Officer Training Research Articles

Effect of Personality, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, and Impulsivity on the Use of Coercion by Commissioned Officers in Training in the French National Gendarmerie

Effect of Personality, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, and Impulsivity on the Use of Coercion by Commissioned Officers in Training in the French National Gendarmerie

EMS clinician perceptions on prehospital buprenorphine administration programs

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES Personal attitudes amongst emergency medical services (EMS) clinicians could influence successful implementation of prehospital buprenorphine administration programs (PBAPs), yet few studies have investigated EMS clinician perceptions concerning these innovative programs. This mixed-methods study assessed EMS clinician perceptions and concerns about PBAPs. METHODS Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), advanced EMTs and paramedics were recruited for focus groups from Upstate South Carolina. Researchers moderated groups of 12 or fewer and field personnel were interviewed separately from EMS training officers and leadership. Participants took a survey assessing demographic, employment, and contextual information on EMS-led interventions addressing the opioid epidemic. Moderators asked participants to provide confidential responses to four open-ended questions. Thematic analysis was applied to all responses using the framework method. A codebook was modeled using deductive themes from previous literature, while inductive themes and subthemes were added through researcher consensus. Final coding of themes and subthemes was constructed independently by two researchers with disagreements resolved by a third. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic, employment, and contextual information collected from the survey. RESULTS The 107 participants were predominantly male (69.2%) and White (96.3%) with an average age of 38.4 years (SD = 11.4). Half were paramedics and 35.5% were EMTs with EMS experience ranging from 3 months to 39 years, median of 10 years. Most (70.2%) heard of buprenorphine and 28.9% received education on medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Describing initial reactions to an overdose, themes included overdoses as a routine part of EMS and naloxone distribution changing overdose dynamics. Themes included opioid withdrawal is not a medical emergency, buprenorphine negatively affecting EMS operations, and PBAPs requiring culture shift. Themes surrounding concerns included EMS clinician perceptions of individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD), PBAPs increasing substance misuse, and buprenorphine increasing EMS clinician liability. At the end of the session 45.8% stated they would want their EMS agency to participate in a PBAP, 44.9% would not want their agency to participate, and 8 (7.5%) did not answer. CONCLUSIONS Emergency medical services clinicians’ perceptions towards prehospital buprenorphine administration could influence adoption of PBAP protocols. Findings may inform PBAP educational initiatives which mitigate these concerns and knowledge gaps.

Strategic Competency and Growth of Aquaculture-Based Small Enterprises in Kenya

Purpose: This study evaluated the role of strategic competency on growth of aquaculture based small enterprises in Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted descriptive research design using mixed methods approach. The target population was 600 fish farmers in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study utilized purposive sampling to select fish farmers within Nyeri County, then cluster sampling to identify fish farmers in their various sub-counties. Simple random sampling was then utilized to select respondents for the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. A pilot study was conducted to test validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Data analysis was done using Statistical package for Social Scientists (SPSS). Regression analysis and chi-square were used to test for significant associations between the dependent and independent variables. The findings were presented in frequency tables, pie charts, bar graphs and scatter diagrams in the final report. Findings: The findings indicated a positive statistically significant relationship on strategic competency and its effect on growth. Further, regression analysis of the results established that strategic competency was found to account for 5.8% of the variation in the growth of aquaculture-based small enterprises in Kenya. 94.2% of variation in the growth of aquaculture based small enterprises in Kenya is explained by other factors outside the model. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Based on the study findings, the sector should sustain government and NGO support by subsidizing input costs, promoting cottage industries, and employing trained extension officers. In addition, the management should facilitate knowledge sharing through farmer excursions and disseminate information on region-specific fish farming techniques. Lastly, it should develop public-private partnerships to coordinate markets and reduce post-harvest losses through a demand-driven approach.

The Association Between Disordered Eating and Musculoskeletal Injury Among Marine Officers Upon Entry to the Basic School.

