Offal Meal Research Articles

Impact of Fish Offal Meal as Animal Protein on Liver Enzymes and Creatinin Levels of Common Carp (cyprinus carpio L.)

Impact of Fish Offal Meal as Animal Protein on Liver Enzymes and Creatinin Levels of Common Carp (cyprinus carpio L.)

Effect of Fish Offal Meals as Animal Protein on Digestibility of Common Carp (cyprinus carpio L.)

Effect of Fish Offal Meals as Animal Protein on Digestibility of Common Carp (cyprinus carpio L.)

Essential Amino Acid, Short Chain Fatty Acid and Omega Content of Skipjack Tuna Offal Meal and its Effects on the Nutrient Digestibility of Local Chicken

Essential Amino Acid, Short Chain Fatty Acid and Omega Content of Skipjack Tuna Offal Meal and its Effects on the Nutrient Digestibility of Local Chicken

An Offal Meal in Turkish Culinary Culture: Gaziantep Mumbar Dolması and Related Consumer Opinions

In this study, the use of offal as food, offal consumption in the world, the role of offal consumption on sustainability, and the positive and negative effects of offal meals on health are emphasized. In addition, information was given about Gaziantep Mumbar Dolması (Gaziantep Stuffed Intestine), which received geographical indication registration in 2021, and interviews were conducted with 10 participants who experienced this local flavor using the semi-structured interview technique. In line with the data obtained, it was seen that the participants who experienced the Gaziantep Mumbar Dolması also experienced other types of offal. In the results of the research, in which it was determined that Gaziantep Mumbar Dolması was generally liked, it was noted that some participants did not want to know the construction stages of the intestine due to its nature. It has been determined by the statements of some participants that there are hesitations regarding the construction phase of the Gaziantep Mumbar Dolması. In line with the information obtained as a result of the research, various determinations were made and suggestions were presented.

Are tourists neophobic against offal meals?

The study was conducted to determine the neophobia levels and neophobic status of foreign tourists visiting Turkey against offal food, which has an important place in Turkish cuisine. A questionnaire of 10 questions was directed to a total of 933 participants, 563 men and 370 women, who came to Turkey as tourists from 5 continents (Asia, Africa, Australia, America and Europe). The data collected by the online questionnaire method was transferred to the SPSS package program; difference and correlation analyzes were performed using t-test, F-test (ANOVA), and Chi-square (Crosstab) analysis techniques. According to the results obtained, the participants' fear of novelty in food was above the average; it was determined that the majority of them were neophobic and they did not eat every meal by being selective about food. It was concluded that the majority of tourists are afraid of eating a new and different Turkish offal food that they have not experienced before, going to different ethnic restaurants, and consuming products for different country cuisines, on the other hand, it was found that they can consume Turkish offal food as long as they make it at home. In addition, it was determined that the neophobic levels of men, the elderly, tourists with high education and income levels and those living in America, Australia and Africa were higher against Turkish offal meals. When the literature was scanned, it was determined that the studies on offal meals were limited. In addition, no study has been found that includes the relationship between offal food and neophobia or measures the level of neophobia. The study will contribute to the field of gastronomy with this unique aspect.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Metals in Diverse Biochar Products: Effect of Feedstock Type and Pyrolysis Temperature

Biochar's agricultural and environmental benefits have been widely demonstrated; however, it may cause environmental contamination if it contains large amounts of pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the contents of PAHs and HM in a range of biochars generated from different sources and pyrolysis temperatures. A range of feedstock was converted to biochar, including sewage sludge (SS), olive mill pomace (OP), feather meal (FM), soft offal meal (CSM), chicken manure (CM), and date palm residues (DPR). Each feedstock was then pyrolyzed at three temperatures of 300, 500, or 700 °C, thereby producing a total of 18 types of biochar. These biochar products were analyzed for 16 PAHs and eight metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb). Benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene were significantly greater in the biochar produced at 700 °C than in that produced at 300 °C, especially for CM. The concentrations of dibenz(a,h)anthracene were significantly lower at 700 °C but greater at 500 °C and 300 °C in DPR. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 300 to 700 °C significantly increased the concentrations of metals, including Cr in SS and OP; Mn in CM; and Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn in SS. However, the concentration of Cd was significantly lower in the SS when biochar was produced at 700 °C than at 500 or 300 °C. The type of feedstock used and the pyrolysis temperature are key factors influencing the contents of PAHs and HMs in biochar, both of which need to be considered during the production and use of biochar. Further investigations are recommended to establish the relationships between pyrolysis temperature and types of feedstock and the formation of PAH or the concentrations of metals. Monitoring the concentrations of PAHs and HMs before applying biochar to soil is also recommended.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids of protein sources associated with exogenous enzymes for broilers.

ObjectiveTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of enzyme complex (EC) on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in corn gluten meal (60%) (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), dried bovine plasma (DBP), and poultry offal meal (POM). Experiments I and II were conducted with broilers in the pre-starter (1 to 7 days of age) and starter (1 to 21 days of age) phases, respectively.MethodsThe treatments consisted of a protein-free diet (PFD) containing feedstuffs either supplemented with EC (xylanase, amylase, and protease) or not. In Experiment I, a total of 360 one-day-old male Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly housed in 45 pens, resulting in five replicates with eight birds each, totalizing eight treatments and one PFD group. In Experiment II a total of 270 one-day-old male Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly housed in 45 pens, resulting in five replicates with six birds each, totalizing eight treatments and one PFD group. The PFD groups were used to assess the endogenous AA losses. The birds were slaughtered to collect the ileal content.ResultsIn the pre-starter phase, the SID of arginine, branched chain-aminoacids, glycine, serine, aspartate, and glutamic acid increased with EC addition. The EC improved the SID of arginine and glutamic acid of CGM; the SID of valine and cystine of SPC; the SID of leucine, glycine, and aspartate of POM and the SID of isoleucine of DBP. In the starter phase, the SID of isoleucine, phenylalanine and glycine increased in EC-supplemented diets. The EC improved the SID of isoleucine of DBP; the SID of phenylalanine of CGM and POM. The SID of AA of SPC was not influenced by the EC.ConclusionThe addition of an EC to broiler pre-starter and starter diets is efficient in increasing the SID of AA on SPC, POM, and DBP.

Nutrient digestibility, visceral organ changes and carcass yield of rabbits fed with diets containing graded levels of rumen filtrate-fermented rice offal

A total of twenty-five crossbred rabbit bucks with a mean weight of 628.73g were utilized to investigate their nutrient digestibility, visceral organ changes, and carcass yield when fed with diets containing graded levels of rumen filtrate-fermented rice offal (FRO) for 10 weeks. Five rabbits were grouped into five treatments with each rabbit serving as a replicate in a completely randomized design experiment. The control group was fed with a diet containing no rumen filtrate fermented-rice offal meal while the other four groups were fed with diets in which the FRO replaced the maize at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. The results of the analyzed nutrient composition and energy content of the experimental diets showed no trend across the treatments except for crude protein and metabolizable energy whose values appeared to increase across treatments as the levels of FRO increased from 0% to 20%. Dry Matter (DM), Crude Fiber (CF), Ether Extract (EE) and Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) digestibility values were affected by the inclusion level of the fermented rice offal in the diets of the rabbits, except Crude Protein (CP). Crude fiber values appeared to increase across the treatments as the levels of FRO increased from 0% to 20%. Dressed weight showed significantly (p<0.05) higher values for rabbits fed with diets containing 20% FRO and prime cuts were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by treatments. The result of visceral organ and GIT weights showed treatment effect (p<0.05), except fasted live weights, spleen, and visceral fats. Of the visceral organ lengths, only the esophagus and stomach were similar (p>0.05) across treatment groups. It was therefore concluded that the digestibility of nutrients was not adversely affected; such that 20% inclusion of rumen filtrate-fermented rice offal showed no modification on visceral organ changes and a better carcass yield observed in rabbits on the diets. It was suggested that up to 20% rumen filtrate-fermented rice offal meal can be integrated into rabbit diets without impairing their digestibility, visceral organ characteristics, and carcass yield.

