Off-line Method Research Articles

Application of Quantum Cascade Laser-Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for In-Line Discrimination of Coeluting Proteins from Preparative Size Exclusion Chromatography.

An external-cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL)-based flow-through mid-infrared (IR) spectrometer was placed in line with a preparative size exclusion chromatography system to demonstrate real-time analysis of protein elutions with strongly overlapping chromatographic peaks. Two different case studies involving three and four model proteins were performed under typical lab-scale purification conditions. The large optical path length (25 μm), high signal-to-noise ratios, and wide spectral coverage (1350 to 1750 cm–1) of the QCL-IR spectrometer allow for robust spectra acquisition across both the amide I and II bands. Chemometric analysis by self-modeling mixture analysis and multivariate curve resolution enabled accurate quantitation and structural fingerprinting across the protein elution transient. The acquired concentration profiles were found to be in excellent agreement with the off-line high-performance liquid chromatography reference analytics performed on the collected effluent fractions. These results demonstrate that QCL-IR detectors can be used effectively for in-line, real-time analysis of protein elutions, providing critical quality attribute data that are typically only accessible through time-consuming and resource-intensive off-line methods.

Prompt digestion and HPIC separation of rare earth elements in surrogate post-detonation debris material with detection by ICP-MS and gamma spectroscopy

Prompt analysis of fission products and rare earth elements (REE)s in post-detonation nuclear debris is critical for nuclear forensic analysis. In this work the compatibility of ammonium biflouoride fusion and microwave digestion in combination with high pressure ion chromatography (HPIC) separation was examined for the analysis of REEs. The refractory geological materials USGS G-2, QLO-1a, AGV-2 and BHVO-2 were used as surrogate post-detonation debris. The HPIC separation used a mixed bed ion exchange column with a gradient elution consisting of oxalic acid and diglycolic acid mobile phases. Quantitative recovery for seven REEs was achieved using the in-line HPIC-ICP-MS. An off-line HPIC method was also developed to separate U, Pu, and REE fission products. Collected fractions were analyzed by ICP-MS or gamma ray spectroscopy. The offline HPIC separation with detection of short-lived fission products with gamma ray spectroscopy had detection limits 5–20,000 times lower than quadrupole ICP-MS for stable REEs.

A Compressor Off-Line Washing Schedule Optimization Method With a LSTM Deep Learning Model Predicting the Fouling Trend

Abstract Compressor fouling is one of the most prevalent fault modes that contribute to the performance degradation of a gas turbine power plant. Off-line washing is a standard maintenance procedure to recover the fouling degradation, but with washing cost. In this paper, an off-line washing schedule optimization method with a long short-term memory (LSTM) prediction model is proposed to maximize the plant net profit. First, a mechanism model-based gas path analysis method is developed to identify the fouling indications of compressor flow rate degradation (DGC) and compressor efficiency degradation (DEC). Second, a sliding window prediction method based on LSTM is proposed to accurately predict the nonlinear fouling trends. The prediction models are trained and tested by the true trends of the DGC and DEC that are identified from the field data of a real gas turbine power plant. The comparison results prove that the LSTM algorithm outperforms other machine learning algorithms. The mean relative square error of the DGC LSTM model is 9.72 × 10−4, and DEC is 4.08 × 10−4. Finally, a detailed economic model is developed by coupling the fouling prediction model with the gas turbine performance model. On this basis, an optimization method of the washing schedule is developed to maximize the net profit. Two case studies, under full load and field data, are carried out to verify the proposed optimization method. The results show that the washing schedules of the two case studies are much similar, in which three washing tasks with gradually reduced intervals are provided. Furthermore, the comparison results of different schedules show that the proposed optimal schedule has a huge potential in saving the net profit. It can save 3.26 million Yuan compared with the practical schedule adopted by the real power plant.

Measurement of 54Fe(n,2n)53Fe reaction cross-sections at 14 MeV neutron energies using activation method and its relevance for fusion-plasma temperature diagnosis

Iron as a main structural material in fusion facilities, its activation reaction cross-sections induced by 14 MeV neutron is of great significance. In order to solve the problem of insufficient accuracy of 54Fe(n,2n)53Fe reaction as temperature monitor in fusion reactors, the 54Fe(n,2n)53Fe reaction cross section was measured based on K-400 D-T neutron generator at China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP). Three natural abundance iron samples sandwiched with zirconium and niobium foil were irradiated at three angles for 50 min. Neutron activated product, 53Fe, was measured by off-line gamma ray method with a high purity germanium detector at CAEP. The neutron flux was obtained from 56Fe (n,p)56Mn as the standard monitor reaction, and the mean neutron energy was calculated by Q formula. As a result, the cross sections at 14.51 MeV, 14.67 MeV and 14.83 MeV neutron energies are (5.40 ± 0.61) mb, (6.96 ± 0.72) mb and (10.30 ± 0.94) mb, respectively. The experimental results were compared with the previous experimental data and evaluation database. The present findings show a good agreement with the ENDF/B-VIII.0 and TENDL-2019 and with partial existing experimental results. As a temperature monitor in fusion reactors, a new ion temperature curve with an accuracy of (11–17)% was proposed based on the present activation results of 54Fe (n, 2n)53Fe reaction.

Online trajectory planning for three-dimensional offshore boom cranes

Efficient control of offshore cranes has attracted world-wide attention in recent years. However, due to the persistent ship roll/heave motion disturbances, it is very challenging to guarantee the transient performance for offshore cranes. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an online trajectory planning method for three-dimensional offshore cranes. Specifically, preliminary trajectories are first designed for different crane motions (e.g., boom luffing rotating, rope hoisting motions), following which the cargoes can be delivered to designated sites. After that, some online adjustment terms are integrated with the pre-defined trajectories, which serve to attenuate or eliminate the undesired cargo swing introduced by both the improper crane operations and the ship motion disturbances. Different from traditional off-line planning methods, the proposed method retains satisfactory robustness (in the sense of swing elimination) due to the extra incorporated terms. The proposed control concept can be extended to trajectory planning of similar underactuated systems.

Off-Line Hybrid Simulation Method on Train–Track–Bridge Coupling Vibration in High-Speed Railway

The technology of real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS), which is one of the methods to test the performance of train operation on bridge in recent years, has strict real-time requirements. Combined with the fixed-point iteration (FPI) algorithm, this paper developed an off-line iterative hybrid simulation (OIHS) method, avoiding real-time synchronization between numerical and physical parts in RTHS to reproduce train–track–bridge coupling-vibration (TTBV) of high-speed railway in laboratory. In OIHS, the physical train model was installed on the shake table, while the response of the numerical track–bridge structure was simulated. To improve the test reproduction accuracy of the TTBV in high-speed railway, based on the shake table inherent off-line iterative control which is reproduce the commands issued to the shake table, an outer loop off-line iterative controller was designed to form a double-layer off-line iterative control framework to correct the response error between the subsystems. Compared with traditional finite element analysis, the accuracy and efficiency of the OIHS method were validated by numerical simulation and shake table test. The results demonstrated that the OIHS method can solve the dynamic convergence problem of the train–track–bridge on high-speed railway accurately and efficiently.

Phantom study of an in-house amplitude-gating respiratory method with silicon photomultiplier technology positron emission tomography/computed tomography

PurposeThe objective of this phantom study was to determine whether breathing-synchronized, silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based PET/CT has a suitable acquisition time for routine clinical use. MethodsAcquisitions were performed in list mode on a 4-ring SiPM-based PET/CT system. The experimental setup consisted of an external respiratory tracking device placed on a commercial dynamic thorax phantom containing a sphere filled with [F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose. Three-dimensional sinusoidal motion was imposed on the sphere. Data were processed using frequency binning and amplitude binning (the "DMI” and “OFFLINE” methods, respectively). PET sinograms were reconstructed with a Bayesian penalized likelihood algorithm. ResultsRespiratory gating from a 150‑sec acquisition was successful. The DMI and OFFLINE methods gave similar activity profiles but both were slightly shifted in space; the latter profile was closest to the reference acquisition. ConclusionWith SiPM PET/CT systems, the amplitude-based processing of breathing-synchronized data is likely to be feasible in routine clinical practice.