Active duty service members (ADSMs) may be at heightened risk for eating disorders (EDs) and sub-clinical disordered eating (DE). ADSMs are also at a high risk for musculoskeletal injury (MSK-I). Given the risk for EDs/DE among ADSMs as well as robust physical requirements of military training, additional research is needed to elucidate links between DE and risk for MSK-I among ADSMs. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of DE and associations with MSK-I among Marine Corps officers entering a 6 month leadership course. The current cross-sectional study is part of a large, prospective study, the Initiation of Marine Physiological Assessment of Combat Training (IMPACT) study. Participants completed the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire Short (EDE-QS) and self-reported the presence of a recent (≤6 months) MSK-I upon entry to an officer training course. A logistic regression was used to assess the association between elevated DE (EDE-QS ≥15) and recent MSK-I, adjusting for age, race, sex, and commissioning source. N = 1,382 officers (11.6% female, MAge: 24.8 ± 2.9 years, 26.6% racial/ethnic minority) completed the questionnaires. Seven percent had elevated DE (EDE-QS score ≥15) (female: 10.6%, male: 6.9%, P = .10); 18.3% self-reported recent MSK-I (female: 26.3%, male: 17.3%; P = .009). Females had 17% greater odds of MSK-I compared to males (aOR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.03-1.33, P = .02). Moreover, females with elevated DE had greater odds of MSK-I than males with elevated DE (aOR= 1.38); among females, odds of MSK-I were greatest among those with elevated DE (aOR= 1.35). In this sample of Marine officers, DE was associated with greater odds of a recent MSK-I among women only. Results align with previously reported relationships between DE and skeletal health in female athletes. Prospective research is needed to elucidate the temporal nature of these relationships.

Essential characteristics of the formation of readiness of future officers to use combat knives in extreme conditions of service and combat activity

The article examines the essential characteristics of the formation of future officers' readiness to use "Bladed weapons" in extreme conditions of service and combat activity. The relevance of the study is due to the growing requirements for professional training of military personnel, capable of effectively acting in complex and dangerous situations. Research methods: abstraction, analysis and synthesis, hypothetical-deductive method, induction and deduction, historical method, classification and systematization, comparative (comparative) method, logical method, modeling, forecasting, generalization and concretization, formalization. In addition, during the theoretical study, personal experience in organizing the system of special physical training of military personnel. The research identified key components of readiness to use edged weapons, including psychophysical preparedness, tactical literacy, legal awareness, and moral and ethical stability. Existing approaches to the formation of these competencies in the military education system are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the integration of theoretical knowledge and practical skills, which provides future officers with the opportunity to adequately assess the situation, make informed and balanced decisions, and act in accordance with legislative norms. The results of the study can be used to improve the educational and training process of future officers in special physical training (tactical and tactical-special training), in particular for the development of specialized training programs aimed at preparing for the performance of assigned tasks in extreme conditions of service and combat activity. Prospects for further research include determining the criteria, levels (components) of forming the readiness of future officers to use "Bladed weapons" in extreme conditions of service and combat activity.

Main directions of legal support of the educational process in the system of training of reserve officers

The article is devoted to the definition of the main directions of legal support of the educational process in the system of training of reserve officers. The role of national and patriotic education in the training of military personnel is investigated. It is substantiated that the purpose of legal support of the educational process in the system of training of reserve officers is to create legal mechanisms for developing in this category of persons a patriotic outlook, moral and combat qualities and national and ideological beliefs based on the military traditions of the Ukrainian people, love for the Motherland and readiness to fulfill their military and patriotic duty under any circumstances. The article determines that the legal framework for the educational process in the reserve officer training system consists of the following legal acts: 1) of a global nature (the Constitution of Ukraine, the norms of international humanitarian law); 2) of an organizational nature which determine the peculiarities of military service (in particular, the Laws of Ukraine “On Military Duty and Military Service”, “On Mobilization Training and Mobilization”; 3) regulatory legal acts, which include the Procedure for Conducting Military Training of Citizens of Ukraine under the Program for Training of Reserve Officers, the Instruction on Organization of Military Training of Citizens of Ukraine under the Program for Training of Reserve Officers, and the Law of Ukraine “On Military Training of Citizens of Ukraine”. The arguments are presented that the educational process in the system of training reserve officers performs a guiding and consolidating function, ensuring the integrity of the educational process and the formation of a set of value-motivational, moral, business and worldview qualities in future military personnel. The integrating basis for the professionally important qualities of a reserve officer is patriotism, which includes the formation of defense consciousness, respect for military service, and awareness of its role in the life of society and the state. The author concludes that the main areas of legal support for the educational process in the system of training of reserve officers represent the vectors of legal influence on the formation of the personality of future military personnel with a view to strengthening their national-patriotic and military-patriotic values and professional motivation. The most important areas of the type of legal support under study include value, organizational, instrumental, human-centered and communicative.