Effect of phytase and carbohydrases supplementation on digestibility, palatability, fecal characteristics and fecal fermentation products in dogs fed plant-protein diet

The use of exogenous enzymes in canine nutrition has been studied as a way to improve the nutritional value of plant by-products. This study conducted 2 experiments to evaluate the effects of exogenous phytase and a complex of carbohydrases supplementation on plant protein based diets for dogs. Dietary treatments consisted of an animal protein-based diet (AD; poultry offal meal and meat-and-bone meal) without enzyme inclusion; a plant protein-based (PD; soybean meal) without enzymes, considered the control diet; PD + 5000 phytase units (FTU)/g (PD + P5); PD + 10,000 FTU/g (PD + P10); PD + 15,000 FTU/g (PD + P15); PD + 50,000 units of a carbohydrase enzyme complex (U)/g (PD + C); PD + a combination of 5000 phytase units FTU/g and 50,000 units of a carbohydrase complex U/g (PD + PC). In experiment 1, 14 dogs were fed the experimental diets and distributed in a randomized block design to assess digestibility, fecal characteristics, and fecal fermentation products. In experiment 2, a palatability test was evaluated in pairs by the means of two comparisons: PD vs. PD + PC and PD + P5 vs. PD + PC, with 16 dogs. The inclusion of PD + PC did not alter the digestibility of the diet (P > 0.05). The inclusion of phytase linearly increased fecal pH, concentrations of acetic and propionic acids, and total production of short-chain fatty acids (P < 0.05) in the feces of the dogs. Dogs fed the diet with enzyme complex (PD + PC) had a greater intake ratio when compared to the PD diet (P < 0.05). There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the first choice of the dogs for a specific diet for any of the comparisons made. Enzyme supplementation did not influence nutrient digestibility, but it increased the ME content of the PD. In addition, supplementation with the carbohydrase complex increased the production of total short-chain fatty acids and reduced fecal dry matter without compromising the acceptance of the diets.

Soybean meal and poultry offal meal effects on digestibility of adult dogs diets: Systematic review.

Soybean meal and poultry offal meal are protein ingredients commonly used in the formulation of commercial diets for dogs. However, there remains great variability in the data on the digestibility of each protein source. This systematic review study aimed to examine the intake, apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients and fecal output of protein sources (soybean meal and poultry offal meal) in adult dog food as reported in published studies. The article search was conducted in August 2018 in the PUBMED, SciELO, Science Direct and AGRIS indexing databases. The literature search was performed using "digestibility", "source protein" and "dog" as the main key terms combined with sub-terms to broaden the scope of the search. Criteria were defined for readability, exclusion and inclusion of articles. Results were organized in groups according to the search in the indexing databases, totaling 1,414 articles. After the works were selected following the inclusion criteria, 17 articles were evaluated in this review. According to most studies, plant-based ingredients have a less variable nutritional composition than animal-derived ingredients and poultry offal meal increases the digestibility coefficients of nutrients and energy and reduces fecal dry matter production. Factors inherent to raw-material origin, ingredient and food processing, as well as the high heterogeneity of the methodologies evaluated in the studies are directly related to the obtained results. To ensure a more accurate evaluation of the quality and of effects on the digestibility of protein sources, we recommended that articles include ingredient processing data and that the variables be evaluated under standardized study conditions.

Poultry offal meal production conditions impact meal quality and digestibility in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Aquafeed manufacturers are increasingly interested in ensuring consistently high-quality products, while relying heavily on poultry offal meal (POM), which is inevitably variable. This study examined the chemical composition of 22 different commercially and experimentally produced POM to determine which chemical variables best predict in vivo protein digestibility in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and to evaluate which production variable, rendering temperature or raw material freshness, has a greater impact on digestibility. The chemical composition of commercially and experimentally produced POM was extremely variable. Significant relationships were found between in vivo dietary protein digestibility and D-glutamic acid (R2 = 0.64) and D-aspartic acid (R2 = 0.62). Rendering temperature and raw material freshness had significant effects on D-amino acids and biogenic amines. D-glutamic and D-aspartic acids may provide rapid-assessment indication of POM quality, as these D-amino acids were linked to protein digestibility and affected by the production variables. This study supports the well-held notion that POM is subject to significant variability and addresses the specific chemical characterisation of POM and the production conditions which impact nutrient digestibility in Atlantic salmon. These results prove beneficial to aquafeed manufactures aiming to ensure consistency and high nutritional quality in protein sources for aquafeed.

