, thousands lying dead at the bottom.

An experimental inquiry into the modes of warming and ventilating apartments

The Author, having been consulted by the Directors of the Customs Fund of Life Assurance, on the mode of ventilating the Long Room in the Custom House, and deeming the subject one of great public interest, was induced to lay the result of his observa­tions and experimental inquiries before the Royal Society. In this room, about two hundred persons are busily engaged in transacting the business of the Institution. All these persons are found to suffer more or less from ailments of the same general character, the leading symptoms of which are a sense of fulness and tension in the head, flushing of the face, throbbing of the temples, giddiness, and occasional confusion of ideas, depriving them of the power of discharging their duties, in which important and frequently intricate calculations are required to be gone through. These symptoms of determination of blood to the head are generally accompanied by coldness and languid circulation in the feet and legs, and by a feeble, and frequent, as well as quick and irritable pulse. On examining the air of the room by appropriate instruments, the author notices more especially three circumstances in which it differs from the ex­ternal air: first, its temperature, which is maintained with great uniformity within a range of 62° to 64°; secondly, its extreme dry­ness, which, on one occasion, measured by Daniell’s hygrometer, was 70 per cent.: and thirdly, its negatively electrical state, as in­dicated by the condensing gold-leaf electrometer. In all these qualities the air respired by the inmates of the room bears a close resemblance to the pestilential blasts of wind which, having passed rapidly over the scorching deserts of Arabia and Africa, constitutes the Simoom of those regions, and is well known by its injurious ef­fects on animal and vegetable life. To these noxious qualities is superadded, as in the air of all rooms heated through the medium of cast-iron pipes or stoves, an offensive smell, arising partly from the partial combustion of animal and vegetable matters always floating in the atmosphere of a town, and perhaps also from minute impregnations of carbon, sulphur, phosphorus, or even arsenic, de­rived from the metal itself. The Author expresses his surprise that in the recent report of the Parliamentary Committee on the subject of ventilation, no reference is made to the methods employed for that object in factories, although they afford the best models for imi­tation, being the results of innumerable experiments made on a magnificent scale, with all the lights of science, and all the resources of the ablest engineers. He proceeds to describe these methods ; and is then led to investigate the comparative efficiency, with a view to ventilation, of a draught of air resulting from a fire and chimney, and that produced by the rotation of a fan-ventilator. He shows that a given quantity of coal employed to impart motion to the latter, by means of a steam-engine, produces a ventilating effect 38 times greater than can be obtained by the consumption of the same fuel in the ordinary mode of chimney ventilation. Accord­ingly, he strongly advises the adoption of the former in preference to the latter: and inveighs against the stove-doctors of the present day, who, on pretence of economy and convenience, recommend the slow combustion of a large body of coke, by means of a slow circulation of air; under which circumstances, it is well known to chemists that much carbonic oxide, a gas highly pernicious to all who respire it, is generated; accompanied, at the same time, by a comparatively small evolution of heat. In order to obtain the maximum quantity of heat from a given mass of fuel, its combus­tion, he observes, should be very vivid, and the evolved caloric should be diffused over the largest possible surface of conducting materials; a principle which has been judiciously applied in several French factories. It has been proved that work-people employed in calico-drying rooms, heated according to the plan here repro­bated, become wan, emaciated, and diseased; while in rooms in which the air is more highly heated by means of steam-pipes, they preserve their health and florid complexion.