Offensive Approach Research Articles

A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF SULTAN MURAD IIS POLITICAL STRATEGIES IN CONSOLIDATING THE OTTOMAN SULTANATE

This study examines the political strategies implemented by Sultan Murad II in consolidating the Ottoman Sultanate during his reign. Sultan Murad IIs rule marked a pivotal phase in Ottoman history, during which he successfully unified the empire and restored its political stability after facing threats of power struggles, civil wars, internal rebellions, and external interventions. This study employs a qualitative approach through historical research design and content analysis. The data for the study were collected through document analysis and subsequently analyzed using thematic methods. The analysis reveals that, in the process of consolidating power, territory, and political stability within the Ottoman Sultanate, Sultan Murad II adopted a strategy that went beyond simply relying on the peaceful policies upheld by his father, Sultan Mehmed I. He also employed a measured military strategy, practicing a limited offensive approach. Additionally, the centralization policy of his grandfather was reinstated, albeit in a more effective and tolerant manner.

Integration of organizational, economic and customer-related attributes to prioritize marketing strategies

PurposeA well-designed marketing strategy is critical for the survival of any company in today’s competitive market. To be formulated and implemented effectively, a marketing strategy must be phased and aligned to levels in the organization. This study aims to advance a three-tier hierarchical framework of marketing strategies, including corporate, business and functional levels. The authors use the proposed framework to select the most appropriate marketing strategy based on the factors relevant to a factory that produces sporting goods.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct a literature review to identify marketing strategies at corporate, business and functional levels. To appraise strategies at the corporate and business levels, the authors use market share as a key criterion. When evaluating functional strategies, the authors use criteria categorized into organizational, economic and customer dimensions. Additionally, the authors conduct interviews to assess strategies at the first level and use the best worst method to appraise strategies at the other two levels.FindingsThe authors use the suggested structure for a company producing sports goods in Iran. According to the results, an offensive approach and customer orientation are the most appropriate strategies at corporate and business levels. Additionally, offensive advertising and managerial capabilities are identified as the best portfolio of strategies and the most important criterion at functional level, respectively.Originality/valueSo far, a specific category of marketing strategies has not been implemented at corporate, business and functional levels. Accordingly, there is not a framework of criteria to evaluate the strategies at each level. The approach is implemented in the case of a sportswear manufacturer in a developing country, where quantitative analysis has been lacking until now.

FEMINISM: THREATS TO FAMILY RESILIENCE IN INDONESIA

This research looks at how AILA Indonesia resisted attacks from feminists who were thought to be attacking the core of the Indonesian family. To collect data, interviews, periodic observations, and documentation studies were carried out within seven months. In the meantime, the data was analyzed through a communication strategy and da'wah strategy approach. The general chairman, secretary general, head of the field of research, and two discussion participants were all interviewed in person. The findings from this research indicate that this alliance has struggled to take a bina’an (defensive) and difa'an (offensive) approach. Defensively, they approach the community through regular educational programs, in the form of Focus Group Discussions (FGD), Training for Trainers (TFT), and seminars which are supported by published writings in the form of articles and books. During this time, the offensive approach was carried out by submitting a Judicial Review (JR), criticizing several articles that were seen to be meaninglessly biased, and persistently speaking opinions by bringing specialists to the Rapar Dengar Pendapat (RDP) in the constitutional court. The information gathered also revealed that the tactic employed was a common-sense approach that involved inviting the audience to tafakkur, ta'ammul, and tadabbur to the principles put forth by the feminists. This study has significance for the government's or religious institutions' efforts to increase family resilience in Indonesia through new sustainable techniques and innovation.

Strategi Pengelolaan Wakaf Produktif Dalam Rangka Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Umat pada Wakaf Produktif Dompet Dhuafa Waspada