Influence of including maize offal in diets on growth, carcass composition and economics of Clarias gariepinus

Aiming at finding cheaper and still efficient feed for aquaculture species 56 days feeding trial was conducted on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) post fingerlings, fed on five diets with a 40% crude protein target in which maize was replaced with maize offal meal at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% respectively. Ten fish each were stocked in a plastic aquarium tank containing 20 L of water. The fish were fed at 5% body weight divided into two rations ginen at the hours of 8-8:30 am and 5-5:30pm. Growth parameters showed increase with increase in maize offal based diets, with observed weight gains of 72.42, 79.00, 95.92, 130.83 and 65.83 for diets 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. Feed conversion ratio (recorded best in 75% maize offal based diet substitution, while the poorest was recorded at 25% maize offal diet replacement, followed by the control diet (100% maize diet). 75% maize offal replacement recorded the highest specific growth rate (p&lt;0.05).There was significant difference (p&lt;0.05) in the ash content, crude fiber and energy level in the fish carcass. The cost of feed used throughout the experimental period was not significantly (p&gt;0.05) influenced by the increasing level of maize offal as a replacement for maize in the diets, as the costs were comparable. However, this study reveals that maize offal meal can successfully replaced maize up to 75% in the diet of Clarias gariepinus post fingerlings without adverse effect on growth, carcass composition and economics.

PROTEIN AND ENERGY UTILIZATION BY WEANERS PIGS FED CHICKEN OFFAL MEAL OR BLOOD MEAL WITH GRADED LEVELS OF MAIZE OFFAL

Thirty six weaner pigs (Large White x Landrace) averaging 8.86 ± 0.22kg body weight were randomly assigned to six isonitrogenous (20% crude protein) dietary treatment groups in a 2 x 3 factorial design of two protein sources (Blood Meal (BM) and Chicken Offal Meal (COM) and three replacement levels of maize offal (MO) for maize (0, 25 and 50%) in a fifty six (56) day feeding trial after an adjustment period of seven days. Dry matter intake was not significantly (P &gt; 0.05) affected by feeding COM or BM at the three levels of MO. The pigs fed the 0 and 25% levels of MO for both protein sources had comparable (P &gt; 0.05) growth performance. They performed significantly (P &lt; 0.01) better than for those fed BM. The metabolisable energy intake per day was not significantly (P &gt; 0.05) affected by varying MO levels and the protein sources. Conversely, the metabolisable energy intake per kilogramme gain was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) influenced by both treatments. The cost of feed per kg live weight gain followed the same pattern as the performance parameters. The 0 and 25% MO diets with comparable costs were more cost effective (P &lt; 0.05) than the 50% MO diets while COM supported cheaper cost of feed per gain. The serum metabolites were not significantly (P &gt; 0.05) influenced by the varying MO levels and the protein sources except for the urea and globulin contents. The results establish the fact that weaner pigs can tolerate maize offal inclusion in feed up to 25% but not up to 50% (P &lt; 0.01) and that COM enhanced performance than does BM as an unconventional protein supplement in the diet for weaner pigs.

POULTRY OFFAL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR GROWER PIGS

A 16-week feeding trial, involving 18 weaner pigs in a randomized complete block design, was carried out to determine the value of poultry offal meal (POM) as a protein supplement for grower pigs at three dietary levels, 0%, 10% and 20%. Liveweight gain, dressing percentage and backfat thickness were significantly (&lt;0.05) higher in pigs fed 20% POM dietary level. The cut parts, heart, liver and kidney, also increased with increasing level of POM), the diets. The poultry offal meal (POM), the processed, edible and inedible parts of poultry (viscera feathers, beaks blood, discarded eggs and dead birds) used for this study, contained 56.4% crude protein 20.9% crude fat, 7.7% total ash 4.6% crude fibre and 3.18Kcal/gin metabolizable energy. The results of this study suggest that POM could be incorporated in grower pig rations up to 20% with good results.