Accurate and Efficient SIMS Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Composition-Variable Minerals: Online Matrix Effect Calibration for Dolomite.

High-quality oxygen isotope analysis of composition-variable minerals (e.g., ubiquitous carbonates) using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is extremely challenging. The classical off-line procedure, which requires additional electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) chemical compositions for calibrating instrumental mass fractionation (IMF), is inherently inaccurate and analytically inefficient. In this study, the first accurate and paired SIMS analysis of δ18O and Fe# [molar Fe/(Mg + Fe)] in dolomite is reported. Based on five newly developed dolomite O-isotopic standards with an Fe# range of 0.01-0.35 obtained by SIMS, a novel accurate and rapid online matrix effect calibration method for dolomite O-isotope analysis was developed using concurrent SIMS 18O-16O-56Fe16O-24Mg16O measurements without additional chemical electron probe microanalysis. A logistic equation was proposed as the best-fit curve to represent the δ18O matrix effect based on the 56Fe16O/24Mg16O ratios. For CTD-4 carbonatitic dolomite with variable Fe# but homogeneous oxygen isotopes, the off-line method exhibited highly variable apparent δ18O values in the range of 5.74-10.11‰. The online method yielded a homogeneous δ18O value of 7.94 ± 0.34‰ (2SD, n = 40), which is comparable with that of bulk analysis (7.94 ± 0.20‰; 2SD). Comprehensive analyses validated the online method as the best strategy for performing accurate δ18O analysis of samples with highly heterogeneous compositions. Based on its accuracy, simplicity, and economic feasibility, this method has potential applications in the analysis of composition-complex dolomites, detrital dolomites, and other precious terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials.

Nucleation Behavior in a Transformation of the Amorphous State to the Crystalline State during Antisolvent Crystallization

The liquid-mediated phase transformation of an amorphous form to a crystalline heptahydrate form of guanosine 5′-monophosphate was studied in antisolvent crystallization using methanol–water mixtures as solvents. Three steps were monitored: the formation of the amorphous form, dissolution of the amorphous form, and growth of the heptahydrate crystals using in situ Raman spectroscopy, focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM), and particle vision measurement (PVM) and off-line methods like viscosity, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Effects of the antisolvent fraction, initial concentration, and addition rate of the antisolvent on the transformation process were discussed. Solid forms, solute concentration, particle size, counts, induction time, metastable zone width, solution viscosity, and amorphous slurry viscosity were all measured for 18 experiment runs. The induction time of the crystalline hydrate increased with the supersaturation but decreased with the increasing viscosity of the amorphous slurry. Both are not as expected. The induction time correlates nicely in the opposite direction with the viscosity of the amorphous slurry concentration. The amorphous slurry viscosity is about 20 times higher than the solution viscosity. Viscosity of the amorphous slurry was discovered to be a crucial factor influencing the transition of the amorphous slurry to the crystalline form in the pre-exponential component of the classical nucleation rate equation. The metastable zone boundaries of the amorphous and heptahydrate crystalline forms were shown in a plot of the solute concentration versus the mass fraction of methanol in the mixed solvent. The amorphous and heptahydrate crystalline forms can be selectively produced under all the conditions of this study. The pre-exponential factor of the nucleation rate equation factor is crucial in comprehending the transformation from an amorphous to a crystalline state.

Characterization of Tyrosinase Inhibitors in Dryopteris crassirhizoma Rhizome Using a Combination of High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography, Affinity-Based Ultrafiltration, and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Dryopteris crassirhizoma rhizome (DCR) inhibits melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cells and tyrosinase activity. The melanin content and tyrosinase activity of DCR-treated zebrafish embryos were determined to evaluate the in vivo inhibitory effect of DCR on melanogenesis. Moreover, an off-line hyphenated method combining the high-speed counter-current chromatography, affinity-based ultrafiltration, and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify and characterize the DCR compounds with tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Our results indicated that DCR significantly decreased the melanin content and tyrosinase activity in zebrafish embryos in a dose-dependent manner; moreover, 22 compounds in DCR presented tyrosinase inhibitory activity. In silico molecular docking prediction data indicated that the 22 compounds in DCR can form stable conformations in the active site pocket of tyrosinase.