Implementation of Military Onboarding for Medical Students and its Effect on Student Confidence in the Health Professions Scholarship Program.

Health Professions Scholarship Program (HPSP) medical students typically enter the military with minimal military experience, commissioning specifically for the scholarship. During medical school, the only required training is a 5- to 6-week officer training course, which is neither specific to medicine nor guaranteed to be at the beginning of school, since it can be taken at any time. This lack of prior experience can lead to decreased confidence and understanding of the HPSP, specifically the medical school timeline leading up to the military match process and overall military. Our study investigated the effect of implementing a new military-specific orientation module on improving students' confidence and specific knowledge about the HPSP and military training. Two current HPSP students gave a 1-h presentation on the following topics: medical school reimbursements and finances, active duty training, military training, deferrals, the medical school timeline, and the types of medical residencies available associated with the HPSP. The orientation was held for first- and second-year medical students who were either enrolled or interested in the HPSP. The study participants (n = 21) completed a pre- and post-survey that assessed case-based knowledge (12 questions) and students' confidence levels regarding the program (1 question each for the HPSP, overall military, and medical school timeline leading to the residency match). The pre- and post-survey results were analyzed using Fisher's exact test to assess the change in students' confidence and knowledge change after the presentation. The program significantly improved students' confidence in understanding the HPSP (P = .0004), military (P = .003), and medical school timeline leading to the residency match (P = .002). Our study also significantly improved participants' knowledge regarding reimbursements for medical school supplies (P = .041) and board exams (P = .001), active duty definition (P = .039), and deferment because of failure (P = .010) or fellowship (P = .025). Overall, the students felt more confident regarding the HPSP and showed improved knowledge after the orientation program. We found higher baseline knowledge regarding active duty tours, which their coordinators communicate well with HPSP students. Similar orientation programs could effectively improve the onboarding process of incoming HPSP students and those interested in applying for HPSP across multiple medical schools. Such programs can improve long-term student satisfaction and the duration of service following the minimum service commitments. Future research with a larger sample size and prospective design is needed to understand the long-term effects of this increased confidence on overall program satisfaction and military career.

The Effect of Online Registration System on Outpatient Satisfaction

This study aims to analyze the effect of online registration system on outpatient satisfaction . The background of this study focuses on the need for improving fast, efficient, and technology-based health services to meet patient expectations. The online registration system is expected to reduce queues, speed up the administrative process, and improve patient comfort. This study uses a quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach. The sampling technique was carried out using the simple random sampling method , with the criteria of patients using the online registration system in December 2024, namely 115 patients. Data were collected through a questionnaire that measured aspects of patient satisfaction, such as ease of access, speed of service, data accuracy and system convenience. Data analysis was carried out using a simple linear regression test to identify the effect between the online registration system and patient satisfaction levels. The results of the study showed a positive and significant effect between the online registration system and patient satisfaction. This system simplifies the registration process and increases positive perceptions of the quality of hospital services. Therefore, it is recommended to improve the quality of information technology and training for officers to ensure the sustainability of excellent services and further development of system features is needed to improve accessibility and reliability of services.

Organizational and legal foundations of the introduction of uniform standards of training in tactical medicine for police officers under martial law: problematic issues and solutions

The article clarifies the organizational and legal principles of the introduction of uniform standards of training in tactical medicine for police officers under martial law, identifies problematic issues and ways to solve them. It was established that, despite the ongoing armed aggression on the territory of Ukraine since 2014, which leads to the death and injury of defenders of Ukraine, only in 2017 did a military accounting specialty related to tactical medicine officially appear in Ukraine (the «combat medic» specialty was officially recognized as an order Ministry of Defense), while there are still no uniform standards for training in tactical medicine and medical support for soldiers. It is noted that one of the important issues at the moment is the adoption of organizational measures to ensure appropriate training of police officers on duty, as there is a shortage of trained professional instructors in pre-medical care and even more so in tactical medicine, as well as the creation of appropriate legal support for their activities. It has been proven that there is an urgent need to create uniform standards for tactical medicine training and uniform standards for tactical medicine instructors and to create standards for equipping police officers, taking into account the needs of the latter in providing self-help and pre-medical assistance to the population. It is proposed to carry out the training of tactical medicine specialists by levels, in accordance with the needs and performance of tasks during tactical training to ensure the capacity of service and combat units. According to the levels, tactical medicine instructors can be persons who have basic knowledge of tactical-special and fire training (military, police officers, both active and those who have retired or commissioned due to health conditions), have received a certificate or instructor certificate from pre-medical care and/or, have a medical education (this condition is mandatory for a tactical medicine instructor for combat medics) and have passed the exam for a tactical medicine instructor at emergency medical aid and disaster medicine centers, educational training centers, qualification centers, higher military educational institutions, institutions of higher education with specific study conditions.