Productive Waqf Management Strategy in the Context of Empowering the People's Economy in Productive Waqf Dompet Dhuafa Alert. In addition to analyzing the management of productive waqf and the tactics used in its management, this study intends to study how waqf is managed and whether there are productive waqf in Dompet Dhuafa Waspada. Qualitative research is the methodology used. ways of collecting data through observation, interviews, and documentation. The research findings lead to the creation of the Dompet Dhuafa Farm center, namely in the field of animal husbandry which is a useful waqf management strategy, promoting independent livestock villages and community villages where silver is spread, managing productively and planning, developing existing livestock units, and increasing human Resources. Considering that Dompet Dhuafa Waspada is in quadrant I (positive) which indicates it is strong and has opportunities, an offensive (SO) approach is taken. direct referrals from third parties in collaboration with Dompet Dhuafa Siaga who are experts in animal husbandry, and community economic empowerment in Dompet Dhuafa Siaga by increasing human resources. In carrying out the empowerment there are several activities carried out such as fattening livestock, conducting nurseries to produce superior livestock seeds, making good and good animal feed, making manure which is useful for horticultural empowerment and distributed to farmers in need. Conducting trainings on how to raise good livestock by being guided for 2 years, after being guided for 2 years, the recipient mustahik is released by receiving assistance, especially financial assistance in the form of several goats and assistance for cage construction, as well as assistance assistance. With some of these activities, it is hoped that they will be able to increase knowledge about livestock centers, especially boosting the economy.
 Keywords: Management Strategy, Productive Waqf, Empowerment

STRATEGI PEMBANGUNAN RUMAH LAYAK HUNI (RULAHU) DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT DI KABUPATEN JAYAPURA, PROVINSI PAPUA

The Residential Housing Development Program is a government program to assist communities in fulfilling their basic needs. This study aims to see how this program is implemented, then the influencing factors, and strategies that can be taken to make this program more optimal. The study used qualitative methods with an inductive approach through data collection techniques of observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the Decent Home program has a positive impact on welfare aspects including material, physical, mental, and spiritual aspects. Then, this study also found that the supporting factors for the implementation of this program were the support from the community, the selection of the right location, and good coordination between the Land, Housing and Settlement Areas Office and the village apparatus. While the inhibiting factors, there are also three things, namely: limited land availability, difficult access to remote areas, and lack of community knowledge about the Rulahu program. The strategy that can be taken by the government based on the results of the SWOT calculation is an offensive approach, including: cooperation with the kelurahan to obtain more valid data on prospective recipients, collaborating with the community for reporting, and improving the quality of house outputs so that people are more confident.

Strategy of Balancing in Turkish Foreign Policy

The new offensive approach of Turkey's foreign policy is the sign of President Erdogan's ambitions to redistribute power in the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean and a way to legitimize his own regime. On the one hand, this can be seen as the ambitions of «neo-Ottomanism», on the other hand, there is a new attempt to solve five foreign policy problems: the «Kurdish issue», the «Aegean dispute», the return of territories mentioned in the “National Oath” (Misak-i Milli), breakthrough from disillusionment with integration with the EU and overcoming inequality in allied relations with the United States to satisfy antiAmerican nationalism.The article examines Turkey's foreign policy since Erdogan gained full control of power and intervened in the civil war in Syria in 2014-2015. The aim is to determine the reason for Turkey's offensive strategy from the perspectives of Neorealism theory of International Relations and Bargaining model of war. The main findings are as follows. Erdogan's policy of power redistribution has focused on relations with the United States, the EU, and Russia as well as regional powers and has employed dominance in bargaining power as the main tool. A show of Turkey's force makes counterparts more compliant and serves as a tool to convince that the cost of deterring Turkey will be greater than the cost of concession.The main feature of Erdogan's policy is the use of contradictions between partners. According to Neorealism, if a state becomes too powerful, the balancing coalition occurs. But Turkey's offensive policy does not face a balancing coalition (or an international system, especially on the NATO and the EU directions), because there are many contradictions between potential opponents, which Erdogan masterfully uses. At some point, Turkey balances each of them by the threat to move closer to its opponent thus creating a balancing lever in “balancing triangle”. In this way Erdogan uses a series of “balancing triangles” to put pressure on Russia, the US, and the EU simultaneously.

A Nationwide Study of GATA2 Deficiency in Norway\u2014the Majority of Patients Have Undergone Allo-HSCT