Oxidation-reduction effects in the flotation of copper sulfide minerals and molybdenite – A proof of concept at industrial scale

Redox potential (Eh) control plays a significant role during sulfide mineral flotation by influencing the reactions on the surface of the minerals and accordingly the flotation behaviour. In this study, the metallurgical performance of typical copper sulfide minerals, molybdenite as well as gangue minerals (e.g., pyrite, tennantite, and enargite) under different pH and Eh conditions of the flotation cell were investigated. The copper and molybdenum processing plant at the Sungun complex-Iran were selected as a case study. For this purpose, Eh of flotation cells of phases 1 and 2 of copper and molybdenum processing circuits – Sungun complex – were measured by off-line method. After performing chemical analysis, the mineralogical study of the input load and products of each of the aforementioned flotation circuits in the rougher, cleaner, re-cleaner, and scavenger stages was performed. Based on the results, the potential in cells of phases 1 and 2 of copper concentration plants is in the range of −60 to −100 mV; and for the molybdenum plant, is in the range of −500 to −700 mV. The potentials of more than −100 mV in the phases of copper concentration plants have created suitable conditions for the separation of copper sulfide and molybdenite minerals from gangue minerals, especially pyrite. Adjustment of Eh in the range of −500 to −700 mV in the molybdenum processing plant has also led to the depression of copper minerals and the flotation of molybdenite, resulting in the effective separation of these minerals. However, grade analysis and mineralogical studies indicate the misplaced copper minerals into tailings, the passage of chalcopyrite and pyrite to molybdenum concentrate, the misplaced molybdenite to copper concentrate, and also the presence of minerals containing harmful elements such as arsenic in copper concentrate. Eh fluctuations in phase 1 and 2 of copper plants, the interaction of copper sulfide minerals, especially chalcopyrite with pyrite (and the depression of pyrite in Eh more than −100 mV), are reasons for the misplaced copper minerals into tailings. The interaction of chalcopyrite and pyrite with molybdenite and the high flotation tendency of molybdenite at the potential of +600 mV is the main factor in increasing the Cu and Fe grade in molybdenite concentrate. The interaction of copper minerals with arsenic-bearing minerals and the similar flotation behavior of these minerals in the potential of the rougher cells of the molybdenum processing plant has increased the arsenic grade in the copper concentrate or molybdenum tailings.

QCL-IR Spectroscopy for In-Line Monitoring of Proteins from Preparative Ion-Exchange Chromatography.

In this study, an external cavity-quantum cascade laser-based mid-infrared (IR) spectrometer was applied for in-line monitoring of proteins from preparative ion-exchange chromatography. The large optical path length of 25 μm allowed for robust spectra acquisition in the broad tuning range between 1350 and 1750 cm–1, covering the most important spectral region for protein secondary structure determination. A significant challenge was caused by the overlapping mid-IR bands of proteins and changes in the background absorption of water due to the NaCl gradient. Implementation of advanced background compensation strategies resulted in high-quality protein spectra in three different model case studies. In Case I, a reference blank run was directly subtracted from a sample run with the same NaCl gradient. Case II and III included sample runs with different gradient profiles than the one from the reference run. Here, a novel compensation approach based on a reference spectra matrix was introduced, where the signal from the conductivity detector was employed for correlating suitable reference spectra for correction of the sample run spectra. With this method, a single blank run was sufficient to correct various gradient profiles. The obtained IR spectra of hemoglobin and β-lactoglobulin were compared to off-line reference measurements, showing excellent agreement for all case studies. Moreover, the concentration values obtained from the mid-IR spectrometer agreed well with conventional UV detectors and high-performance liquid chromatography off-line measurements. LC–QCL–IR coupling thus holds high potential for replacing laborious and time-consuming off-line methods for protein monitoring in complex downstream processes.

