Offending Behaviour Research Articles

Impoliteness and hate speech: Compare and contrast

Both impoliteness and hate speech deal with offensive behaviour, yet it is also obvious that they are not exactly the same. This paper aims to tease out the similarities and differences. The first part concentrates on theorising by impoliteness and hate speech scholars, and thus takes a second-order perspective. It discusses the notions of face (largely overlooked in studies of hate speech), incitement (largely overlooked in studies of impoliteness) and intentionality (and related concepts) (examined in both studies of impoliteness and hate speech, though often without explicit connections to the other field). The second part of the paper, taking more of a first-order perspective, concentrates on the metapragmatics of the labels impoliteness and hate speech, which are approached through the terms impolite and hateful. Hateful, in comparison with impolite is characterised by more extreme behaviours, the emotion of hurt, and associations of prejudice. This part of the paper also provides a demonstration of what one can do with corpus-methods. Overall, it is hoped that this paper will promote theoretical synergies, and also greater awareness of the labels that are used.

About the Strategies of Criminological Safety of Minors

The article deals with issues related to the diversity of theoretical understanding of the concept of strategy, as well as the analysis of existing strategies for ensuring the criminological safety of minors. Special attention is paid to planning and forecasting the future, in particular, innovative forms of forecasting are being investigated, one of which is Foresight. The foresight ideology is based on modern developments in the field of forecasting, futurology, and strategic analysis. Unlike traditional forecasting, Foresight always implies the participation of many experts from all spheres of activity, to one degree or another related to the topic of a particular foresight project, and sometimes also conducting surveys of certain groups of the population (residents of the region, youth, etc.) who are directly interested in solving the problems considered in the framework of the project. The result of a foresight session, unlike other methods of forecasting and planning, is a “map of the future” – a visually rich space that allows you to see as a whole the entire subject area, the image of its future, as well as various ways and ways of achieving certain desirable and undesirable states and factors affecting the likelihood of the embodiment of a particular scenario. The article analyzes the activities of the state authorities of the Russian Federation at the legislative level, related to strategic planning. The historical aspect of the concept of “strategy” is investigated. An introduction to the scientific circulation of the Author's concept of this term is offered. Under the strategy it is necessary to understand the art of managing public relations, based on careful organization and use of available means and forces in order to achieve an appropriate result. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the regulatory legal framework of criminological planning, designed to streamline the complex and multifaceted process of preventive impact on offensive behavior. Attention is drawn to the need to develop a strategic document aimed directly at ensuring the criminological safety of minors. It seems that this should be a Concept that addresses both general and specific problems in this area, as well as determining effective control by state bodies.

An exploratory investigation into the self-regulatory processes influencing drug driving: Are young drivers more externally regulated?

An upward trend in drug driving has been observed in several countries around the world. Research suggests that younger drivers are more likely to engage in drug driving compared to older drivers. There is also evidence to suggest young drivers differ from older drivers in their capacity for self-regulation. Despite this, research has yet to explore the impact of age on the self-regulatory processes with regard to decisions to drug drive among drug users. A total of 507 Queensland drivers (72.8% female), who reported ever taking an illegal drug, were involved in the research. Participants completed an online questionnaire, which collected demographic and drug consumption information, as well as items assessing the self-regulatory processes influencing drug driving, and drug driving behaviour. Regardless of age, participants reported a tendency towards internalised regulation. However, results suggest that young drivers (aged 18–24 years) feel greater belongingness to people who promote safe transport decisions after taking drugs, compared to drivers aged 25 years and over. Interaction effects revealed that for young drug takers, feeling greater relatedness, along with perceiving competence and importance in planning alternative transport after taking drugs, can be protective against drug driving behaviours. Significant predictors of drug driving were lower relatedness, greater perceived pressure to drug drive, lower effort/importance to plan safe alternatives after taking drugs, being of older age, and greater drug abuse. Counterintuitively, perceiving more options (choice) to take alternative transport after taking drugs also predicted the offending behaviour. The results of this study suggest that enhancing drivers’ competency to make (and value) safe driving decisions is a critical step for road safety.