PurposeGATA2 deficiency is a rare primary immunodeficiency that has become increasingly recognized due to improved molecular diagnostics and clinical awareness. The only cure for GATA2 deficiency is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The inconsistency of genotype–phenotype correlations makes the decision regarding “who and when” to transplant challenging. Despite considerable morbidity and mortality, the reported proportion of patients with GATA2 deficiency that has undergone allo-HSCT is low (~ 35%). The purpose of this study was to explore if detailed clinical, genetic, and bone marrow characteristics could predict end-point outcome, i.e., death and allo-HSCT.MethodsAll medical genetics departments in Norway were contacted to identify GATA2 deficient individuals. Clinical information, genetic variants, treatment, and outcome were subsequently retrieved from the patients’ medical records.ResultsBetween 2013 and 2020, we identified 10 index cases or probands, four additional symptomatic patients, and no asymptomatic patients with germline GATA2 variants. These patients had a diverse clinical phenotype dominated by cytopenia (13/14), myeloid neoplasia (10/14), warts (8/14), and hearing loss (7/14). No valid genotype–phenotype correlations were found in our data set, and the phenotypes varied also within families. We found that 11/14 patients (79%), with known GATA2 deficiency, had already undergone allo-HSCT. In addition, one patient is awaiting allo-HSCT. The indications to perform allo-HSCT were myeloid neoplasia, disseminated viral infection, severe obliterating bronchiolitis, and/or HPV-associated in situ carcinoma. Two patients died, 8 months and 7 years after allo-HSCT, respectively.ConclusionOur main conclusion is that the majority of patients with symptomatic GATA2 deficiency will need allo-HSCT, and a close surveillance of these patients is important to find the “optimal window” for allo-HSCT. We advocate a more offensive approach to allo-HSCT than previously described.

Mankind And Artificial Intelligence: Master Or Slave?

The most widespread view of Artificial Intelligence (AI) supports the idea that technological advancements lead to technological unemployment, that is to say human beings are relegated to carrying out fewer and fewer residual tasks which AI is not yet able to perform. In this article we put this viewpoint into question by focusing on the human capacity to adapt. To this end, we rely on history and philosophy to show the nature of the relations between man and technology in order to identify the mechanism by which man can harness technology. We then deduce that an offensive approach to meet the social needs of humans is vital regarding technology. Based on this assumption, we conclude that both research and companies need to take into account the social needs through which man adapts to and deals with AI as he has dealt with all previous innovations.

India's Quest to Establish Surgical Strikes as a New-Normal against Nuclear Pakistan: A Self- Deception or New-Reality?

This study aims to understand the rationale behind India's recent offensive approach against Pakistan. With the advent of new technologies, the conflict transformed were major wars converted minor war and sub-conventional warfare. Nevertheless, India introduced a new set of war fighting strategies to establish itself as a major military power in the South Asian region. The study concluded that,in line with its ambitious plans, India conducted a surgical strike deep inside Pakistan's territory in February2019 and tried to establish a new pattern of strategic engagement where sovereignty breach of nuclear-capable Pakistan will be a 'New-Normal' in India-Pakistan conflictual relations. Interestingly, India taking inspiration from the US and Israel, not only tried to introduce 'New-Normal' in order to alter the norms of sovereignty in South Asia but also went dangerously ahead of them and negated the entire logic of 'nuclear-deterrence' without considering the fact that no one including the US has ever tried to create 'New-Normal'in the situation of actual nuclear deterrence. Lastly and importantly, it is either 'Normal' to accept the logic of nuclear deterrence or 'Abnormal' to reject or negate it. Pakistan's befitting response made it clear that there is no space for the establishment of 'New-Normal' under a nuclear overhang.

러시아의 공세적 동북아 외교안보정책과 對한반도 접근 전략

Russia"s national interests are indispensable for international cooperation with Northeast Asian countries as the economic revitalization and development of Siberia and the Far East are important in terms of balanced national development. Unlike Putin"s 1st and 2nd phases, it means that Russia"s interests in Northeast Asia became as important as Europe in the 3rd and 4th phases of Putin.<BR> In this paper, the theoretical basis for Russia"s aggressive and active foreign security policy in Northeast Asia was explained through Russia"s foreign policy concept and Russia"s national security strategy analysis. Russia"s foreign policy concept, Russian national security strategy, and new geopolitical theories were used to understand Russia"s offensive approach to Northeast Asia, and to analyze Russia"s recent approach to Northeast Asia, especially to the Korean Peninsula. In conclusion, the future behavior of Russia"s offensive foreign policy and military intervention is predicted.

INDONESIA CHARM OFFENSIVE: KEKUATAN BANTUAN LUAR NEGERI INDONESIA TERHADAP NEGARA PASIFIK SELATAN PADA ISU KEMERDEKAAN PAPUA BARAT

This article aims to discuss how foreign aid power to South Pacific countries on West Papua independence uses the Charm Offensive approach. Charm Offensive is a country's diplomacy method by providing foreign aid or investment to a recipient country to become an ally or support the country's political-economic motives. Charm Offensive requires high costs because it has to provide assistance and investment to other countries. However, the consideration is that this diplomacy method is very effective for countries that are indeed requesting assistance. Through this article, Charm Offensive will maintain its implementation through Indonesia's motives in providing foreign assistance to South Pacific countries. The motive was then relegated to take a deeper look at whether foreign assistance effectively quelled the rhetoric of South Pacific countries in supporting West Papua independence.