코로나-19 위험성 인지가 관광객 행동에 미치는 영향분석: 건강신념모델을 바탕으로

Purpose -The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of COVID-19 risk perception on tourist behavior by applying Health Belief Model(HBM) during the pandemic situations. Design, data, and methodology -The data was collected by simultaneously conducting the online and off-line survey methods to reflect the COVID-19 situations. Then, 489 usable samples were analyzed by using SPSS statistical package program and AMOS. Result -As a result of this study, it was revealed that COVID-19 risk perception had a significant impact on HBM variables except for perceived barriers. Especially, perceived severity and perceived susceptibility were found to be most affected by COVID-19 risk perception. Also, it was found out that travel avoidance intention was significantly influenced by HBM variables except for perceived susceptibility. In details, while other variables(perceived severity, cues to actions, perceived benefits and self-efficacy) had a positive impact on travel avoid ance intention, it was indicated that only perceived barriers had a negative impact on it. Conclusions -Based on the results, academic and practical implications of these findings were discussed.

A Fully Automated Online SPE-LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of 10 Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater Samples.

The increasing use of pharmaceuticals, their presence in the aquatic environment, and the associated toxic effects, have raised concerns in recent years. In this work, a new multi-residue analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of 10 pharmaceuticals in wastewaters using online solid-phase extraction (online SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The compounds included in the method were antineoplastics (cabazitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin, etoposide, irinotecan, methotrexate, paclitaxel, and topotecan), renin inhibitors (aliskiren), and antidepressants (maprotiline). The method was developed through several experiments on four online SPE cartridges, three reversed phase chromatography columns, and four combinations of mobile phase components. Under optimal conditions, very low limits of detection (LODs) of 1.30 to 10.6 ng L−1 were obtained. The method was repeatable, with relative standard deviations (RSD, %) for intraday and interday precisions ranged from 1.6 to 7.8 and from 3.3 to 13.2, respectively. Recovery values ranged from 78.4 to 111.4%, indicating the reproducibility of the method. Matrix effects were mainly presented as signal suppression, with topotecan and doxorubicin being the two most affected compounds (31.0% signal suppression). The proposed method was successfully applied to hospital effluents, detecting methotrexate (4.7–9.3 ng L−1) and maprotiline (11.2–23.1 ng L−1). Due to the shorter overall run time of 15 min, including sample preparation, and reduced sample volume (0.9 mL), this on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS method was extremely convenient and efficient in comparison to the classical off-line SPE method. The proposed method was also highly sensitive and can be used for ultratrace quantification of the studied pharmaceuticals in wastewaters, providing useful data for effective environmental monitoring.

Influence of Online Merging Offline Method on University Students' Active Learning Through Learning Satisfaction.

Students’ active learning behavior determines learning performance. In post-COVID-19 period, Online Merging Offline (OMO) method become a common way of university students’ learning. However, at present, there are few studies in active learning behavior in the OMO mode. Combined with learning satisfaction and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this paper proposes an Online Active Learning (OAL) Model to predict the influencing factors of college students’ active learning behavior and then analyzes the differences between OMO model and pure online model by multi-group analysis (MGA) based on the model. The designed questionnaire was distributed, and a total of 498 valid questionnaires were collected. Using SmartPLS to analyze partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and MGA, it is found that: (1) there are differences in the influencing factors of active learning between OMO and pure online model; the moderating effect of learning complaint in OMO mode is not established, and social isolation and age does not affect active learning in OMO mode; (2) learning quality, perceived ease of use, expectation, perceived usefulness, and social isolation indirectly affect active learning through learning satisfaction in both OMO model and pure online model; (3) learning satisfaction is an important mediating variable affecting active learning; and (4) learning complaints will negatively regulate the relationship between learning satisfaction and active learning only in pure online model. According to these findings, the paper provides theoretical and practical implementation suggestions implications for OMO teaching and OAL to ensure the expected learning outcome.