Peran Inovasi (PETIK DUREN) Pelayanan Tilik Kampung Penduduk Rentan dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Kabupaten Lamongan

PETIK DUREN Program (Pelayanan Tilik Kampung Penduduk Rentan) is a public service innovation in Lamongan Regency aimed at improving access to civil administration for vulnerable groups, such as individuals with mental health disorders (ODGJ) and persons with disabilities. This study analyzes the program's success using Everett M. Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory, which includes indicators of relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability. Using a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews and official government reports.The analysis results show that the program successfully registered 161 individuals in 2023 and an additional 16 individuals by May 2024. Success is evident in the trialability and observability aspects, demonstrated through improved access to healthcare, education, and social assistance services. Simplified procedures and a proactive approach facilitate vulnerable groups in accessing civil documents. The program meets innovation indicators, especially relative advantage and compatibility, by creating efficient services tailored to local needs.However, challenges such as low community participation in certain areas and logistical constraints remain. Recommendations include strengthening data verification technology, training officers, and implementing a zoning approach to expand coverage. With these improvements, PETIK DUREN has the potential to become a national model for public service innovation in improving the welfare of vulnerable communities.

Research on Injury Factors of Figure Skaters and Construction of Injury Prediction Model

Objective: This study aims to systematically analyze and screen the main factors affecting injuries of figure skaters and to construct a scientific injury prediction model. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect the basic information of 34 figure skaters from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, including the subjects' gender, starting age, years of skating, frequency of on-ice training, duration of each training session, frequency of off-ice training, warm-up time, sleep duration, coach level, ice surface conditions and skate fit during training, as well as the number injuries the subjects had in the past years. The main factors affecting injuries of figure skaters were found through a logistic regression model, and a nomogram was constructed. All data were analyzed in R language. Results and Conclusion: The findings indicate that gender, starting age, height, skating experience, and free skating level are key factors influencing the risk of sport injuries. Based on these factors, this study successfully developed a comprehensive risk assessment model for sports injuries in youth figure skaters. This model can predict and reduce the risk of injuries and provide a scientific basis for personalized training programs

Реализация организационно-андрагогического обеспечения профессиональной подготовки сотрудников, впервые принятых на службу в органы внутренних дел Российской Федерации, в образовательных организациях МВД России

The article is devoted to the implementation of organizational and andragogical provision of professional training for ordinary and junior officers who were first recruited to serve in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The methodological foundations of the research and the goals of the studied professional training are outlined. In addition, the main methods, means and forms of organization of the educational process, as well as the conditions for their implementation, are reflected. The concept of organizational and andragogical provision of professional training for ordinary and junior officers who were first recruited to serve in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is given. The methodological foundations and specific features of the students of the rank and file and junior commanding staff, expressed in their professional tasks and psychological and pedagogical characteristics, determine the criteria and performance indicators of the organization.

Penerapan Pola Peran Optimalisasi Pengelolaan Administrasi Desa Melalui Sistem Informasi Manajemen

This service aims to implement a Management Information System (SIM) to improve the efficiency of village administration management, accelerate public services, and increase transparency in Sei Mencirim Village. This program also aims to improve the digital literacy of village officials to be able to utilize technology in managing village administration. This activity is carried out through socialization, technical training, and mentoring of village officials in using SIM. Socialization aims to provide a basic understanding of SIM, while technical training includes simulations of using SIM software and managing village administration data. The final stage is mentoring to ensure the SIM can operate optimally. The implementation of the SIM has improved the efficiency of village administration management, accelerated public services, and increased transparency of village budgets. The community felt the direct benefits in the form of faster document processing time, as well as increased transparency in budget use. Village officials can access and manage data in real-time, accelerating the decision-making process. The main challenges in implementing the SIM include limited technological infrastructure and low digital literacy of village officials. However, the training provided has improved the ability of village officials to manage administration better. The program is also credited with reducing administrative errors that are common in manual systems. However, strengthening the infrastructure and increasing the capacity of village officials are needed to optimize the operation of the SIM. The implementation of SIM in Sei Mencirim Village has brought positive impacts in the form of increased administrative efficiency and public services. Although there are still challenges such as limited infrastructure and digital literacy, this program can be used as a model for implementing technology in other villages. With the support of the local government, this program is expected to improve community welfare and encourage transparency in village management.

