Offensive Phase Research Articles

Possession Zone as a Performance Indicator in Football. The Game of the Best Teams.

Possession time in football has been widely discussed in research but few studies have analyzed the importance of the field area in which possession occurs. The objective of this study was to identify the existence of significant differences in the field zone of ball possession between successful and unsuccessful teams and to acknowledge if the match status modulates the possession model. To this end, 2,284 attacks were analyzed corresponding to the matches in the final phase of the UEFA Euro 2016 France, recording possession time and field zone in which possession occurred. Video recordings of matches were analyzed and coded post-event using notational analysis. We have found that successful offensive game patterns are different from unsuccessful ones. Specifically, field zone in which major possession occurs changes significantly between successful and unsuccessful teams (x2 = 15.72, p < 0.05) and through Welch’s T significant differences were detected in possession time between successful and unsuccessful teams (H = 24.289, p < 0.001). The former are characterized by longer possession times, preferably in the middle offensive zone, on the other hand, unsuccessful teams have shorter possession times and preferably on the middle defensive zone. Logistic regression also allowed us to identify that greater possession in the middle offensive zone is a good indicator of success in the offensive game, allowing us to predict a greater chance of victory in the match. Specifically, every time the teams achieve possession in the middle offensive zone, the chance of winning the match will increase 1.72 times and, the probability of winning the match making longer possessions in the middle offensive zone is 44.25%. Applying the Kruskal–Wallis test we have also been able to verify how match status modulates the teams possession time, specifically, when teams are winning they have longer possessions x2 = 92.628, p = 0.011. Results obtained are expected to help gain more knowledge about successful offensive game models, as well as performance factors of the offensive phase, which will allow teams to optimize their training process and performance during the match.

Desempenho e comportamento tático de jogadores de futebol das categorias de base

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2017v19n2p242 The aim of this research was to evaluate the performance and tactical behavior of youth soccer players of teams from base categories. The sample consisted of 152 male soccer players aged 11-17 years who participated in the in the U-13 (n = 50), U-15 (n = 62) and U-17 (n = 40) Sergipe State Championship in the year 2015. The System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT) was used to identify the players’ tactical behavior based on the fundamental tactical principles. The main results of the study show that players presented higher tactical offensive performance (50.8 ± 9.8 points) compared to defensive performance (34.3 ± 5.7 points) (p &lt; 0.001; d = 2,1), and the Depth Mobility principle presented the highest performance indices in the offensive phase (64.1 ± 8.7; F = 54.4; p &lt; 0.001; partial ƞ² = 0.26). Defensive Coverage showed the highest performance indexes in the defensive phase (46.1 ± 24.3; F = 54.4; p &lt; 0.001; partial ƞ² = 0.26).

Networks metrics and ball possession in professional football

This study aimed to verify the network of interactions resulting from the collective behavior of professional football teams and the influence of ball possession. A dataset of 30 matches of one highly successful team from the Portuguese Premier League, season 2010/2011, was considered. From these 30 matches, 13,958 passes (e.g., 11,127 successfully passes and 2831 unsuccessfully passes) and 7583 collective offensive actions were analysed. The data were analysed using Node XL Template that allows to characterize networks and team activity profiles. The results showed that football players' interactions tended to occur, preferentially, during the offensive phase, wherein the network of contacts was mainly organised in the central and lateral areas of the field. We concluded that the ball possession during a football match endows the team with a larger domain in terms of game actions. Moreover, the results of this study also allow concluding that the ball possession does not significantly influence the final outcome of the game. This study has practical implications for coaches, since it provides a multidimensional analysis of the football match (e.g., networks and ball possession) and offers relevant insights on how creative and organizing individuals might act to orchestrate team strategies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 342–354, 2016

Mismos jugadores con diferentes entrenadores, ¿se puede jugar de manera diferente para optimizar el rendimiento en el fútbol profesional?