Identification of Proper and Improper Signatures Using Graph Theory Techniques

Objectives: To propose an automatic signature identification for off-line signature utilising graph theory approaches. Methods: Scanned signatures (Kaggle, https://www.kaggle.com/divyanshrai/handwritten-signatures/data) are collected for off-line signature data. The method follows pre-processing, vertex point extraction by midpoint traverse method, features extraction using edge, average edge and average edge D-distance and Support Vector Machine (SVM) to classify and predict the true label for the genuine and forged signatures. False Acceptance Ratio (FAR) and False Rejection Ratio (FRR) give the accuracy of the proposed methods. This off-line signature verification method is compared with the deep learning techniques existing in the literature. Findings: Support Vector Machine (SVM) used for classification and results on standard signature datasets like ICDAR (International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition). The results demonstrate how the proposed strategy outperforms the state-of-the-art already available. Novelty: The proposed approach use the edge distance, average edge distance, and average edge D-distance inbuilt graph structures to extract the feature points. Keywords: Signature images; grid approach; bipartite graph; complete bipartite graph; mid point traverse method

Pentingnya Pendidikan Bagi Anak Usia Dini Dalam Membangun Generasi Muslim Berprestasi

Devotion is carried out by guiding early childhood to write Arabic, recognize numbers, recognize body parts and procedures for worship. The guidance method used for early childhood is the Offline method. Offline is a method of implementing work programs that are carried out offline where program implementers visit the location or object where a work program will be implemented. The implementation of the guidance program for early childhood education went well. Although there were several obstacles faced, support from various parties, especially from the institution itself, greatly helped the smooth implementation of the service program in Sumur Dalam hamlet. Education has a positive impact on both children.

Surface roughness prediction method of titanium alloy milling based on CDH platform

Generally, off-line methods are used for surface roughness prediction of titanium alloy milling. However, studies show that these methods have poor prediction accuracy. In order to resolve this shortcoming, a prediction method based on Cloudera’s Distribution including Apache Hadoop (CDH) platform is proposed in the present study. In this regard, data analysis and process platform are designed based on the CDH, which can upload, calculate, and store data in real time. Then this platform is combined with the Harris hawk optimization (HHO) algorithm and pattern search strategy, and an improved Harris hawk optimization optimization (IHHO) method is proposed accordingly. Then this method is applied to optimize the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm and predict the surface roughness in the CDH platform. The obtained results show that the prediction accuracy of IHHO method reaches 95%, which is higher than the conventional methods of SVM, BAT-SVM, gray wolf optimizer (GWO-SVM), and whale optimization algorithm (WOA-SVM).

A modern semantic similarity method using multiple resources for enhancing influenza detection

With the widespread of the data resources over the World Wide Web (WWW), there is an overlapping between these resources that contributes to helping researchers in discovering more information and facts. However, extracting information and data and then, calculating the semantic similarity between them is a non-trivial task as such resources have varying ways to describe the information. Thus, such a problem can be overcome by designing a new semantic similarity method which takes into account different factors and not exclusive on the syntactical description of the data.The paper describes a new semantic similarity method which exploits different factors to calculate the semantic similarity between different resources. The factors are the description of the node and the surrounded relations (i.e. ascending and descending) from multiple ontologies. This will contribute to calculating semantic similarity based on many perspectives and will help to strengthen the similarity relations between different resources to discover new semantic similarities between influenza symptoms. This may lead to control the expansion of the influenza outbreak. The method has been applied over a set of influenza ontologies to find new cases of similarity that may not be explicit in the original resources. An off-line evaluation method has been also conducted on a set of ontologies and compared with the baseline and specialist methods where it exceeded both methods and satisfied more accurate similarity scores.

In-situ ultrasonic calibrations of pressure and temperature in a hinge-type double-stage cubic large volume press

Here, simultaneous in-situ calibration of pressures and temperatures was performed in a hinge-type second-stage cubic large volume press (LVP) up to 15 GPa and 1400 K by an acoustic travel-time approach. Based on the recently reported P–t S and P–T–t P–t S equations for Al2O3 buffer rod, the cell pressures and temperatures in the chamber of LVP were in-situ determined, in comparison with those by conventional off-line (or fixed-points) pressure calibration method and direct thermocouple measurement, respectively. It is found that the cell pressures of the LVP chamber are significantly reduced after annealing at simultaneous high pressures and high temperatures, owing to the stress relaxation as accumulate in the LVP chamber. This acoustic travel-time method is verified to be a good way for precise determination of thermal (cell) pressures at high temperature conditions, and is of great importance and necessity to conduct in-situ physical property measurements under extreme high P–T conditions, especially when the precious synchrotron x-ray/neutron diffraction beams are not available.