Innovation in the face of disruption

The coronavirus crisis has accelerated various trends across industries, predominantly in favour of digitalisation and the need for innovation. Consumer behaviour is changing rapidly in response to the crisis, as customers expect their banks to mirror the personalised, quick delivery experiences offered by the BigTechs and the companies outside of the financial world. With regard to innovation in times of crisis, financial services companies are faced with a choice between a defensive approach, where they safeguard their current operations — already hugely under pressure — and an offensive approach, which is crucial to avoid losing relevance, market share and profits. The dilemma banks face concerns how to save costs and safeguard their current operations while addressing immediate customer needs and investing in the future. This paper describes shifts in customer behaviour and explores opportunities for banks to disrupt themselves and invest in new business models with a focus on platforms.

Savunmacı Neo-Realist Bir Yaklaşımla İran-Hamas İlişkilerini Anlamak

This paper aims at understanding the dynamics behind the Iranian support for the Sunni Palestinian group Hamas by analyzing the mutual relations from a defensive neo-realist approach. The paper begins with a historical overview of Iran-Hamas relations and the periods that saw these relations being improved or deteriorated. It then addresses the defensive neo-realist approach in terms of the basic ideas proposed by Kenneth Waltz, the founder of the theory of neo-realism, and the differences between his view and the offensive approach suggested by John Mearsheimer and others. The third part of the paper examines the defensive neo-realist analysis on the relation between states and non-state actors by testing Iran as an inspector for soft power in the Sunni-majority region, and, the probable threat that can be defended by this relation. It also deals with the difficulties averting Iran from becoming the sole hegemon in the region and how Iran takes advantage of this relationship to maintain a dominant role in the Middle East and how the latest rapprochement between two Gulf countries and Israel would contribute to consolidate that relation.

Ethnic Albanian family businesses and COVID-19 pandemic: a gender-based comparison

PurposeThis qualitative research aims to analyze the effects of the global crisis known as COVID-19 in family businesses in North Macedonia and defines the strategies that Albanian entrepreneurs have used to overcome the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe purpose of this study is to conduct a gender comparison between the behaviors of ten men entrepreneurs with ten women entrepreneurs in the city of Skopje. The data we collected by the interview method. The interviews were conducted by phone from June 1 to June 15.FindingsThe results of this research show that women entrepreneurs have overcome the crisis through defensive strategy compared to men entrepreneurs who have used more offensive approach. Due to the pandemic, the majority of women entrepreneurs have lost incomes, labor and clients. Men entrepreneurs have maintained their employees with the minimum salaries, but they have suffered the same loss in the aspect of revenues and clients. Findings show that in the category of women-owned enterprises lower financial results have shown those who operate in the textile industry and beauty salons. In companies with men entrepreneurship, the biggest loss is estimated in the luxury jewelry industry and restaurants, while pharmacies, supermarkets and detergent manufacturing companies proved to be profitable. Even companies that have shown high financial performance have encountered considerable problems in supplying raw materials due to the pandemic. This research will help SMEs in our country with useful suggestions to make the right decisions for the mentioned issue.Research limitations/implicationsThere are some limitations in this study that should be considered a guide for future research. First, this research includes only Albanian entrepreneurs located in the city of Skopje. The investigation will be complete if we add a more significant number of Albanian entrepreneurs from more cities in North Macedonia. Second, considering that this paper's topic is new, we did not have enough literature to compare or enrich the study. Third, due to the current situation caused by the virus, we have faced difficulties in convincing entrepreneurs over the phone to respond in our questionnaires.Originality/valueThis paper addresses a new topic comparing Albanian entrepreneurs' behaviors based on their gender in overcoming the pandemic in Skopje, North Macedonia.