&lt;p&gt;En el presente estudio se ha analizado el rendimiento de un mismo equipo y sus rivales en tres periodos distintos en una misma temporada 2013-14. Se analizaron los 42 partidos disputados por el equipo de referencia (EQU) y sus rivales (RIV), de la segunda división española de fútbol (Liga Adelante). Para su valoración se emplearon diferentes indicadores de rendimiento (IR): de resultado (IRr), como victorias, puntos y goles; y de procedimiento (IRp), para valorar las fases de creación, progresión y finalización ofensiva, rendimiento físico y uso colectivo del espacio. Los resultados indicaron que tanto en los IRr como en los IRp existieron diferencias entre los tres periodos (E1, E2 y E3) donde tres entrenadores diferentes estuvieron al cargo del equipo. Por un lado, el reparto de goles y puntos no fue homogéneo en los tres periodos analizados: E1 se caracterizó por un mayor número de goles a favor pero también en contra, que supuso la consecución de una media de un punto por partido; E2 coincidió con un descenso en los goles a favor así como en la mejora de la faceta defensiva de no encajarlos, consiguiéndose 1,1 puntos por partido, y; en E3 la faceta goleadora volvió a los niveles de E1 y la faceta defensiva mejoró, lo que trajo consigo una media de 1,6 puntos por partido. Respecto a los IRp, las principales diferencias se encontraron en las variables que definieron el modelo de juego (tiempo de posesión, número de pases, eficacia de los pases, indicador de progresión e indicador de precisión), con valores superiores en los periodos E1 y E2, excepto para el indicador de progresión, que fue superior en E3. Entre los tres periodos no existieron apenas diferencias en cuanto al rendimiento físico (E1≈E2≈E3), aunque los planteamientos estratégicos de ‘intensidad’ en las primeras partes de los partidos varió entre periodos (E2≈E1&amp;gt;E3), así como en la amplitud del equipo (E1≈E2&amp;gt;E3). La principal conclusión del trabajo fue que a partir de los indicadores de rendimiento se detectaron diferencias en el comportamiento del equipo en los tres momentos de la temporada, constatándose una similitud en los rendimientos de procedimiento o modelo de juego entre E1 y E2, siendo diferente respecto a E3. Los entrenadores deberían considerar este tipo de IR para evaluar a sus equipos y, en su caso, proponer estrategias de intervención para optimizar su rendimiento.&lt;/p&gt;

AGROCLIMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT BY SPRING FROST DAMAGE OF OVIDIOPOLSKYI AND LANKA GRAPE VARIETIES

Purpose. The aim is to assess the degree of risk of damage to the grapes of different varieties of spring frost using the developed model, the conditional probability of frost. Methodology. The initial information was compiled observations in the Odessa region in the thermal regime in the spring and autumn periods in five agrometeorological stations (Odessa, Bolhrad, Ishmael, Serb and Sarata) in wine-growing zone. Calculations were made for table varieties and wine grapes – Ovidiopolskii and Lanka. To determine the risk of frost damage to grapes used the method of conditional probabilities. Finding. Termination date of spring frosts observed much earlier onset dates vegetative phases of grapes, in some circumstances, freezing in the active layer can be up to very dangerous levels. Results. In the course of this work it was found that over the past decade, the timing of phenological phases grapes shifted to a later time. Such changes are observed both for dining and for wine grapes with varying degrees of ripening period. For the entire period of time periods offensive phase «Start Sap» and «bud» has shifted almost a decade. Nevertheless, despite the fact that according to the temperature in the meteorological hut (at 2 m) the risk of damage to grapes in the spring varies from 8 to 15% in the layer of air 50 cm from the soil surface can be observed risks of damage from 40 to 95 %.

Desempenho tático de jogadores sub-15 do São Paulo futebol clube a partir do teste fut-sat

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o desempenho tatico de jogadores de futebol da categoria sub-15 pertencentes ao Sao Paulo Futebol Clube. Foram avaliadas 1787 acoes taticas realizadas por 30 jogadores. Os dados foram coletados e analisados utilizando o teste FUT-SAT. As variaveis analisadas foram Numero de Acoes (NA), Percentual de Acerto (%A) e Indice de Performance Tatica (IPT). Analises descritivas (media, desvio padrao) e o teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk, com um nivel de significância (p≤0,05), foram realizados atraves do software BioEstat 5.0 for Windows. Os resultados mostram que houve um maior NA na Fase Defensiva de jogo, porem os resultados da Fase Ofensiva alcancaram maiores %A e IPT. Concluiu-se que os jogadores avaliados apresentaram um jogo ofensivo mais eficiente e eficaz quando comparado ao defensivo.