Captain Marin Ya. Marinov – a Life in the Name of the Fatherland

One of the main problem swhich the newly restored Bulgarian state faced in the first months of freedom was the issue of training officers of local origin, who had to replace gradually their Russian trainers in the guidance and command of the Bulgarian Armed Forces. During this period, Russia was the only Great Power that gave Bulgarians access to its military schools. Many young Bulgarians went to the Northern Empire to receive military education. Some of these officers later made glamorous military careers and their biographies are well known to the Bulgarian reader. Unfortunately, the names of another part of young Bulgarians who studied in Russia today are little known, although they gave their lives in defence of the country during the Serbian-Bulgarian war of the autumn of 1885, including the officer whose life and career are the subject of this publication. His name is Marin Yanakiev Marinov.

Early Network-based Action Against Violent Behaviors to Leverage victim Empowerment: Results from an action-research plan

The ENABLE project, which aims to implement the ZEUS protocol at the national level, aims to activate specific interventions to prevent violence against women by going directly to individuals who have been admonished for domestic violence or stalking, thus implementing a system of protection towards victims. A second objective concerns the implementation of a training intervention aimed at project workers and law enforcement officers. The topic of gender-based violence, identification and management of situations at risk of escalation through the construction of shared operational practices was the subject of the training. Following the trainings, a quantitative survey was administered to law enforcement officers (both training participants and non-trainees) to assess their knowledge of the instrument of warning, referral to treatment and specific forms of gender-based victimization, use of referrals to treatment, and knowledge of gender-specific forms of victimization. The results showed significant differences between participants versus non-participants to ENABLE training, with respect to intervention effectiveness, awareness and knowledge related to the training. With regard to the admonished and petitioning parties, two different surveys were administered aimed at investigate, at the end of intake, clinical and individual adjustment variables (in terms of depression and posttraumatic symptoms, coping strategies, risk of victimization, and adverse childhood experiences). The results showed significant differences between the two groups (admonished versus instant parties), particularly with regard to the depressive and post-traumatic risk variables, with the instant parties being more likely to be exposed to this condition than the admonished.

Risk factors associated with high altitude sickness among travelers: A case control study in Himalaya district of Nepal.

High elevation adventures are popular among travelers; however, they carry significant health risks, such as altitude sickness. This study aims to identify risk factors associated with high altitude sickness among travelers to Mustang district. A health-facility-based, age-sex matched 1:1 case-control study was conducted in Mustang district hospital, Nepal. Measurements included Acute Mountain Sickness/High Altitude Cerebral Edema/High Altitude Pulmonary Edema assessment via LLS questionnaire, demographics, medical history, ascent rate, and prophylactic medicine intake. Data were collected between September and November, 2023 via predesigned structured questionnaire by trained medical officers in, and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Using binary logistic regression, the study tested potential risk factors associated with altitude sickness. Ethical approval was obtained from the NHRC, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. A total of 63 cases (individuals with altitude sickness) and 63 controls (without) were interviewed. The mean age of cases and controls was 48.5 years (SD = 16.5) and 48 years (SD = 16.9) respectively. 38 were rapid ascenders, and 88 were slow ascenders. Awareness of altitude sickness was reported by 65 individuals, with 36 taking prophylactic medication (Acetazolamide 125/250mg). Among cases, 8 experienced HACE, 42 had AMS, and 13 had HAPE. Rapid ascent (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 6.41, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 2.36-17.54), individuals with a previous history of illness (AOR: 10.20, 95% CI: 2.70-38.46), and failing to take prophylactic medication (AOR: 10.01, 95% CI: 1.896-10.680) were linked to an increased risk of altitude sickness. Our study highlights the critical role of ascent speed, previous history of illness, and use of prophylactic measures in development of altitude sickness.

Marching into the Leadership Pipeline: Gender, College Type, and ROTC Participation

The Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) is the largest single source of military officers in the United States and a major pipeline for Americans to enter military leadership. Although ROTC offers fairly standardized scholarships, curricula, and career paths, the gender composition of ROTC cadets varies substantially across the 323 four-year host campuses. Nine of the 10 ROTC campuses that have the highest percentages of women among their graduating ROTC officers are at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. By contrast, the vast majority of officers graduating from ROTC at senior military colleges such as the Citadel are men.