The Prevalence of Sexual Interest in Children and Sexually Harmful Behavior Self-Reported by Men Recruited Through an Online Crowdsourcing Platform.

This study examined the feasibility of using crowdsourcing to recruit men who self-report sexual interest in children or sexually problematic behavior involving children. Crowdsourcing refers to the use of the internet to reach a large number of people to complete a specific task. A nonrepresentative sample of men (N = 997) participated in a brief self-report survey examining age of attraction, sexual interest in children, proclivity toward sexual offenses involving children, and history of sexual offending. Almost a quarter of the sample (23.1%) indicated some degree of sexual interest in children, propensity to sexually offend against children, and/or actual offending behavior. We present our data broken down by type of interest or behavior and examine the frequency of these outcomes. Findings are likely to be of value to those considering the viability of crowdsourcing to overcome the limitations or challenges of face-to-face research on stigmatizing interests and behaviors. Findings also contribute to estimating prevalence of self-reported sexual interest in children, and sexual offending behavior toward children, across different countries.

Effect of Mindfulness Training on Inhibitory Control in Young Offenders

Violent and criminal behaviors have increased in recent years in many countries, with the younger population constituting one of the main actors involved in this phenomenon. It has been hypothesized that alterations in inhibitory control play a crucial role in the appearance and persistence of such behaviors. Mindfulness meditation promotes detailed observation of sensations, emotions, and thoughts that involve cognitive processes and brain circuits closely related to inhibitory control. To determine the effect of mindfulness meditation on inhibitory control in young offenders. A total of 40 young male offenders (16–23 years) were recruited from a juvenile correctional facility, all of whom had committed violent crimes before the age of 18. The youths were divided into two groups of 20 participants each: treatment and control. A Stroop task and two Stop-signal tasks, one with happy, fearful, angry, and neutral facial stimuli, were performed before and after a 10-week mindfulness meditation training program. Compared to controls, the young offenders who participated in mindfulness training improved their inhibitory control after treatment, as reflected in an increase in their reaction times on the Stop-signal task (F(1,36) = 12.87, p = .031, η2 = .261), and a decrease in the number of errors on the Stroop task (F(1,36) = 4.684, p = .037, η2 = .115). Mindfulness meditation training improved inhibitory control and, therefore, may have a positive effect on mitigating violent behavior in young offenders.

Criminal psychology trend prediction based on deep learning algorithm and three-dimensional convolutional neural network

In the modern era, the empirical analysis of countermeasures against crime has developed rapidly from the perspective of crime causes. The concept of punishment based on preventionism has been vigorously developed. We aimed to apply the principle of convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm in deep learning to frame a crime prediction model in three-dimensional CNN (3D CNN) for representative driver behaviours offenses. Results indicated that the 3D CNN prediction model predicted road traffic offences through the detection of five driver offender behaviours with an accuracy rate of 96%. The prediction model we propose appears to hold great prospects for driver offender behaviour trending and to provide a reference for future studies on crime prevention.

Intelligent Transaction System for Fraud Detection using Deep Learning Networks

Detecting online transaction fraud is a basic study of the new era of electronic transactions. Because the payment patterns of customers and the fraud behaviour of offenders are continually changing, improving the consistency of the fraud detection model and ensuring its stability is exceedingly challenging. In this report, we will look at We concentrate on acquiring deep feature representations of legal and fraud transactions from the perspective of a deep neural network’s loss function in this report. Our aim is to increase the separability and discrimination of features in order to boost the efficiency and stability of our fraud detection platform, with the rapid evolution of the technology, the world is turning to use online transaction instead of cash in their daily life, which opens the door to many new ways for fraudsters to use these cards in a nefarious manner. Global losses are projected to reach $35 billion by 2020, according to the Nilson report. To guarantee that users of these credit cards are secure, the credit card issuer should provide a program that protects them from any threats they can experience. As a result, we illustrate our framework for predicting whether transactions are genuine or illegitimate using Kaggel’s IEEE-CIS Fraud Detection dataset. BiLSTM-MaxPooling-BiGRUM is the name of our model. Long bi-directional gated repeated unit and long bi-directional memory term (BiLSTM) are used in axPooling (BiGRU).