Patterns of Play in the Counterattack of Elite Football Teams - A Mixed Method Approach

This study aimed to detect and analyse regular patterns of play in football teams during their offensive phase, through the combination of the sequential analysis technique and semi-structured interviews of experienced first League Portuguese coaches.The sample included 36 games (12 per team) of the F.C. Barcelona, Internazionalle Milano, and Manchester United teams that were analysed through sequential analysis with the software SDIS-GSEQ. Based on the detected patterns, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 8 expert high-performance football coaches. Data were analysed through the content analysis technique using the software Nvivo 9.The detected patterns of play revealed specific characteristics of different philosophies of play. Through the performed content analysis we could observe that coaches interpreting play patterns mainly based their opinions on tactical-strategic and tactical-technical aspects, and on the characteristics of the players on their team.On the other hand, consideration was given to three of the main evolutionary trends of play/soccer practice, which focus on the development of exercises that cover: i) the connection between the four play moments (offensive/defensive organization and transitions); ii) the pre-programmed ball possession recovery; iii) the execution of set pieces.

Performance da equipe do Barcelona e seus adversários nos jogos finais da Champions League e da Copa do Mundo de Clubes FIFA 2010

ObjectiveThe present study aims to evaluate the performance of the team in Barcelona confrontation with their opponents, the two most important games of the season (end of the FIFA World Club Cup and UEFA Champions League Final), between Barcelona and Santos FC, and between Barcelona and Manchester United respectively. MethodThe analysis of the behaviors performed by players took into account the number of players involved and the technical fundamentals divided into three categories: offensive fundamentals, defensive fundamentals and types of passes. ResultsFrom the analysis of the games, it was possible to observe the superiority of the Barcelona team in both games, when they tend to spend more time with the ball and involve a greater number of players in the offensive phase. ConclusionThe game model evidenced favors systematic maintenance of possession, featuring a positional attack and reduced opening game spaces.

Measuring Tactical Behaviour Using Technological Metrics: Case Study of a Football Game

In football, the tactical behaviour of a team is related to the state of ball possession, i.e., the defensive and offensive phases. The aim of this study was to measure the tactical responses of two opposing teams in the moments with and without ball possession, thus trying to identify differences in results arising from tactical metrics such as weighted centroid position, weighted stretch index, surface area and effective area of play. The herein presented results show statistical differences in both teams, either with or without the ball possession, for the -axis centroid ( p-value ≤ 0.001), -axis centroid ( p-value ≤ 0.001), stretch index ( p-value ≤ 0.001), surface area ( p-value ≤ 0.001) and effective area of play ( p-value ≤ 0.001). Such results confirm that teams react depending upon ball's possession, respecting the tactical principles of width and length, as well as the unit in the offensive phase with ball possession, and also the concentration and defensive unit in the moments without ball possession.

Eficácia ofensiva e variabilidade de padrões de jogo em futebol

O presente estudo pretende caracterizar e comparar os padrões de jogo ofensivos realizados pelas equipes semifinalistas do Campeonato do Mundo FIFA 2010 - Espanha, Holanda, Alemanha e Uruguai. Através do instrumento de observação SoccerEye e do "software" de registo SoccerEye (v1.0, Março 2011), recolheram-se 1938 sequências ofensivas de 28 jogos (sete por equipe) transmitidos por estações públicas de televisão. O instrumento de observação SoccerEye é constituído por sete critérios: 1) Início da fase ofensiva; 2) Desenvolvimento da Transição-Estado defesa/ataque; 3) Desenvolvimento da posse de bola; 4) Final da fase ofensiva; 5) Espacialização do terreno de jogo; 6) Centro do Jogo; e 7) Configuração Espacial de Interação. Para a análise sequencial dos dados utilizou-se o "software" SDIS-GSEQ (v5.0.77, 2010). Verificou-se que a seleção da Espanha, vencedora do Campeonato do Mundo FIFA 2010, tende a rematar à baliza adversária após passe curto positivo (z = 4,12) ou drible (z = 4,38), ambos os comportamentos realizados na zona central ofensiva (z = 3,94). A Espanha tende a marcar gols após uma ação do goleiro adversário (z = 5,95), que por sua vez resulta de um remate (z = 8,43) à baliza adversária. Conclui-se que a eficácia ofensiva das equipes semifinalistas no Campeonato do Mundo 2010 não se confina aos métodos e aos estilos de jogo utilizados, mas parece estar relacionada com a respetiva variação durante o mesmo jogo e/ou entre jogos diferentes, em resposta aos constrangimentos que o confronto com o adversário coloca.