Sentencing Under The Special Minimum Threat For Small-Scale Drug Traffickers: Challenges And Implications For Justice And Drug Eradication Policy

The imposition of sentences below the minimum penalty specifically for small-scale drug dealers has become an important debate in the context of criminal justice. This study aims to analyze the practice of judicial independence in small-scale drug trafficking cases and identify the challenges and implications for substantive justice and drug eradication policy in Indonesia. The method used in this study is comparative normative juridical, this research analyses the applicable legal rules in Indonesia and compares them with practices in several other countries. The results show that the application of sentences below the special minimum threat has a significant influence on drug eradication policies, but also raises dilemmas related to justice for offenders with a small role. Comparatively, practices in other countries show a more flexible approach, which integrates restorative justice and rehabilitation principles. This study recommends the revision of legal policies in Indonesia by adopting a more proportional approach, as well as improved training of law enforcement officers to ensure fair and consistent application. This research is expected to contribute to the formation of a more effective, humane, and equitable drug policy.

Implementation of Restorative Justice Policy Narcotics Crime in the Police in the East Kalimantan Police Area

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Restorative Justice policy in the Handling of Narcotics Crimes in the Police in the East Kalimantan Regional Police. Qualitative descriptive research method. A total of 10 informants were determined purpossively, namely the Head of the National Narcotics Agency (BNN) of Balikpapan City, the Head of the Balikpapan Police Narcotics Investigation Unit and the Kutai Kartanegara Police, the Head of the Tanah Merah Samarinda BNN Rehabilitation Center, the Head of Medicine and Health of the East Kalimantan Police; Chairman of the Balikpapan City Legal Aid and Public Policy Studies Institute and addicts undergoing rehabilitation in Balikpapan City, plus observation and documentation. Data analysis includes collection, condensation, data presentation, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study show that the implementation of National Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021 concerning the Handling of Crimes Based on Restorative Justice in narcotics crimes in the East Kalimantan Police has not been effective. In terms of communication, it has shown success with effective policy transmission and clarity through various media and forums, but challenges in consistency of socialization and approach to vulnerable communities still need to be overcome. In terms of resources, there is a shortage of experts, limited rehabilitation facilities, and inadequate budget support. The disposition aspect shows a positive attitude from the implementers, although the involvement of local governments needs to be increased. The bureaucratic structure has been organized with clear SOPs, but the complexity of administrative procedures needs to be simplified to improve program accessibility. The study suggests that implementers increase the effectiveness of policies, such as additional training for law enforcement officials, and the opening of new rehabilitation facilities to reach vulnerable communities. The findings of the research have implications for policy makers, law enforcement, and the public, namely helping to overcome the narcotics problem in a more humane and effective way, in this case in the East Kalimantan Regional Police area.

Perbedaan Angka Kebersihan Gigi dan Mulut (HI) Anak Umur 12 Tahun yang Menyikat Gigi dengan Teknik Kombinasi Fone’s Horizontal dan Roll Horizontal di SDN 06 dan 21 Taluak IV Suku

Dental caries is the most common oral health problem experienced by the public, with plaque being the main cause. Brushing teeth is an effective method for removing plaque, where the brushing technique plays a crucial role in oral hygiene. Elementary Schools (SDN) 06 and 21 Taluak IV Suku regularly receive visits from the local health center every six months for dental check-ups. SDN 06 has never conducted a mass tooth brushing activity, while SDN 21 does it routinely every Wednesday, guided by trained student health officers. Preliminary studies showed that 60% of the children from both schools brush their teeth once a day using a horizontal technique. This study aims to compare the oral hygiene of 12-year-old children who use the combination of Fone’s-horizontal technique and the combination of roll-horizontal technique. The research design is a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest. The population consisted of 50 children, with 48 samples taken using the saturated sampling technique. Dental hygiene was measured using the Hygiene Index, and data were analyzed using the independent t-test (α < 0.05). The results showed an average improvement of 16% for the Fone’s-horizontal technique and 36% for the roll-horizontal technique, with a p-value of 0.000 (< 0.05). In conclusion, the roll-horizontal combination technique is more effective, and children are advised to brush their teeth using this technique twice a day to prevent dental and oral diseases.