Explaining the drug-crime connection with peers, proactive criminal thinking, and victimization: Systemic, cognitive social learning, and person proximity mechanisms.

The principal objective of this study was to determine whether drugs and crime are systemically linked through the formation of delinquent peer associations. A panel of 1,760 adolescents (867 boys, 893 girls, ages 10-17) participated in a longitudinal study conducted over 4 waves, with a year between each wave. The results of a multiple serial causal mediation path analysis revealed that drug use at Wave 1 predicted a rise in delinquent peer associations at Wave 2, which, in turn, predicted an increase in proactive criminal thinking and personal victimization at Wave 3, both of which then proceeded to predict serious offending at Wave 4. Based on these results, it is concluded that drug use has the power to initiate and intensify involvement in a delinquent peer group, which then opens the door to learning deviant attitudes from and being victimized by members of this group, outcomes capable of motivating future offending behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Bilingual Cyber-aggression detection on social media using LSTM autoencoder

Cyber-aggression is an offensive behaviour attacking people based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation and other traits. It has become a major issue plaguing the online social media. In this research, we have developed a deep learning-based model to identify different levels of aggression (direct, indirect and no aggression) in a social media post in a bilingual scenario. The model is an autoencoder built using the LSTM network and trained with non-aggressive comments only. Any aggressive comment (direct or indirect) will be regarded as an anomaly to the system and will be marked as Overtly (direct) or Covertly (indirect) aggressive comment depending on the reconstruction loss by the autoencoder. The validation results on the dataset from two popular social media sites: Facebook and Twitter with bilingual (English and Hindi) data outperformed the current state-of-the-art models with improvements of more than 11% on the test sets of the English dataset and more than 6% on the test sets of the Hindi dataset.

Making Better Offenders? Exploring the Perception of the CSI Effect among College Students

While studies have shown little to no support for the CSI effect, researchers have found that the perception of its existence among the public and criminal justice actors is the opposite. The current study uses a sample of undergraduates, who are currently enrolled in criminology courses, to examine perceptions of a CSI effect on courtroom verdicts, offender behavior, and the police chief’s effect. Additionally, this research explores whether these beliefs are mediated by education in criminology and crime show viewing habits. Results showed that education and crime show consumption influenced certain aspects of the CSI effect differently. The findings demonstrate the need for educators and researchers to continue to unravel the disconnect between empirical reality and perceptions that the CSI effect exists.

‘Football fans are not thugs’: communication and the future of fan engagement in the policing of Scottish football

ABSTRACT The recent history of the policing of Scottish football has been tempestuous. The enactment of the Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications (Scotland) Act 2012 subjected those attending regulated football matches to a range of new forms of control, and mobilised significant fan resistance that resulted in the Act’s eventual repeal in 2018. By this time, however, significant damage had been inflicted upon fan-police relations, with a concomitant impact on communication and fan engagement. Drawing upon the findings of qualitative research conducted in Scotland, the analysis herein documents a recognition on all sides of the poor state of fan-police relations following the implementation of the original Act. This research traces an emergent shift in some policing sensibilities towards more constructive forms of police-fan engagement and communication following the Act’s repeal. However, the study also highlights significant challenges to such emergent sensibilities, acknowledging, via a case study, that they exist in parallel with still highly problematic practices and approaches in the policing of football fans in Scotland.

Gender Differences in Theory of Mind, Empathic Understanding, and Moral Reasoning in an Offending and a Matched Non-Offending Population

Previous research suggests that a lack of pro-social skills is characteristic of an offending personality. Two hundred male and female offenders and matched controls completed measures to assess: Theory of Mind, empathic understanding, and moral reasoning. Significant differences between the offenders and the control group, as well as between the male and female participants, were detected in theory of mind, empathic understanding and moral reasoning with offenders scoring lower than the control group, and with males scoring lower than females on most tests. The ability to assess Theory of Mind, empathic understanding, and moral reasoning, and subsequently to identify reduced ability, is not only useful for researchers but will also allow practitioners to tailor existing (or develop new) interventions specific to the needs of individuals. This could be particularly useful in terms of recidivism when applied to those involved in anti-social or offending behavior.