Zmena pravidla o 3-bodovom území a jej vplyv na početnosť a úspešnosť streľby za 3 body u vrcholových basketbalistov U16 a U18

The article deals with the impact of the change of 3-point field goal shooting area rule (change of horizontal distance from 6.25 m to 6.75 m from the basket) on the number of attempts and the successfulness of the 3-point shooting in age categories under 16 (U16) and under 18 (U18) years old male basketball players. The research sample consists of teams which took part in European Championships (ECH) in years 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 in categories U16 and U18. Analyzed were 548 game statistics of all games played in both categories. When we compared the number of 3-point shooting attempts, before (ECH 2009, 2010) and after the change of rules (ECH 2011, 2012), we found a statistically significant difference in U16 (21.32  5.58 vs. 18.31  10.28; p &lt; 0.01) and also in U18 (22.49  5.14 vs. 20.01  5.46; p &lt; 0.01). When the percentage of 3-point shooting successfulness was compared between ECH 2009, 2010 and ECH 2011, 2012 the statistically significant differences were not determined in U16 (28.03  10.17 % vs. 27.89  10.28 %; p &gt; 0.05) as well as in U18 (29.62  10.51 % vs. 29.24  9.77 %; p &gt; 0.05). The results indicate that changes probably appeared in chosen models of game of monitored teams, therefore the preferred shooting in offensive phase of game was 2-point shooting. Furthermore, it was proved that the time period between individual ECH is long enough for the adaptation of players to the new rules.

Observational analysis of the offensive sequences that ended in a shot by the winning team of the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship

This article analyses the offensive phase of the national team than won the 2010 UEFA Championship. More specifically, the observational sampling includes all plays in which the Spanish national futsal team managed to “shoot” in the competition in question. This data was obtained by adapting an observational and recording tool typically used for football to the technical specifications of futsal; the SOF-CODER (Jonsson et al., 2006). Two types of analysis have been performed. One statistical analysis using the SPSS programme, version 15.0, the most relevant results from which refer to the significant differences found on linking: the zone from which the shot is made and the type of shot (χ² = 55.821, P = 0.006); and the contact surface used and the type of shot (χ² = 30.293, P = 0.017). And another, using the Theme programme, version 5.0, through which regular behaviour structures (temporal patterns) have been detected within the plays that include shooting. The temporal patterns obtained – in addition to elaborating on the relationship between the area from which the shot is made, the contact surface used and the type of shot – enable a tactical interpretation of the technical actions that support the development of the offensive phase of futsal.

Shell shock: an outcome study of a First World War ‘PIE’ unit

'Forward psychiatry' was introduced by the French Army in 1915 to stem the loss of troops to base hospitals. Also known by the acronym PIE (proximity to the battle, immediacy of treatment and expectancy of recovery, including return to duty), it was subsequently used by the British and Americans in both World Wars. The US Army used PIE techniques in Korea and Vietnam. Although widely accepted as an effective intervention, forward psychiatry is not amenable to random-controlled trials and only one controlled outcome study has been conducted. All 3580 soldiers with shell shock admitted to 4 Stationary Hospital between January and November 1917 were recorded. Unit details, military experience, length of stay and outcomes were analysed. Soldiers were categorized into combat, combat-support and non-combatant groups. Admissions were correlated with military operations to compare the impact of defensive and offensive phases of warfare. Rates of admission for shell shock rose significantly during offensives when physical casualties escalated. Combat troops were disproportionately represented. Over 50% of admissions had less than 9 months service in France and 21% broke down within 3 months of going overseas. Less than 20% returned directly to combat units, most going to other hospitals, convalescent depots or base duties. Forward psychiatry was not effective in returning combat troops to fighting units but, by allocating soldiers to support roles, it prevented discharge from the armed forces. Uncertainties remain about relapses, including other routes that servicemen used to escape from a combat zone.

Offensive playing profiles of football teams from the 1999 Women’s World Cup Finals.

The present study was designed to examine the offensive tactic of elite women’s football teams. The sample of the study constituted of 20 games of the four top(quarter finalists) teams of the 3rd Women’s World Cup (USA, China, Brazil, Norway). Totally, 749 offensive phases were analyzed. Teams’ offensive patterns during games were coded using the following categories: (1) team, (2) zone of scoring attempt, (3) source of scoring attempt, (4) ball possession and (5) type of passes. Correspondence analysis showed that the four teams had different offensive profile. USA’s scoring attempts were mainly executed from the central zones using combinations of small and medium passes with low possession and set plays. China’s scoring attempts were mainly performed from the central and left zone after a combination of two or three small and intermediate passes. The source of Brazil’s scoring attempts was frequently executed from the box area and the right offensive zone, using combination with small passes and individual actions. The source of Norway’s final scoring attempts was mainly crosses and opponents mistake, executed from the box area. In addition, Norway frequently used small possession with long balls beginning from the defend area directed to the opponents’ box area.