Cruising for a Bruising: Maritime Competition in an Anti-Access Age

This paper explores the likelihood of maritime crisis stability between China and the United States by building on existing research on the Sino-American naval balance and the concepts of offense–defense theory. Whereas a “denialist” school in security studies argues that counterintervention technology makes defense dominant in the region, the US Navy remains a fleet designed for an offensive approach of power projection and sea control. Although this stubbornness in the face of a sophisticated anti-access capability might be attributable to a strong operational culture and obvious bureaucratic incentives, we posit additional forces suggesting defense dominance will not lead to crisis stability. At sea, offense–defense distinguishability is low and the temptation to strike first is high. Future interaction between current US and Chinese fleet designs risks a crisis or even war that will endanger the US fleet, potentially leading to the loss of the very military advantages underpinning American hegemony that its navy seeks to defend.

Language-sensitive teaching at vocational schools in Austria

The article deals with the current language challenges in teaching at vocational schools in Austria. The teaching of language is anchored in all curricula. The text spans the range from educational and technical language in textbooks, the teaching of technical language in type-forming subjects to the subject of “language support in vocational schools and the project “Language-conscious teaching at BMHS” (vocational middle and higher schools). The second part deals with the topic, how an offensive approach, which introduces the learners to the complexity of the technical languages, can contribute to positively influencing the learning success.

Evaluation of Goal Scoring Patterns Between the 2016 Copa America and the 2016 European Championship

Background: Soccer is one of the most popular worldwide sports and performance is dependent upon many factors including technical, biomechanical, tactical, psychological and physiological aspects. Previous investigations have identified that the frequency of goals increases as matches progress, however, previous research in this area is limited as it is based on data from very few competitions. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the goal scoring patterns between two major international tournaments, the 2016 European championship and the 2016 Copa America. Methods: The sample consisted of 83 games: 51 games from the 2016 European Championship and 32 from the 2016 Copa America. Results: A total of 197 goals scored in 83 games were analysed. Analyses revealed that a significantly greater percentage of total match goals were scored in the first half Copa America matches compared to the European championship (47.8% vs. 39.3%, P = 0.02). No differences were found in the second half between tournaments. There was a significantly higher goal scoring frequency in the second half (60.7%) compared to the first half (39.3%) in the European championship (P = 0.02), but no differences were found between halves for the Copa America. Chi square analysis revealed a significantly (P < 0.01) higher goal scoring frequency in the first 15-minute interval for the Copa America (24%) compared to the first 15 minutes of the European Championship (12%). Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that South American nations appear to take an offensive approach in the first 15 minutes which is indicative that there may be a country-related style of play related to goal scoring patterns in major international tournaments. Future studies need to extend this research across several international tournaments and/or between club versus country to determine if there is a country-related style of play element to goal scoring patterns between European and South American international tournaments.

Menyoal Konsep Demokrasi Amerika Serikat: Promosi dan Trajektorinya

Post World War II and after Cold War period, international community realized the importance to create a peaceful system without war. United State as the winner of those wars has been accounted to have ability in promoting democracy and global peace that prioritized offensive liberal approach by optimizing the use of military approach pushed by his fear of his hegemony position. In the same spectrum, the national interest of democracy states are certainly more hurdle in getting benefit from being a democracy state. Even though globalization effect has opened wide opportunity for individual in democracy state to make a cooperation – military, economy, and investment on social-culture with non-democracy state, such as China, the share of benefit in geo-political between promoter of democracy and democracy imported state are things to be anticipated by democracy state. It is importance to review the process and relation character between the imported democracy states with US, which in general begin through mechanism and varieties of bandwagoning.

Can a Patriarchal World Be Corrected by a Criminal Law? Feminist Struggles, Penal Justice and Legal Reform in France (1970–1980)

This article describes (1) the relationship between the demands made by feminist movements of the 1970s in cases of sexual violence and criticism of the criminal justice system by these movements and other groups, including the prisoners’ movement; and (2) the relationship between this debate and the legal process of reforming the definition and punishment of rape. Two periods are analyzed. In the early 1970s, the common cause of very different movements targeting the law was the priority given to the defense against forms of repression and disciplinary institutions. After 1975, the demands of feminist and prisoner movements diverged and even conflicted. One camp called for an offensive approach to changing the legal punishment of rape whereas the other camp fought against penal reforms imposed by the government and, more specifically, against long sentences.

China’s Naval Power: An Offensive Realist Approach, by Yves-Heng Lim. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014. xvi + 217 pp. £65.00/US$119.95 (hardcover and eBook).

<i>China’s Naval Power: An Offensive Realist Approach</i>, by Yves-Heng Lim. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014. xvi + 217 pp. £65.00/US$119.95 (hardcover and eBook).