Sexual homicide in Australia and New Zealand: a description of offenders, offences and victims

The field of sexual homicide research is relatively recent, with many existing studies limited by small sample sizes and sampling bias. In Australia and New Zealand specifically, only one study to date addresses this phenomenon but there is a lack of comprehensive descriptive data. This study aims to fill this research gap using a representative sample gathered from public legal databases. A total of 118 cases of sexual homicide offenders are described to create a portrait of this type of offender, their victims and their offence behaviour. Findings are similar to those found in other large samples from the UK, Canada and Germany. Because this crime is rare and practitioners tend to have limited experience of them, the findings of this research have the potential to inform investigative, criminal justice and clinical practice.

Young female offenders and the New Zealand Youth Justice System: the need for a gender-specific response

Young female offenders comprise approximately one fifth of the New Zealand youth offender population; however, they remain an understudied population of offenders. This paper aims to provide a current overview of the key characteristics of this population and recommendations for how the youth justice system could better cater to this population. These recommendations include more training of professionals (specifically judges, youth advocates and justice coordinators) and practitioners (specifically social workers, psychologists and youth workers) in the youth-justice system in matters specific to young female offenders. A gender-responsive and trauma-informed approach to addressing offending behaviour is also necessary. There is a need for new empirical research in the New Zealand context on young female offenders and the best way to address offending by this group. Finally, a focus on the diversity of young female offenders is a priority, given the over-representation of indigenous and ethnic-minority communities in justice jurisdictions worldwide.

Offence-Supportive Cognitions, Atypical Sexuality, Problematic Self-Regulation, and Perceived Anonymity Among Online and Contact Sexual Offenders Against Children.

Cognitions that support sexual offending, atypical sexuality, and problems with self-regulation are important indicators of offending among men who engage in contact sexual offences against children (e.g., Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2005). While sexual interest in children-a major indicator of atypical sexuality-has been identified as a risk factor for online sexual offending against children (Seto & Eke, 2015), several other indicators, such as offence-supportive cognitions, sexual preoccupation, sexual coping, and perceived anonymity-a presumed risk factor for online sexual offending-have not yet been investigated among men who use the internet to solicit children or to consume child sexual exploitation material. This study investigated the associations between offence-supportive cognitions, atypical sexuality, self-regulation using sex, and perceived anonymity with sexual offending behaviors against children in a sample of 241 men convicted of various sexual and non-sexual offences. Results from logistic regressions show that offence-supportive cognitions, sexual interests in children, and sexual coping, but not sexual preoccupation and perceived anonymity, are associated with either or both online and contact sexual offending behaviors against children. Our results support the prior finding showing that men with online sexual offences are more paraphilic or sexually preoccupied then men with only contact offences against children. They also suggest that offence-supportive cognitions, atypical sexual interests, and sexual coping may be motivating factors, and therefore relevant risk factors, for online sexual offending against children.

Offence-Supportive Cognitions, Atypical Sexuality, Problematic Self-Regulation, and Perceived Anonymity Among Online and Contact Sexual Offenders Against Children

Cognitions that support sexual offending, atypical sexuality, and problems with self-regulation are important indicators of offending among men who engage in contact sexual offences against children (e.g., Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2005). While sexual interest in children-a major indicator of atypical sexuality-has been identified as a risk factor for online sexual offending against children (Seto & Eke, 2015), several other indicators, such as offence-supportive cognitions, sexual preoccupation, sexual coping, and perceived anonymity-a presumed risk factor for online sexual offending-have not yet been investigated among men who use the internet to solicit children or to consume child sexual exploitation material. This study investigated the associations between offence-supportive cognitions, atypical sexuality, self-regulation using sex, and perceived anonymity with sexual offending behaviors against children in a sample of 241 men convicted of various sexual and non-sexual offences. Results from logistic regressions show that offence-supportive cognitions, sexual interests in children, and sexual coping, but not sexual preoccupation and perceived anonymity, are associated with either or both online and contact sexual offending behaviors against children. Our results support the prior finding showing that men with online sexual offences are more paraphilic or sexually preoccupied then men with only contact offences against children. They also suggest that offence-supportive cognitions, atypical sexual interests, and sexual coping may be motivating factors, and therefore relevant risk factors, for online sexual offending against children.