EVALUTION OF POULTRY VISCERAL OFFAL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR FISH MEAL IN GROWER PULLETS’ DIETS

The effect of replacing fish meal (FM) with graded level of poultry visceral offal meal (PVOM) in five growers pullets’ diets were investigated in a 4 - weeks study using 200 Isa brown pullets from 14 to 18 weeks of age. There were four replicate per test diet, with 10 birds per replicate. Diet A (control) contained 4% FM as the sole source of dietary animal protein. PVOM was included in diets B,C,D and E at the levels of 1.81,2.37,3.55 and 4.73% of the diets to supply 25, 50, 75 and 100% of animal protein supplied by 4% FM in the control diet A respectively. All the test diets were isocaloric (11.8MJ ME/kg) and isonitrogenous (16% CP). There was no significant effect (p&gt;0.05) of replacing dietary FM with PVOM (on an equal protein basis) on the performance parameters measured. Birds fed on diets A,B,C,D and E had similar (p&gt;0.05) mean daily weight gains of 14.16, 13.66, 14.65, 13.35 and 13.84g/b d respectively. The mean daily feed consumption values were 73.61, 73.27,73.88, 72.10 and 71.76g/b d for the birds on diets A,B,C,D and E respectively while similar mean feed conversion ratios of 5.21, 5.45,5.04, 5.42 and 5.21were also recorded for the birds on diet A,B,C,D and E respectively. It is concluded that PVOM could replace FM completely on an equal protein basics in grower pullets diets. Cost of feed per unit of weight gain was lower on the PVOM-based diet than on the FM-based diet.

REPLACEMENT VALUE OF POULTRY VISCERAL OFFAL MEAL FOR FISH MEAL IN LAYERS’ DIETS.

The effect of replacing imported fish meal (FM) with poultry visceral offal meal (PVOM) in the diets of 200 Isa brown laying hens on their performance characteristics and economy of egg production during 22 to 38 weeks of age were examined. PVOM replaced FM on an equal proteins basis at the grade levels of 1.18, 2.37, 3.55 and 4.73% of diet B,C,D and E respectively. The control diet A contained 4% fm as the sole source of animal protein. All diet contained ca 16% crude protein while their calculated metabolisable energy was ca 2600 kcal/kg diet. Observations were made at interval of 4 weeks and entire 16 weeks period. Neither feed intake or egg weight was affected (P&gt;0.05) by dietary treatment during the 4, 28-day and entire 16- weeks periods. The result of feed intake: egg weight ratios on the respective diets for each 28-day period and entire study period showed significant difference (P&lt;0.05) and similarity in the values of the parameter between some dietary treatment but the effect of PVOM inclusion level on this parameter did not follow any consistent trend to undermine the result of other parameters. Mean daily egg production was higher (P&lt;0.05) on diet a than the rest diets during 22 to 26 week of age but these difference gradually disappeared towards 38 week of age. Daily egg yield per 10 birds on diets D and E were similar but lower (P&lt;0.05) than on the rest of the diet whose egg yields were also similar for the entire 4-month period. The performance data for the 4-month period on mean daily feed in take (g/bird) stood at 78.81 (A), 80.32 (B), 85.31 (C), 81.70 (D) and 75.88 (E) while the feed intake: egg weight ratios were 1.46 (A), 1.51 (B), 1.58 (C) 1.52(D), and 1.41 (E). Mean daily egg yield 6.85, 6.88, 6.73, 6.25 and 6.14 for diets A,B,C,D and E respectively while mean (g) were 54.15(A), 53.23 (B), 54.00 (C), 53.75(D), and 53.88 (E) for some period. PVOM could not replace FM beyond 59.25% of it proportion in the control diet without detrimental effect feed intake and egg size but could further reduce feed cost.