Validation française de l’échelle de l’adhésion aux mythes modernes sur l’agression sexuelle (AMMSA) et attachement au partenaire auprès d’étudiants et d’auteurs de violence conjugale

Validation française de l’échelle de l’adhésion aux mythes modernes sur l’agression sexuelle (AMMSA) et attachement au partenaire auprès d’étudiants et d’auteurs de violence conjugale

Psychosocial risk assessment using COPSOQ II questionnaire - A case study with maintenance workers in a metal plant in Istanbul Turkey

BackgroundPsychosocial risks are among the significant risks at the workplace. This study aims to assess psychosocial risks for the first time in a metal processing plant in Istanbul, Turkey by applying Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ II) to maintenance workers, and comparing risks scores by Fine Kinney and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. MethodThe COPSOQ II questionnaire was applied to all 120 maintenance workers. All items in COPSOQ II questionnaire were used as psychosocial hazards in risk assessments. Risk scores obtained by Fine Kinney and AHP methods are compared. ResultsAHP and Fine Kinney methods indicate that “demands at work” and “offensive behavior” domains in COPSOQ II have relatively higher priorities in the workplace. The most effective sub criteria in demands at work domain are: quantitative demands and work pace. Comparison of risk classes show that AHP scores are usually higher than those by Fine Kinney. ConclusionFine Kinney risk scores and classes are considered more realistic than AHP since they include actual responses of the maintenance workers to the COPSOQ II questionnaire. These results provide a useful tool for the management to implement psychosocial hazards in their risk assessment and a roadmap for action plans.

Active Guardianship and the Effects on Offender Behaviour

Active Guardianship and the Effects on Offender Behaviour

The Internet and its Opportunities for Cybercrime – Interpersonal Cybercrime

With the advancement in technology, computers and the internet are easily accessible to the masses. It has made it easier for people to keep in touch across long distances and have also provided a platform to collaborate for purposes related to business, education, and culture. However, this free flow of information has given rise to irresponsible behavior online. It is used not only for the benefit of individuals but also exposes them to numerous crimes that are being committed online. It is the duty and responsibility of the legal systems to keep pace with the same and to ensure that such technologies do not become tools of exploitation and harassment. Through World Wide Web, user can circulate images, text, videos, and sounds. Websites provide a plethora of opportunities to the individuals. However, they are also used to circulate offensive content such as child sexual abuse, hate speech, and defamation. The intellectual property rights of authors and artists are also violated through the unauthorized circulation of their works. Internet provides the convenient shield of anonymity and fake identities. Errant persons become more emboldened in their offensive behavior if they think that they will not face any consequences. Those who post personal information about themselves on job and marriage websites or social networking websites are often at the receiving end of ‘cyber-stalking’. Women and minors who post their contact details become especially vulnerable since lumpen elements such as sex-offenders can use this information to target potential victims. Digital unlawful acts perpetrated against persons incorporate different law violations like the transmission of child pornography, person harassment utilizing computer, and others. The trafficking, posting, appropriation, and spread of revolting material including erotica and foul presentation, constitutes a standout amongst the most vital cyber law violations known today. The technological advancement has made the world a global village. There are virtually no boundaries in this Global village and the distance between places and people has been reduced to a mere nothing. This has influenced the phenomenon of globalization, which has created an impact on the socio-economic and the cultural texture of the society. Thus, the information technology has become a boon to the human community, but this paradigm-shift in the human being all over is also reflected in the area of crime, as along with the positives there is a wide spectrum of negatives which has become a cause of worry because the negative facets are being efficiently utilized by the sadistic minds of the society for committing crimes in the virtual environment called the Cyber Crimes.