REPLACEMENT VALUE OF POULTRY VISCERAL OFFAL MEAL IN THE DIET OF BROILER CHICKENS

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the replacement value of poultry visceral offal meal (PVOM) substituting for fish meal (FM) on an equal protein basis in the diets of unsexed Ross-strain broiler chickens from day-old to 8 weeks of age. One hundred and fifty birds were allotted in groups of 10 into 15 equidimensional floor pens with floor space of 0.189m2 per bird. There were three replicates per treatment diet, with 10 birds per pen serving as a replicate. Five treatment diets, each for the starter and finisher phases of 5 and 3-week duration respectively were fed ad libitum. Diet A (control) contained 8% FM which was gradually replaced with PVOM at 2,3,4,6,6,90 and 9.20% in diets B, C, D and E respectively for both phases. All the diets were isocaloric (ca 12MJ ME/kg) for both phases and isonitrogenous with 23 and 20% dietary crude protein contents for the starter and finisher diets respectively. Feed intake and feed conversion rations (FCR) were similar (P &gt;0.05) on all diets in support of complete substitution. However , weight gain for 8 weeks on the control diet was better (P &lt;0.05) than those on FM/PVOM- and PVOM-diets whose weight gains were similar (P &lt; 0.05). The mean feed intake values of 4.031, 3.936, 3.760, 3.870 and 3.715 kg/bird were obtained for birds receiving diets A,B,C,D and E respectively while the equivalent FCRs were 2.326, 2.352, 2.233, 2.326 and 2.340. The mean weight gains for birds on diets A,B,C,D and E for 8weeks were 1.824, 1.688, 1.689, 1.676 and 1.590 kg/bird respectively. The dressed weight and weight of back, drumsticks, things and wings were similar (P &gt;0.05) for all diets in favour of complete substitution of FM with PVOM. Mean dressing percentages were 58.24 to 69.07% . It is concluded that PVOM could replace FM completely in broiler diets.

RESPONSE OF EARLY WEANED PIGS TO FULL-FAT SOYBEAN DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT ANIMAL PROTEIN SOURCES

24 Large White X Landrace pigs weaned at 28 about 10% of the total feed is said to offer days with initial liveweight of 5.27±0.23 kg were valuable additional micro-nutrients such as fed four animal protein concentrates (fish meal However, almost all the fish (FM), Chicken offal meal (COM), fresh blood meal (FBM) and parboiled blood meal (PBM) diets based on full-fat soybean (FFSB) for 8 prices weeks to test different animal protein sources of protein and for early weaned pig. The diets contained 23% crude protein and 3100 Kcal ME/kg diet. Blood meal slightly reduced weight gain and feed intake but compared favourably with fish meal and chicken offal meal in efficiency of feed utilization. Parboiling of the blood slightly (P&gt;0.05) depressed the performance of the pigs;even when the pigs had the same feed intake.. Fish meal increased (P&lt;0.05) serum total protein and serum albumin levels.This study indicated that early weaned pigs fed soybean based diets supplemented with chicken offal meal and blood meal gave similar performance to those fed diet supplemented with fish meal.

Performance of Clarias gariepinus fed poultry offal meal as a replacement for fishmeal

uvenile of Clarias gariepinus (average initial weight 32.89g±0.36) were stocked at a density of 56/m2 in concrete tank and fed diets containing varying levels of poultry offal meal as partial total replacement for fish meal. The poultry offal meal was included at 0%, 10%, 20% and 40% levels of inclusion representing, 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement of fish meal in the diet of the fish. Results showed that fish fed 20% level of inclusion of poultry offal meal (50%) (replacement of fish meal) had the highest average final weight/fish (104.85g) and a significantly (P&lt;0.05) better feed conversion efficiency (0.53) than the other diets. However, fish on diet containing 40% level of inclusion of poultry offal meal (100% replacement of fish meal) had equal feed conversion efficiency (0.49) as the control and the least cost of feed per unit gain in body weight (₦0.15/g). Feed intake and live weight gain were not significantly (P&gt;0.05) different among all dietary treatments. It is therefore established from this study that poultry offal meal; can completely replace fishmeal in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. The best overall performance was obtained at 50% replacement of fish meal with poultry offal meal.

GROWTH AND SOME CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWING PIGS FED FULL-FAT SOYBEAN-BASED CONTAINING THREE PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS

Thirty-six large White X landrace growing pigs were randomly in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement. The two dietary variables were protein source (Fish meal FM Chicken offal meal-COM and full-fat soybean - FFSB) and processing time of FFSB (30, 60, 90 minutes). Pigs on 90 minutes processed FFSB performed slightly better than those on 60 and 30 minutes as regard growth rate and feed to gain ration. The diets had no significant effect on slaughtering performance. However, the general trend showed a numerical increase in estimated loin eye area, back fat and abdominal fat with increased processing time of FFSR. Chicken offal meal also slightly increased the backfat and abdominal fat